ELIAS MAGNUS FRIES Cockayne — Boston MICHIGAN GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY Publication 26 Biolosrlcal Serlei 5 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN HY (\ II. KA VI I "MAN VOL. I TEXT i '*< PUBLISHED AS A PART OK THE ANNUAL REPORT 01 I HI. BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL si'KVl V FOB 1818 LANSING, MICHIGAN WWKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., BTATE PRINTERS 1918 62.1 r BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY, L918. EX OFFICIO Tin: Governor of the State, IloX. ALBERT E. SLEEPER. Tin: Superintendent <>f Public Instruction, HON. FRED L. KEELER. The President of the State Board of Education, HON. PRANK L. <<>I>Y. DIRECTOR, R. C. ALLEN. scientific advisors. Geologists.— Dp. L. L. Hubbard, Boughton; Prof. W. II. Hobbs, Ann Arbor; Prof. W. II. Sherzer, Ypsilanti; Prof. E. C. <';!-<•. Ann Arbor. Botanists.^- Trot'. E. A. Bessey, East Lansing; Prof. P. C. Newcomb, Ann Arbor. Zoologists.— Prof. W. B. Barrows, East Lansing; Prof. J. Reigbard, Ann Arbor; Dr. Bryan! Walker, Detroit LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. To tJu- Honorable the Board of Geological and Biological Survey o) the State of Michigan: Gov. Albert E. Sleeper. Son. Frank L. Cody. Hun. Fred L. Keeler. Gentlemen: — I have the honor to transmit herewith the manu- script and illustrations of ;i treatise on the Agaricaceae <>r Michigan by I>r. 0. II. Cauffman wiili the recommendation thai it be printed and bound ;is Publication 26, Biological Scries .~>. in two volumes. Kespectl'ully yours, R. C. ALLEN, Lansing, Michigan, February in. L918. Director. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Sir: — I submit herewith n monographic report on the Agaricaceae of Michigan by Dr. C. II. Kauffman. This m graph is the result: of field and laboratory studies made by Dr. Kauffman during the past ton years, and its object is i<> summarize what is known "i the occurrence and characteristics of the s]>ecie> which have been found in the Staii'. It should be of service t<> students and teachers of botany, to mycologists, and to persons interested in fungi ;i> food. The report is to be considered as an addition to the series of monographs on Michigan plants and animals which tin- Survey is having prepared. Very respectfully, ALEXANDER simplify the identification of a species through suggestive comparisons and data of interesl noi given in the formal descriptions; second, critical discussions, from a more purely scientific standpoint, intended for advanced students and mycologists. Many species, especially those of •-mall size and for which a microscope is essential for identification, have been discussed in the notes solely for the specialist. But e\ci\ ellort has been made to clarify the descriptions <>i the larger mushrooms to the advantage of the beginner. All descriptions of species not in quotation marks were drawn from fresh plants collected in most cases i>\ myself or senl t<> me immediately after picking. The reported spore-measuremenU of nil 9UCh, except a few where noted, hnr, hi , ,i mmh hit n>r and all viii PREFACE errors are therefore to be laid at my door; the same is true of the other microscopical details. Outside of the list of species reported by Longyear, nearly all of which I have collected also, few Mich igan species which I have not seen in fresh condition have been included. It seemed safer not to rely on oral information as to the occurrence of a particular species. All available literature was used in the final determinations and the fresh specimens were com- pared carefully with the original descriptions of Peck and with those discussed in the works of Fries and many other mycologists. Most of the important works were taken along wherever collecting was done away from Ann Arbor, and besides this full descriptions and notes were written on the day on which the specimens were found. Usually sketches or colored drawings were also made of the fresh plants. In many cases photographs were obtained al- though this was not always feasible. The microscope was con- stantly at hand and spore-measurements were made on the day of collecting. The descriptions of many authors are often very incomplete. Spore-size, presence or absence of cystidia, odor, taste, width or closeness of gills, and many other characters are often lacking. An attempt has been made to complete all descriptions so that the student may have a means to make full comparisons between species of a genus. I have found it very discouraging at times to find the one decisive character in a description lacking; in such cases it often becomes necessary to look through many, books for the in- formation wanted. No. one can be more fully aware than T of the pitfalls lurking in such an attempt to emend the traditional descriptions. It seemed to me, however, that the errors which may have resulted from a wrong interpretation of some species were far outweighed by the information added to the many others. The principal claim for the descriptions is that they are relatively com- plete and accurate for the plants found in Michigan and that the\ were drawn from fresh material. The work on the genus Coprinus has been done by Dr. L. H. Pennington for which I make grateful acknowledgment. That this difficult genus has been properly represented is entirely due to his efforts. Many of the species were cultivated by him in the laboratory and are strikingly shown in his photographs. The work was started while Dr. Pennington was still at the University of Michigan. The genus Cortinarius has been included in the form of a pre- liminary monograph of the species of the eastern United States. PRE] \CK ix Experience has shown that it is scarcely wise al present to refer more than a Pew to synonomy because of the Large Dumber of species. Bence I have included the descriptions of those American species which I have ttot yel seen, placing them in quotations. The species found In the State can be easily separated by the Locality given. Throughout the work on tliis report I have been indebted i«> many individuals for help in identification, for specimens and for sympathy and encouragement. Prom Dr. Charles II. Peck who has SO long held oul a helping hand to beginner and specialist alike. I have received abundant and unstinted help. To Professor Geo. P. Atkinson I owe the foundation which has made the work pos sible. For their many favors I am deeply grateful. For material and suggestions I am also indebted to Dr. \V. <;. Farlow, Dr. R. A. Harper, Dr. C. E. Bessey, Dr. L. II. Pennington, Dr. L. L. Hubbard; Lars Romell ami a number of others. To Dr. < >. E. Fischer and M is. T. A. ('aim of the Detroit Institute of Science I am much indebted for abundant and excellent specimens, and especially to Dr. Fischer for the use of some photographs and for the chapter <>n Toxicology. .Miss Rose Taylor made many collections at Negaunee. I also wish to thank here those of my colleagues of the various de partments of the University for their sympathy and interest ami especially those officials who have so generously supplied the Uni- versity library with the necessary hooks and plates for the special purpose of furthering this study; and also the stall' of the Geological and Biological Survey, especially Dr. A. 7 grlseue Pk., 108 cinereue Pk 108 vietua Fi - 100 croceus Hurl 110 coloraecene Pk i n> isabellinue Burl ill parvus Pk Ill variusPk 112 volemus Fr 112 corrugis Pk 118 bygrophoroides B. & C 1 1 1 luteolue Pk 115 eubdulcia Fr 1 1."> oculatue (Pk.) Hurl 116 camphoratua Fr 1 17 rimoeellue Pk 1 17 Ruasula Fr 118 Kej i" the speciea 121 Russula delica Fr 125 nigricans Fr 126 densifolia Seer 127 adusta Fr 128 Bordida Pk 120 compacta Frost & Peck l-'' 1 vrreacena Fr ." 131 crustoea Pk 182 s, ocnraleucoidee ap. nov l :<_' lepida Fr. (non Brea.) 133 pulverulenta Pk i 3 t foetentula Pk 136 foetene Fr 136 pcci Lnatoidee Pk 137 eororia Fr 138 reaca Fr -Brea 138 ^_ subpunctata sp. nov 139 variata Bannlng-Pk 140 c> anoxantha Fr. vai ' 1 1 athropurpurea Maire 142 maxiae Pk * * -* aeruginea Lindb ' * ' xeraropelina Fr in aqualida Pk decolorane Fr ' W Bava Romell ' • " obecura Romell ' 18 rubescene Beards, borealie Kauri 1 " ,,) alutacea Fr emetica i r . 151 ruguloaa Pk ' '•-' tragilifl Fr 153 xiv -TABLE OF CONTENTS Page fallax Cke 154 albidula Pk 154 sanguinea Fr 155 veternosa Fr 155 tenuiceps Kauff 156 palustris Pk 157 aurantialutea Kauff 157 albida Pk 158 subdepallens Pk 159 purpurina Quel, and Schultz 159 uncialis Pk .' 160 sericeo-nitens Kauff 161 integra Fr 161 - amygdaloides sp. nov 162 ioeeipee Secr.-Bres 163 puellaiis Fr 164 sphagnophila Kauff 165 chamaeleontina Fr , 165 abietina Pk 166 lutea Fr 167 Hygrophoreae 169 Gomphidiue Fr 169 Key to the species 170 Gomphidius maculatus Fr 170 vinieolor Pk 171 flavipes Pk 172 Hygrophorus Ff > 172 Key to the species 175 Hygrophorus chrysodon Fr 178 eburneu6 Fr 178 laurae Morg 179 flavodiscus Frost 180 paludosus Pk 181 speciosus Pk 181 hypothejus Fr 183 olivaceoalbus Fr 184 Russula Fr 185 pudorinus Fr 186 soi didus Pk 187 fusco-albus Fr. var. occidentalis var. nov 187 leporinus Fr 188 pratensis Fr 190 virgineus Fr. var 191 niveus Fr 191 borealis Pk 192 ceraceus Fr 1 93 colemannianus Blox 193 pallidue Pk 194 miniatus Fr 195 coccineus Fi 196 puniceus Fr 197 chlorophanus Fr 198 maiginat us Pk 199 conicus Fr 200 nitidus B. & C 200 laetua Fr 201 peckii, Atk 202 psitt icinue Fr 202 unguinosus Fr 203 Agariceae 205 Coprinus Pers ". 206 Key to the species 207 Coprinus comatus Fr 209 ovatus Fr 210 TABLK OF CONTENTS w Page Bterqullinua Fr 210 atramentarius Fr 212 Insignia I'K j i j quadrifldue Pk 213 ebulbosua Pk 213 lanlger Pk 214 ftmetariue Fr 214 Qmetaiiue \ .ir macrorbiza ....". 215 tomentosus Fr 215 lagopidea Karat 216 joneeU Pk 216 arenatus l'K 217 niveue Fr 217 Bemilanatufl Pk 217 domeeticue Fr 218 micaceue Er 218 radians I >esm I Fr 219 bulbiloeue Pat 220 Btercorarius Fr ' 220 Bclerotigenus E. & E 221 naicoticua Fr 222 braesicae Pk 222 patouiUardi Quel 223 radiatue Fr 223 ephemerus Fr 224 Bilvaticua Pk 22S bouilii-ri Quel 225 plicatilis Fr 226 PeathyreUa Fr 226 disseminata Fr 227 crenata (Lascb) Fr 2^7 . Panoeolue Fr 228 BOlidipea Pk 228 retirugia Fr 229 campanulatua Fr 2:511 papillionaci-iu I'r 231 BP 2X1 PeaUiota Fr Key to the species . . . ." 2:<:i Peallicta cretacella Atk rodmanj I'k 235 arvensiM Kr 236 abruptibulba Pk ^7 placomj r( h Pk subi ufescene Pk campestris Fr 240 Bilvatica Fr '-'»■_' haemorrbodaria Fr 243 mJcromegetha Pk - * :i comtula Fr 244 diminutive Pk 245 ecbinata Fr Stropharia Fr 246 Key to the speci< B. 247 Stropharia aeruginosa Fr 247 ventricoea Maeeee '-' ,s depilata Fr albonitena Fr coronilla Brea jtercoraria Fr seniii;lol)ata Fr umbonateaot os pk epimycea (Pk.) Atk . - . Hypboloma Fr xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Key to the species 255 Hypholoma sublateritium Fr 256 _, peckianum sp. nov 258 lachrymabundum (Fr.) Quel 259 velutinum (Ft) Quel 260 populinum Blitz, var 261 vinosum ep. nov 261 rugocephalum Atk 262 incertum Pk 263 appendiculatum Fr 264 coronatum Fr 265 hydrophilum Fr. (Rick.) 266 hydrophilum Fr. (Sacc.) 266 eaccharinophilum Pk 267 Psathyra Fi 268 Key to the species 268 Psathyra umbonat a Pk 269 obtusata Fr 270 persimplex Britz 270 semive6t ita Berk. & Br 27 1 micro6perma Pk 271 Peilocybe Fr 272 Key to the species 273 Psilocybe merdaria Fr 274 6ubviscida Pk 275 atrorufa Fr 275 canofaciens Cke • • 276 atrobrunnea Fr 277 uda (Fi .) Battoille .' 277 ei icaea Fr 278 — larga sp. nov 279 cernua Fr 280 murcida Fr : 280 arenulina Pk • • • 281 agrariella Atk 281 submaculata Atk ■. 282 foenisecii Fr 283 conissans Pk 284 Paxillus Fi 284 Key to the species 285 Paxillus rhodoxanthus Schw 285 involutus Fr 286 atrotomenlosus Fr. . . . : 287 corrugatu6 Atk 288 panuoides Fr * 288 Pholiota Fr 289 Key to the species 290 Pholiota praecox Fr 293 capei ata Fr 294 johnsoniana (Pk) Atk 295 aegerita Fr .' 296 howeana Pk 297 aggericola Pk 297 destruens (Fr.) Bree 298 6quan osoides Pk 299 albocrenulata Pk 301 f ulvosquamosa Pk 302 curvipes Fr 302 erinaceella Pk 303 muiicata Fr 304 spectabilis Fr 304 adiposa Fr 305 flammans Fr 306 lucifera (Lasch.) Bres 307 luteofolia Pk 307 TABLE OF ' ONTENTS n irugino i P 1 confr i - ii a Fr. discolor Pk , unlc i i > : > marginal Fr. rugosa Pk mycenoidee l r ( lortinariu ■ Fr Kej in the f^i" < lorttnarius muclfluus Fr cylindrtpe K uifl mueclgenue Pk . submarginalis Pk Bphaerosporue Pk vibratilis i r Bterilie Kauff, . . lodes !'• .v i todeoidee sp, nov . . heliotropicus Pk atkin oni mue Kauff calochroue Fr. velicopia *p. nov . h. rpeticu Fr . oli imineu • Kauri ca i " aneus Britz ruben ip m ■ ■ _^. elegantoidee sp. nov purpura Bubpurpurascens Fr ^ aggregatud ■>;> nov . . spb lero perraa sp no ■ purpureophylluB sp. noi caerulescena Fr . michigam ' > ifl iua ' Ilements ale Maire var ■ ' •* virentophyllus ap. aov fulgt ns Fr fulmineus Fr. . . elegsntior Fr. vai corrugatUB l'k . sublateri multiformis Fr intrusua Pk albidus Pk triumphsne I r maculipes Pk sphagnophilus l 'k I in claricolor Fr lapidophilu P cop i Pk . albidipe P iloratus Fr infr.' rjp| . I • glul luti I COll ophiopus Pk cominun - " albo xvin TABLE OF CONTENTS Page subpulchrifolius sp. nov 3 ^ * pholideue Fr ,: "_- squamulosue Pk 3 ^ 3 erraticus Pk 374 bolaris Fr 375 annulatue Pk 37(i flavifolius Pk 377 croceocolor Kauff f'J* ochraceue Pk 378 caneecens Pk ,r "_ ' equarrosus Clements 3 ' 9 violaceus Fr 00,J lilacinus Pk 3S1 argentatus Fr. var 3S1 obliquue Pk 382 pulchrifolius Pk 383 rimoeus Pk 383 braendlei Pk i 384 rubrocinereus Pk cliut onianus Pk 38 ^ callisteus Fr SS5 autu;nnali6 Pk 38G catskillensis Pk 386 wbitei Pk 387 caespitosus Pk 387 modestus Pk 38s gracilis Pk 388 caninue Fr 390 anomalus Fr 390 spilomeus Fr 3<- ' 1 subtabularis sp. nov 392 brevissimus Pk 393 albidifolius Pk 393 ocbroleucus Fr sericipee Pk 394 caetanellue Pk ■ • • 395 basalis Pk 395 cinnamomeus Fr 39 *> cinnamomeu6 Fr. var 39 ' croceoconua Fr 39 ' luteue Pk 398 aureifolius Pk 398 croceofoliua 3 " malicorius Fr 3 " semisanguineus (Fr.) ,() " cinnabarinus Fr 401 sanguineus Fr 402 raphanoide6 Fr. var . 403 torvus Fr 404 plumiger Fr 405 evernius Fr 1 "'' umidicola Kauff 4(l ~ scutulatus Fr H>8 deceptivus Kauff 409 adustus Pk 410 griseus Pk 410 subflexipes Pk 411 flexipea Fr. minor 411 rubipes 412 armillatue Fr 413 morrisii Pk 414 mammosus 6p. nov 415 paludosus Pk 415 hinnuleue Fr 416 cast aneoides Pk 417 TABLE OP CONTENTS xix Page badiua Pk 117 podlua Fr, . . lis badillS L'k. VOt t 10 ^- Impolitue sp, iios- no brunneofuh u* Fr . brunneue 1 1 . distune Pk ' 421 ni^rt-lliirt Pk. . . 422 rif,'iilus Fr. (\ar 1 rigidue (Scop.) Ricken . bemitrichuB 1 r 12 1 paleaot u* Fr imbutue Fr 420 saturninus Fr minor livoi Fr. 128 castaneus Fr M-- anheniacus Fr 120 duracinus Fr v ar \m\ sp t:u erugatue Fr glabellus Kauff privignus Fr. var — . Bubrigenssp. uov ix< rubricosue Fr. var uraceus Fr 135 juberinus Fr. var praepallens Fk 136 [usco\ lolaceue Pk 137 erytbiinus Fr decipiene Fr leucopus Fr. (var.) 130 Bcandena Fr 130 lignariue Pk 140 acutoides Pk 1 1 1 acutiis Fr M2 [nocybe 142 Key to tbe npecies 145 Inocybe byetiix Fr ; it calamisl lata Fr , . . . .117 caesariata Fr 148 leptopbylla Atk 1 10 calospora Quel . . . 450 pyriodora Fr ... 450 ber Fr .451 lacera Fr infelix Pk Bocculosa Berk ... decipientoides Pk. . frumentacea Bre.9 . rimosa Pk destiicta Fr .4 56 fastigiata Brea .457 curreyi Berk cookei Bres lanatodieca ep. nov. eutheloidee Pk radiata Pk fibrosa Brea . 161 albodisca Pk asterospora Quel . . repatula Bras sindonla Fr eubochrcea Pk geophylla Fr — xx TABLE OP CONTENTS Page lilacina (Fr.) .•••■• 466 scabella Fr 466 trechiepora Berk ■ • 467 _- glaber sp. nov 468 Hebeloraa Fr 468 Key to the species 470 Hebeloma velatam Pk _ 471 Eastibile Fr ' 472 mesophaeum Fr 473 gregarium Pk 473 pascuense Pk '. 474 sinapizans Fr 475 crustuliniforme Fr 476 hiemale Bret; 477 longicaudum Fr 478 albidulum Pk 479 simile sp. nov 479 sarcophyllum Pk 480 album Pk 481 colvini Pk 481 syrjense Karst 482 magnimainmum Fr 482 Flammula Fr 483 Key to the species 484 Flammula polychroa Berk "484 lubrica Fr 486 lent a Fr 487 carbonaria Fr. var. . 488 spumosa Fr 489 flavida Fr 490 gummosa Fr 490 alnicola Fr 491 eapinea 492 Galera Fr 492 Key to the species 494 Galera antipus Lasch 495 lateritia Fr 496 — r bulbifera sp. nov 496 pubeecens Gill 497 sp 197 tenera Fr 498 crispa Longyear 498 teneroides Pk 499 capillaiipes Pk 500 «-" cyanope6 sp. nov 500 plicatella Pk 501 hypnoium Fr 501 Bolbitius Fr 502 Key to the species '. 502 Bolbitius tenei Berk 503 fragilis Fr 503 vitellinus Fr 504 Pluteolus Fr 505 Key to the species 505 Pluteolus coprophilus Pk 506 aleuiiatus gracilis Pk 506 expansua Pk 507 reticulatus Fr 508 Naucoria Fr 508 Key to the 6peciea 509 Naucoria nimbosa Fr. var 510 centuncula Fr 511 horizontalis Fr 511 triscopoda Fr 512 TABLE OF CONTENTS xxi ligaicola Pk. . . . 512 bellula Pk 513 Bemiorbicularie Fr platyeperma !'K :.i i pediadee I r tabacina I r Biparia f r ( !repidotua Fr Ke j to I be sp< ">I7 < Irepidotua baerene PI mollis Fr ulliiiliiN i: a i 510 herbarum !*K 519 verautuB Pk 520 ■ anabarinue Pk Bepiarius Pk 521 rulvotomentosuB l'k . "■_ , i calolepis Fr., putrigenuB B. & < malachiue B & C. 523 applanatus Fr. ^, Btipital us sp. qov crocophj llu- Berk dorsalia I'K \ olvaria Fr. Kej to the Bpeciee n i bombycina I r . 527 speciosa Fr gloiocephala I r umbonata Pk . . 530 pubeecentipea I'K bypopithye I'r pusilla Fr < lhameota Smith, \\ 1 1 mammillata (Longyear) Murrill. sphaerospora Pk . . Pluteue Fr . Kej to the Bpeciee Pluteue cervinue Fr umbrosue Fr. salicinue Fr. vrar ephebiue Fr v ar tomentosulu • PI ocandidue \;>. •"■ » 1 ^ianulaiie Pk ">ti nanue I'r calocepe Vtk longistriatue Pk admirabilic Pk leoninus Fr i oma I r. Kej to the -: tloma lividum Fr -■ abrinellum PI sericellum l> ■ jubattim Ft clypeatum l r rhodopolium Fr nidorosurn i ■•;■ PI xx jj TABLE OE CONTENTS Page grayanum i'k 558 speculum Fr 559 aalmoneum Pk 560 peckianum Burt, var 560 cuapidatum Pk 561 Clitopilus Fr 562 Key to the species • 563 Clitoi)ilue abortivu6 B. & C : 564 woodianus Pk 564 subvilis Pk 565 undatus Fr 566 micropus Pk 566 albogriseus Pk 567 subplanus Pk 567 piunulus Fr •. 568 orcella Fr 569 novabor acensis Pk 569 caespitosus Pk ' 570 Leptonia Fr 571 Key to the species 572 Leptonia placida Fr 573 lampropoda Fr 574 rosea Longyear 575 seticeps Atk 575 formosa Fr 576 serrulata Fr 577 euchroa Fr 577 asprella Fr 578 Nolanea Fr 579 Key to the species 580 Nolanea dysthales (Pk.) Atk 580 paecua Fr 58 1 versatilis Fr 58;> babingtonii Berk 58.3 mammosa Fr 583 papillata Bree 584 conica Pk 584 fuscogiisella Pk 585 caelestina var. violacea Kauff 585 Eccilia Fr 586 Key to the species 587 Eccilia atridea Fr 588 griseo-rubella Fr 588 - — pirinoides ap. nov 589 pentagonospora Atk. var 589 mordax Atk 590 Claudopus Smith ' 590 Key to the species 591 Claudopus nidulans Fr 591 depluens Fr 592 bys6isedus Fr 592 Amanita Fr 593 Key to the species 597 Amanita caesarea Fr 600 phalloidee Fr 600 verna Fr 602 bieporiger Atk 603 virosa Fr 603 porphyria Fr 604 peckiana KaufI 604 spreta Pk 606 tomentella Kromb 607 recutita Fr. var 608 tnappa Fr cum TAI'.LK OK CONTENTS win miiM ,11 i.i I i (roetlana Pk inlhuni.ii i \ i ! _- chrysoblema Vtl Bp ■■■ BOlltarla Ft chlorinoama Pk rusBuloidee PI rubeecene l'r. Bavorubeecens \ti n. i . oconia \tk . splsea i i Amardtopeie Roze Kej tu the species . Amanitopeie vrolvata PI . .1 'in.il.i I i . strangulata l'r. Lepiota l'r Kej i"i ii" species il .i illinita l'r. glioderma l'r — fir«'licn Bp. mi'. delicata l'r. vrar clj peolaria Fr felina l'r . acutaeaquamoBa Fi ; esii Lascb . aeperula A.tk ac< rina Pk granoea Morg rugoso-reticulata \a tin adnatifolia Pk granulosa l'r pulveracea ri pusillomj ■ • PI cepaesl ipes I r riilirni incta Pk Cristata l'r alluviinue I'k. . miamensis Morg cristatatellue PI procera Fr morgan i I'k americana I'k naucina l'r \nini!.i : ia I r . Key to the Bp Armillaria caligata Vitl Bn aurantia l'r rocalie l'r. var mellea Fr. . dryiniis Fr.-l'at corticatue Fr.-Pal Pleurotue l'r Key tut In' species Pleurotue nl marius l'r elongatipi BOlphuroidee Pk Bubp os treat us l'r aubareolatus Pk var pidue Kalch. lignatilie l'r natus Fr flrabi r regulari* i, in 612 617 610 626 MO xxiv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page serotinus Fr 668 petaloides Fr • 660 spatuulatUB (Fr.) Pk • 669 candidissimus B. & C 670 porrigens Fr 671 sept icus Fr 671 w. albolanatus Pk. sp. nov 672 maetrucatus Fr ' 673 atrocaeruleus Fr. var. gri6eue Pk 673 applicatus Fr 674 atropellitus Pk 675 Tricholoma Fr 67 ° Key to the 6pecies 679 Tiicholoma equestre Fr 682 sejunctum Fr ■ 683 portentosum Fr 684 terriferum Pk 685 resplendene Fr 686 transmutans Pk 687 ustale Fr fi88 rutilans Fr °89 venenata Atk 690 nobile Pk 69 ' coiumbetta Fr 692 imbricatum Fr 693 vaccinum Fr 693 tricolor Pk 694 acre Pk 694 terreum Fr 696 f mnescens Pk 697 fuligineum Pk 698 saponaceurn Fr 699 **- laticeps sp. nov 700 Bulphureum Fr 701 chrysenteroides Pk 701 odorum Pk 702 carneum Fr 702 unifactum Pk. var 703 album Fr 704 acerbum Fr 705 lateral ium Pk 706 leucocephalum Fr 706 fumoeiluteum Pk » 707 persona! um Fr 707 nudum Fr .__ 709 tumidum Fr 710 cinerascens Fr 711 panoeolum var. caesptiosum Hres 711 melaleucum Fr 713 leucocephaloides Pk 713 sordidum Fr 711 ( ilitocybe Fr 715 Key to the species 716 Clitocybe gigantea Fr 719 Candida Br€s 720 piceina Pk 720 maxima Fr 721 monadelpha Morg 723 decora Fr 724 , praecox ep. nov 724 nebularie Fr 725 clavipes Fr 726 media Pk 727 carnosior Pk 727 TABLE OF CONTENTS wv \ ileecena Pk . - 7j7 odora Fr llcan i dealbata Fr 7:m albiasima I'K 7:'. i connexa l'k 7:(i Iruncicola Pk 7:ij illuden ^ Siii a multicepa l'k cartilag! catina Fr 735 infundibuliformis Fr. 730 pinophila l'k 7:<7 |i;inhri Fr 7:t7 sinopica ! r pulcherrima Pk d m! hiforme Fr 7 (8 ectj poid< b Pk 7 m adirondackensis l'k 7 1 1 i-i cent rica l'k 7 1 1 albidula l'k 742 caeepitoea l'k 7 13 raetachroa Fi 7 13 ditopoda Fr 7 1 1 peltigei Lna l'k 7 1 1 morbifera l'k 7 15 compn ssipes l'k 7 16 angustiseima Fr 7 16 laccata Fr 7 17 tortilin Fr 7 i^ ochropurpurea Berk... . 74$ CoUybia Fr 7 f. Kej to the species 75] ( lollybia butyracea Fr dryophila Fr 754 lentinoidee Pk 755 strictipee Pk 755 alcalinolene Pk ~ 56 familia l'k . . .... 757 aquosa Fr. vaT colorea l'k . . 758 acervata Fr oygrophoroidea Pk 760 myriadophylla Pk 761 atrata Fr . 761 plexipes Fr. var. atratoides Pk expallens Pk. v.ir . . albiflavida i' 1 764 abundans Pk . ~ ,; 1 succinea Fr. radicata Fr 766 platyphylla Fr macculata A. & 8. velutipes Fr 768 longipes Fr. . 770 succoea Pk. 770 floccipea Fr 771 oonigenoides Ellis.. 772 tuberosa Fr "73 cirrata Fr harlolorum Fr. 77 1 ronfluons Fr XXVI TABLE OF CONTENTS Page zonata Pk 776 etipitaria Fr 776 campanella Pk 777 lacunosa Pk , 777 Myceiia Fr 778 Key to the species 780 Mycena haematopa Fr . 783 sanguinolenta Fr 784 leijana Berk 785 vulgaris Fr 786 epipterygia Fr 787 clavicularis Fr 788 stylobates Fr 6 789 crystallina Pk 780 echinipes Fr 700 pelianthina Fr 790 rosella Fr 791 inirpureofusca Pk 792 denticulata Pk 792 corticola Fr 793 setosa (Sow.) Fr 794 pura Fr 794 minutula Pk 795 immaculata Pk 796 galericulata Fr 797 inclinata Fr. var 798 excisa Fr 799 parabolica Fr 800 polygramma Fr 801 lasiosperma Bre6 801 cyaneobasis Pk 802 alcalina Fr 803 ammoniaca Fr 804 metata Fr 805 leptocephala Fr 806 dissiliens Fr. var 806 airoalba Fr 807 atroalboides Pk 808 praelonga Pk 809 collariata Fr 810 cyanothrix Atk 810 subincarnata Pk 81 1 pulcherrima Pk 811 acicula Fr 812 ( Imphalia Fr 812 Key to the species , 814 ' Imphalia scyphoides Fr 814 scyphif ormis Fr 815 olivaria Pk 815 lilacilolia Pk 816 pyxidata Fr 816 rugosodisca Pk 817 epichysiura Fr 818 onisca Fr 818 gerardiana Pk 819 albidula Pk 820 gracillima Fr 820 fibula Fr 821 schwartzii Fr 822 fibuloides Pk 822 campanella Fr 823 umbratilis Fr 824 TABLE OP CONTENTS cvii • Mushroom Poisoning, b; 0.1 i scher M D. Poi iinu' I';. White-epored Vgarlcs Amanita phalloides ... Treatmenl «'f A. pballoidee poisoning. Po aonoue constituents <>f A. pballoidee ( Ithei Vmanitae \ aanita muscaria Poieonoui lents <>f A. muscaria i reatmenl toi \ muscaria poisonlni Toxic principles of Amanitas Lepiota. Tricholoma. "4" < • 1 1 1 < >< j be l [ygropborue i - tariue tluseula Marasmius. "51 Poisoning by Pink-epored Agarics.., oning by Brown or Ochre-epored Agarics Pholiota " :,t I nocj be s • ' Bebeloma. Poisoning by Purple-brown-spored Agarics Poisoning by Black-spored Vgarice Poisoning b; and Gyromitra esculenta Bibliograpby. . . Abbreviations ~ : ' Glossary Index •"" LIST OF [LLUSTKATIONS FIGURES Fig 1 Sti icture of Agarics. Fig. 2 Structun rics. Fig 3. Types of spores i Map of Micbigai - principal collecting centers ' > PLA I l - Portrait of I llias Magi Plates l to ci. XXM \ THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN C. H. KAUFFMAN GENERAL I NTR4 >l M'< TH >N THE STRUCTURE OF AGARIl S Aii Agaric is a plant which, considered morphologically ami physiologically, is composed <>f two portions: the vegetative, called the mycelium', the reproductive, called the fruit body or carpophore. Tin- Mycelium When a spore, derived from the .uills of a fruit-body, germina it forms a protuberance on one or more sides; this elongates into the form of a filament, always growing a1 the apex ami usually branch- ing abundantly, so thai finally a weft or mass of such becomes visible, even to the naked eye. The filaments thus formed are r<- ferred to as hyphae, or collectively as mycelium. In diameter they vary from :'. to <> thousandths of a millimetre ami singly can be seen only with the microscope. Cross-partitions are numerous ami the separate divisions are the ultimate units of structure, i. <■.. the cells. Such mycelium is widely distributed in the soil, humus. decaying wood. etc.. and once established is doubtless perennial, so that new supplies from spores are probably less common than ordinarily supposed. It absorbs its food directly through tin- deli- cate cell-walls and the interior of each cell is thoroughly saturated with water. It appeals capable of withstanding considerable dry- ing, perhaps for long periods, reviving ami renewing it^ growth alter receiving a new supply of moisture. In some cases the mycelium twines itself into strands which become dark colored ami tough and which are spoken of as rhizomorphs ; or minute tuber-like masses may he formed, termed sclerotia. These evidently also serve as a resting sta^e during dry weather. The mycelium is usually hyaline under the microscope, hut massed together appears whitish to the eye; it may also have other colors, green, blue, red, yellow, etc.. hut these are not very common. When growing lux uriantly in artificial beds of manure it becomes the "spawn" of com menial mushroom growers. Methods are now in use in laboratories by which many kinds of spores are germinated and the mycelium grown in pure cultures; the "spawn" obtained in this way is called •'pure culture spawn." The distribution of the mycelium in an undisturbed soil, as for 4 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN example, in a park, lawn, fallow field, roadside or in woods, may be considerable, extending- underground for rods, so that the size of the plant in the vegetative stage, in a linear sense, is quite large. Under such permanent conditions, quite a number of species form "fairy rings'* when they fruit. The mycelium is started at one point and if the soil is favorably homogeneous in every direction, growth continues radially from the original point and at the cir- cumference of this patch of mycelium, where growth activity is greatest, the fruit-bodies appear each year. In one case 5 "ring"' with a diameter of 65 feet was observed by MacQuan in Africa. (Grevillea, 1880-1881.) The appearance of the fruit-bodies of some species "in troops" is usually due to the fact that only one arc of the circle is left. In the forest, obstacles are too numerous so that the •'ring'' does not remain perfect and the fruit-bodies appear scattered promiscously. Observations made in a clean forest in Europe for a period of ten years showed that the "ring" of some for- est species traveled radially for several rods but the periphery at length became obscure. The mycelium of many species doubtless is more affected by irregularities in the food supply and hence grows in an unequal manner, or produces such few fruit-bodies that the radial growth does not show. Doubtless also where there are scores of different kinds growing in a small area they intertwine or inter- fere with each other. During continued wet weather the compressed masses of- fallen leaves in frondose woods are often found to harbor patches or sheets of mycelium of many species, which are easily ob- served by removing the top layers of leaves and which are a fore- runner of a good crop of fruit-bodies if the humidity is maintained. Curious sheets of mycelium, of the appearance of sheets of paper, are sometimes found between planks or other piled up lumber, but these usually belong to the Polypore group of fungi. The Fruit Body The fruit-body, or carpophore, is the portion popularly referred to as the mushroom, but it must be remembered that it is only a temporary product of the plant as a whole, just as is the apple of the tree which bears it. It is usually composed of the pileus or cap. lamellae or gills, and a stipe or stem; in the genera Amanita, Amanitopsis and Volvaria there is present in addition a universal >■< i! which breaks away and forms a volva on the stem. In Amanita, Lepiota, Armillaria, Pholiota, Cortinarius, Stropharia, Chamaeota and slightly in a few other genera, there is found a partial veil, (JKNKKAL IXTUODrcTION which on breaking away may form an armulus in some of these For details see the introduction to these genera. The essential parts are the gills and pileus and these are presenl in everj species described in this book; the stem, however, is also usually presenl and such a fruit-body -is a typical Agaric. The tissue of the fruit- body is primarily an aggregation of hyphae, and hence merely an extension of the mycelium, compacted to form a specialized Btruc hire. When a portion of the pileus is cut radially, or of the stem longitudinally, and magnified with the microscope, it is seen thai these are merely masses of parallel or interw n\ en hyphae COmpo ol cells, very similar to tli"-.' of the mycelium. Some of it is special- ized to be sure, as is the cuticle of the pileus or stem; sometimes portions are gelatinous, ethers hardened or encrusted, bul this is mere evident in the mature plant. The tiny beginnings of the mush- room are composed of much the same kind of hyphae throughout. The Pilous- The pileus is essential in that it bears the ^ills. There are only a lew known species in which the gills radiate out from the top of the stem minus any cap. ami these constitute the rare genus Montagnites, none of which are known in our state. The principal parts el' tin 1 pileus are the surface layer, the margin, ami the flesh or trama. For the many variations of the structure ami form of these ii is accessary to consult the glossary, i See also Fig. 1.) The trama may however, be briefly considered: in the young, fresh or actively developing fruit-body the hyphae of the trama are usually compact ami appear like actual filaments, hut as it approaches maturity the hyphae varies. In some e. g., Coprini, the cells of the hyphae quickly loosen from each other and become rounded, and the whole pileus. if not quickly dried by the wind, collapses. Others are le.ss evanescent and in these the tramal hyphae. although loosened considerably, support the pileus for some days. Many of the larger forms, e. g., Tricholomas, retain their compact form for a long time, and in tough species like Lentinus the hyphae of the trama appear to retain their close-lying position unchanged. The trama of the Laetariae is unique and is described under that group. Many of the smaller Agarics like Mycenas and Galeras have comparatively few layers of hyphae. often of very large cells. THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN ^F^ Figure 1. — Structure of Agarics: (1) Gills free; (2) Gills adnate; (3) Gills decurrent; (4) Gills adnexed; (5) Gills seceding; (6) Gills emarginate and uncinate; (7) Pileus convex; (8) Pileus conical; (9) Pileus campanulate. GENERAL [INTRODUCTION 7 The Gills Underneath the pileus the gills are attached in the form of knife- blades collectively called tin- hymenophore. Gravity appears to be responsible for their position <»m the lower side. Rarely one funis an outgrowth of an abnormal character on the top <>r the pileus, some- times in the form of a second mushroom of the same kind with or withoul a stem, sometimes with the ^ills growing upward from ;i small area of the main cap. The latfer case has aever been satisfac torily explained. The .uills arc of course attached all along their thicket- edge i<> the pileus. They may i>e attached to the stem at their inner end. also called the posterior end or base; « >i- they may be free. i. e.. not reaching the stem or at least nut attached. The manner of attachment is shown in Pig. 1. L-6, as adnexed. adnate or decurrent. These are important characters for the separation of genera. In some cases all the gills extend from the margin of the pileus to the stem, in many, however, they are dimidiate or with very short gills at the margin of the pilens. The spacing of the <;ills is quite important, hut considerable variation occurs in the same species; only relative terms seem usable: crowded, close, sub- distant and distant. The same may he said of their width. It is very important to understand their structure. Here a microscope is necessary. A section cut tangentially across the pilens and gills will show a good view of the appearance of the trama, etc., of each lamella. The interior is again composed of hyphae and in such a section they lie either parallel, converging along the median axis, diverging, or interwoven irregularly. In all cases this is the gill-trama and is bordered by the hymenium. Tin Hymemwn (See Fig. 2, I.) The border which extends over the whole* surface on both sides of the uills is the hymenium. "While the hyphae may lie in a general way parallel to the axis of our section, the large club-shaped cells which form the border extend outward at righl angles t<> this axis and form a sort of nap like that of a Brussel's carpet. These large cells are the basidia, (singular, basidi/um), and ai its apex, as -ecu in the figure, each hasidinm hears typically four spores; rarely it may develop only two spores or even three. Bach spore is attached by a minute stalk called the steHgma, (plural, sterigmata). The basidia are in turn continuations of the hyphal filaments which com- pose the trama of the gills. Often there is a slight specialization THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN ' 6 Figure 2. — Structure of Agarics: (1) Vesicular trama of a section through a gill of a Russula, showing also the hymenium, basidia, and a cystidium (adapted from Fayod) ; (2) Parallel gill-trama-diagramatic ; (3) Interwoven gill-trama diagramatic; (4) Diver- gent gill-trama diagramatic; (o)Section of Amanita, showing volva, annullus and scales on the pileus. GENERAL INTRODUCTION O ,o A.0 / > o O C 12 10 2G 27 Figures — Types of spores drawn to scale: i Russula decolorans; 2 Lactariusi (.i Lactarius tortilis; (4] Inocybe galliardi; (5) Coprinua Imai phyria; (7) Trichloma laterarium; (85 Amanita ■ piota naucina; 11) Tricholoma equestre; (12) Tricholoma nobile; [13 Cantherellu tus. (14) Hygrophorus subborealis: (15) Marasmius cybe caesariataj (18) inocybe decipientoides; 19 inocybe leptophylla; Lospora; '-M Clitopilua prunulus; impbidius maculatus; riu-. 24 Coprinus boudieri ; 25 Hypboloma rugocephahu (27) Hypholoma hy drophilum ; 28 Psalliota arvei Cropidotua putrigenu Pluteolus copropbJIus; (31) Phollota flammans; (32) Plueteus cemmi loma cuspicatum; (36) Noleana dyst I ortinarius Cortinarius atkinsonianus; (38) type of reticul Hi 10 i '. Cysl dia IS 16 B tsidia 10 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN of the hyphae just inside the hyuieuial layer termed the sub- hymeitium. The hymenium may include, along with the basidia, cells of other shapes or functions; the cystidia (singular, cystidium), (see Fig. 3, 40-44) are elongated, cells fusiform, lanceolate or have vari- ous shapes according to the species, and project at maturity above the basidia. Their function apparently is to aid in the exudation of water from the plants. (F. Knoll, Jahrb. Vol. 50, p. 453.) The presence or absence of cystidia is much used to identify certain species. The observations must be carefully made, however, since they quickly collapse at maturity in some cases, and in others do not elongate uutil full maturity of the mushroom. They occur more or less scattered over the surface of the gills and are often tipped with oxalate of lime crystals. Also, they may occur on the edge of the gills and give this a minutely flocculose or fimbriate appear- ance. More frequently the edge is provided with elongated sterile cells of various shapes which produce the same effect as cystidia. In this work these are the only "sterile cells" referred to in the descriptions. The spores vary in size, shape, color, structure of surface, etc.. and are fully discussed under each group. (See Fig. 3, 1-34.) The stem, volva and anmilus are also described under each genus possessing them. HABITAT AND GROWTH CONDITIONS OF THE AGARICS The Agarics, like all fungi, are either saprophytic or parasitic. They are dependent on organic matter for a large part of their food; this is due to the absence of chlorophyll which makes them incapable of manufacturing carbon-compounds from the air. As saprophytes they occur ou a great variety of substrata ; soil, humus, dung, wood, fallen leaves, bank, straw, dead animal re- mains, decaying fungi and forest debris of all sorts. They can even be cultivated in the laboratory on gelatine and agar with proper addition of sugars, etc. As parasites they are found on living trees or shrubs, rarely on herbs. They are often attached to the rootlets of trees and shrubs on which they cause formation of mycrohiza; some consider this relation a parasitic one. tThe fleshy fungi are most abundant in woods and forests and hence are largely dependent upon the character of the forest. When the woods are cleaned or the forest cut down, there is often quite a change in the flora of such a place after a few years. In, GENERAL INTRODUCTION 11 addition to the proper f I supply for their growth, moisture and temperature are the two most important factors for the rapid development of the fungi. The fruit-bodies of mushrooms contain ;i very high proportion of water, varying between 7" and 95 per cenl according to species, weather conditions, age of plant, etc. The mycelium is also composed of much water which fills the vacuoles no1 occupied by the protoplasm. In spite of this fact, a far greater number <»r species occur in the upland foresl than in wel Bwamps or marshes. Ii appears as if either some unfavorable soil contenl of a poisonous nature or too great an abundance of water prevents the mycelium of many species from growing in low wet places or al leasi prevents them from fruiting. Only certain kinds grow in marsh soil; although where there is an abundance of brush, Logs or debris which ran be used for support the moist surroundings are very favorable to forms which prefer such substrata. The Largest num- ber of species are found in forest hillsides, ravines, etc., where there is a clay subsoil or where the forest floor is covered with sufficient humus, dead leaves, thick moss or other debris to hold the moisture. With the moisture content neither too large nor too small in such situations and where severe drying out is prevented, it would appear that the mycelium can vegetate luxuriantly, and alter rains, es- pecially Long continued rains, the fruit-bodies or "mushrooms" form abundantly. The temperature must also be favorable for each species. Warm or "muggy" weather, continued for several weeks with accompany- ing rains, usually causes the woods and fields to bring forth a g I crop of mushrooms during July and August. Later, in September and October, an entirely different group of species appears, often in relatively cool weather; and some species often appear after the first frosts, always provided that the soil has been previously moist enough for the mycelium to vegetate sufficiently. Romell (Hymen of Lapland), reports that Agarics were abundant near the tree line, and even in the region along the tree limit right up to the li f perpetual snow. This would indicate that for some species temperature is not so important as moisture, although growers of mushrooms in artificial beds in cellars, etc.. find the temperature a very critical factor. It must be remembered that time i> also an element. After a drought it may take several weeks of steady rains before the fruit bodies appear above ground. Rotten wood and Logs retain the moisture and a single rain is ..lien sufficient to induce growth. \ Single heavy rain or even a number of scattered showers, if [mo far 12 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN apart, are not sufficient to produce a crop outdoors. The exact com- bination of temperature, time and moisture necessary is hard to cal- culate with certainty even after much experience. The mycelium must be sufficiently well developed before it has enough energy to produce fruit-bodies and this development is often slow for reasons not clear to the collector. Every field student of mushrooms knows that there are '•good" collecting grounds and poor collecting places. The conditions mentioned above are probably responsible in large part and yet very similar fields or woods may be exceedingly unlike in the number and abundance of forms which are found in them Just why this is so is not understood. The species which grow on living trees are many. The most prominent are here given : Armillaria melleu. (On roots of living trees.) Armillaria corticatus. (Hickory, maple.) Collybia velutipes. (Willow, birch, oak, alder, elm, poplar, etc.) Pholiota adiposa. (Maple, oak, ash, etc.) Pholiota alboerenulata. (Maple, birch and hemlock.) Pholiota destruens. (Yellow birch, willow.) Pholiota spectahilis. (Birch, oak, etc.) Pholiota squarrusoides. (Maple, birch, beech.) Pholiota squarrosa. (Birch, beech, willow, poplar, alder, etc., in Europe. ) Pleurotus applicatus. (Maple, poplar, birch, etc.) Pleurotus atrocuerulius. (Mountain ash, sorbus, etc.) Pleurotus ostreatus. (Willow, birch, basswood, beech, oak, wal- nut, locust, etc.) Pleurotus sapid us. (Similar to ostreatus.) Pleurotus subareolatus. (Maple, basswood.) Pleurotus ulmarius. (Maple, elm, basswood, hickory, etc.) Volvaria boiubyeina. (Maple, beech, elm, horse-chestnut, etc.) These species are probably all capable of some degree of para- sitism, i. e., can affect living tissue. Direct evidence as to the extent of this power in each species is hard to get. The spores prob- ably effect an entrance at a wound, the plant first growing on the dead tissue at the wound, then pushing through the heart- wood which becomes rotten as a result and finally affecting the sapwood and cambium and so injuring the vitality of the tree. Even if not killed by the fungus, the decayed interior is a source of mechanical weakness and the tree is eventually blown down by storms. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 13 The rotting of cut or structural timber by the mycelium of some Agarics is perhaps equally Important. Bridge timbers, railroad ties ;i!ul even house timbers may be attacked. Pholiotn aeruginosa is perhaps a much greater enemy of railroad ties than the rare occurrence of its fruit-body would indicate. Lentinus lepideus has Long been known as a destructive agenl to ;ill Borts of timber. Fire- wood It'll in ilif woods iii moist situations, even if piled up, may be attacked by a greal variety of the smaller Agarics. There can be no doubt thai fungi of all soils, including Agarics, are exteng agents of decay and are much more effective than bacteria in bring- ing aboul the disintegration of dead vegetable matter ;ni«l thus returning it to ilic soil ; it is only in the later stages of decav thai the bacteria play the greater role. Agarics may show ;i decided preference for ;i certain substratum, e. .u - .. kind of wood, kind of dung, kind of leaves, etc.. on which they grow. Sonic are sharply limited to coniferous wood and are Q< found on wood of broad-leaved trees, others seem to thrive well on a greal variety of substrata. A lew are parasitic on other mush- rooms. I Sec X\ ctalis. i The held mushroom Psalliota arvensis and the common mushroom Psalliota campestris are scarcely ever found in the woods, just as Cortinarius arimllatus is never found in the tield. Some consider that the soil is here the controlling factor. It must he remembered, however, that it is decaying vegetable food, which is the foundation of the subsistance of the mushroom, and the presence of barnyard manure or the fact that sheep have pas- tured in a tield is after all more effective than the mineral content. This question is not yet settled ami French mycologists lay quite a little stress on the mineral content id' the soil, insisting that cal- careous soil and clay soil are the homes of dillerent specif-. With regard i<» Michigan species, the data are not sufficiently clear. THE DISTRIBUTION OP AGARICS IN MICHIGAN Any attempt to give a definite account at (he present lime of the distribution of species in the stale is fraught with difficulties. .Many localities have not 1 n visited, and only a prolonged study of a locality reveals an approximation of the species occurring there. The very fascination of the search for fungi consists p, their sporadic appearance. The species appearing one season may he absent the next. Some species fruit apparently only at long in- tervals; others only under special weather conditions. The principal points in the state around which sufficient colh 14 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN ing lias been done to be of any use in such a summary are shown on the accompanying map. By far the largest part of the material of this report has been collected by myself, assisted at Ann Arbor by some of my students. Entire seasons have been spent at Ann \^ DOMINION 0F CANADA I L L I N 15 Figure 4. — Map of Michigan showing centers of principal collecting areas. Arbor, New Richmond, Bay View and along the shore of Lake Superior and the flora of these regions is now partly known. The activity of members of the Detroit Mycological Club has re- sulted in a good survey of the region around Detroit. Between the years 1896-1903, Longyear and his co-workers studied the flora of East Lansing, and also obtained material from Greenville, Chatham GENERAL INTRODUCTION 15 and other points. A few species have been received from isolated points hut usually such arc common and of wide distribution. The main central portion of the Southern Peninsula nortb of latitude }:! has inti been touched; and from the iron-bearing regions of the Dorthern Peninsula there are no records. Isle Royale was visited in a dn season and there were lew important finds. Houghton. Marquette, Munising and Saul1 Bte. Marie were the centers of one season's extensive collecting and we have a Pair idea of their summer flora; concerning the many autumn species which assuredly grow in the coniferous regions of the uorthern hair of the state, we have little Information, as most students ami collectors musl return t<> their school duties before October. The principal species of held and lawn seem to he equally dis- tributed throughout the state: here may he mentioned Psalliota campestris and Psalliota arvensis, Ma/r(i8rnius oreades, Psilocybe esicii, Lepiota nwicina and the Coprini. It appears thai L<\- piota Morgani begins to disappear in the latitude of Lansing; that Amanita caesarea scarcely enters our southern border. The species which grow only on distinctly sandy soil are apparently distributed o • t . ii, throughout the sandy regions of the state although in many cases the records are not complete; lor example, Amanita russuloides ami Amanita spreta have been found only at New Richmond whereas Ru88ula delica is abundant in sand under copses ami groves all along the \i-i-\ collecting trip so as to become versed in the meaning of terms and also as a check on the correctness of your own or others' opinions. Avoid the genus Amanita. Also at the first avoid anything that appears to belong to the genera Kntoloma, Tricholoma, Heheloma and Inocybe. Avoid all which are no longer fresh and firm, or which have small burrows due to grubs. Avoid the large, colored forms until you are well advanced in the subject. All except Amanitas may be tasted without swallowing with entire safety; avoid all that have a powerful peppery or nauseous taste. Dr. Peck states that he has always found those with a taste of fresh meal i t'arinaceus i to be edible. Avoid the green-gilled I^epiot-a. Avoid those with a milky juice until you know a great deal about them. Try the large white forms which grow on tree-trunks, Plewrotus ostreatus, sapidus and uhnarius. Try the meadow, field and street mushrooms: Psalliota campestris, arvensis and rodmani. Try the inky caps, Coprinus rmcaceus, atramentarius and comatus. From the woods, always after a thorough study, try Bussula virescens, Hygrophorus ru.ssulu, Tricholoma personatum and nudum, llj/t/ro- phorus 8ordidu8 and Tricholoma resplendens are two white mush- rooms of excellent flavor, but beware of mixing them with the white Amanita. If you live among evergreen woods try Cortinarnu violaceu8 } if in southern Michigan Cori inarius michiganensis. After a start is made, others, one at a time, should lie thoroughly studied until finally every trip will yield a meal. My advice to all beginners and amateurs is: <'<>lltI H< TION 21 PHOTOGRAPH [NG AGARICS Use a basket to collect for this purpose. It is well to have tin boxes, e. g., cocoa boxes, so thai cadi specimen ran be kept "n harmed, wrapped separately in tissue paper ami placed upright in the box. Amanitas especially become deformed of lose some of their surface tissue if not properly protected. The specimens can be set upright on decapitated pins in a row as in the photographs in this report. Natural size photographs are by far the best since comparisons are then easily made. For Identification purposes such photographs are much more useful than those taken in the natural surroundings ami reduced in size; the latter may be good pictures but are rarely helpful. Every part and every character used in a description that can be shown in a photograph ought to be brought out; to this end the specimens must be properly arranged and the details emphasized. Besides its value in this respect the photographing of Agarics yields much pleasure and entertainment. THE CULTIVATION OF MUSHROOMS The history of this business and the methods in use, whether on a commercial scale or for home use, have been so often described that the reader is referred to those works. The best and most com- plete account is to be found in Bulletin No. 85, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, entitled: The Principles of Muxliroom Growing and Mushroom 8pa/u?n Making, by Dr. B. M. Duggar. For other papers see Bibliography, part (d), and the mushroom books of Atkinson, Hard, Mcllvaine, etc. THE CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS The plant kingdom consists of two large groups; the Beed bearing plants or Phanerogams and the spore-forming plants <>r Crypto- gams. Tlic Latter are sometimes referred to as "the lower plants" although they include also the Large, tree-like ferns. The Crypto- gams include the green plants Like the Algae, Mosses and Ferns; they also include an enormous number of plants which do not pos- sess the ordinary green color and these are the FUNGI. In the following outline of the fungi the grouping is given in a scientific manner, since this is the only arrangement sufficiently accurate. For the terms which are strange to the beginner, reference must be made to the glossary. Consistent perseverance and the ase of elementary books on botany are the only self-helps that can be advised when one is first plunged into the subject. The best way to begin the study is by the help of a teacher or of a companion who is already somewhat informed and is enthusiastic enough to help others. Mycologieal clubs are of great value in this respect. This work treats only of a single one of the many families "f Fungi, and for others the student is referred to the books dealing with the other groups. The Keys The arrangement of the species of each genus in the form "I k( - or synopses is entirely artificial and arbitrary; heme these keys are merely guide-boards to point the student in the right direction by the use of selected characteristics of each species. A specimen is not to be considered identified when it is ••run down" in the key, but the name SO obtained should be referred to iii the text and the description of the plant carefully applied to the specimen in hand. Such keys cannot be constructed so as to be perfect since plants of this class are quite variable and one often finds specimens not a1 all typical and hence they do not tit into the key at the right place. An amateur should use the glossary constantly at first until the meanings of the terms become fixed. Many of these keys were tried out for years on fresh plants and continually revised and it is hoped they will seldom mislead very far. The keys are mostly dichotomous; starting on the Left, the plant must agree, for example 24 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN with either (a) or (aa). This leads to (b) and (bb) or to the name of the plant. Sometimes the letters are tripled, etc., as (aaa), (aaaa). In that case there are three or more possibilities to choose from. Arrangement of Species in the Text The student will find, besides the keys, another means of identification. This is an arrangement in the text, by which the species which are the most closely related are grouped side by side. This is called a "natural classification" and is supposed to represent a relation according to the laws of evolution. Authori- ties differ on many points involved in such an arrangement, and hence it was necessary to follow, according to my best judgment, the order which appeared to be at the present time most acceptable. Our knowledge of many species is still too imperfect to expect any final arrangement. Furthermore, the number of species of such a small area of the world's surface as Michigan, is not representative of a like arrangement if applied to all the species of Agarics the world over. In view of this fact it seemed useless to try to be en- tirely consistent throughout the work. The genera are therefore subdivided in the way best adapted for each, although a general uni- formity is approximated. The genera may be divided into subgenera and sections, and sometimes the sections are subdivided. In this way the most closely allied species are usually found together under the last subdivision. Nomenclature The rules of the International Botanical Congress held at Brus- sels in 1910, have been used (see Authorities and Abbreviations). Synonyms have been purposely omitted except in so far as they are mentioned in the commentaries. The study of synonymies is apt to become a "wild goose chase" and often offers nothing of im- portance for those who wish to become acquainted with the living plants; it is well adapted for those who prefer to make their my- cological studies in the herbarium and library. There is little doubt that in the course of time, some of our American plants which were supposed to be different and were given names, will be found to be synonyms of European species. But there is no need of passing judgment on such till the evidence is all in. Undue haste in con- sidering species identical has often brought about more error than existed in the first place. The field mycologist is constantly finding species which he had given up as hopeless synonyms, and much col- CLASSIFICATION OK AGARICS Lecting will make a mycologist cautious. A keen observer, like Dr. Peck, will often be quite certain of the distinctness of two species but fails in the description to make the distinction clear or Btrong enough to others. En such a case herbarium material may nut show the tacts and only the finding of fresh plants can settle the question. The making of new Bpecies in baste is equally unfortunate In the preparation of this work, Bcores of unidentified species accumu- lated, and many still remain unidentified. In many cases, bow- ever, the repeated finding of the same thing, often in better condi- tion, perhaps with the accessary young stage, and further and better study on each occasion, resulted finally in its determination. Except in a few genera where 1 had made mure extensive collec tions and a more exhaustive study, for example in Russula and" Cortinarius, I felt it unwise to describe as new mure than a few striking Bpecies. in spite of the accumulation of synonyms and the greal possibility that more American species will cud as synonyms, l believe that there are still quite a few Agarics in the United States which are unnamed. But it is hoped that such an expression of my view will not cause every amateur to give names to those he is unable to identify. In the recent (Herman work of Kicken (Die Blatterpilze) over L500 species of Agarics are given for Germany, Austria and Switzerland alone, and very i'vw new species are in- cluded. This is a good example of conservatism with reference to the making of new species. Credit has been given to Fries wherever possible in the use of names of European species, even where the species is reported trader Agaricus in the Systema Myculogia. In certain genera only, where sufficient critical work has been done, e. g., [nocybe, has this pro- cedure been varied. If inconsistencies occur it is because the methods of mycologists past and present have been inconsistent. Outside of possible errors each case has been treated with regard to the Brussels Rules on the one hand and the latest facts obtain- able on the other. An attempt is made under many of the Bpecies to present as much material as possible for the further study n\' the species. 26 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN AN OUTLINE OP THE FUNGI I. Mycelium lacking. Bacteria. Mycetozoa. Chytrids. I. Mycelium forming the vegetative part of the plant. II. II. Mycelium non-septate, (i. e., without cross-walls). Phycomycetes. II. Mycelium septate, (i. e., composed of many cells). III. III. Spores not borne on a differentiated hymenium, not in asci nor on basidia. Fungi Imperfecta III. Spores usually borne on a differentiated hymenium. IV. IV. Spores borne in asci, usually eight in an ascus. Ascomycetes, IV. Spores borne on basidia, usually four on a basidium . Basidiomycetes. The Basidiomycetes (1) Basidia not forming a hymenium; spores borne on a four- celled basidium arising from resting-spores ; parasites. Smuts and Rusts. (1) Basidia arranged so as to form a hymenium (2) (2) Hymenium not in a special fruit-body but developed directly from the vegetative hyphae in the host. Exobasidii. (2) Hymenium on or within a special fruit-body I '■'< i (3) Hymenium concealed within the fruit-body till spores are ma- ture. (See 10th Rep. Mich. Acad, of Sci., p. 63.) Gasteromyeetes. (3) Hymenium exposed ( Hymenomycetes.) 1 4 ) (4) Basidia forked or divided into four cells; plants usually gela- tinous, horny when dry. Tremellales. (4) Basidia clavate or subcylindrical. Agaricales* Key to the Families of Agaricales 1 1 ) Hymenophore* not differentiated ; basidia scattered on a loose . subiculum of hyphae. Hypochnaceae. (1) Hymenophore even, not forming special branches, tubes, gills, etc. Thelephoraceae. (1) Hymenophore in the form of wrinkles, warts, spines or tooth- like plates, usually on the under side of fruit-body. Hydnaceac. *The term "hymenophore" is here used to designate that part of the fruit-body which bears the hymenium, e. g., gills, tubes, spines, etc. CLASSIFICATION OF ACAKH 27 i 1 1 Bymenpphore in the form <»i' erect branches or an erect, simple, club. Olavariaci a< . ill Bymenophore in the form of tubes or reticulations, usually mi the lower Bide of the fruit-body. Polyporaceae i 1 i Hymenophore in the form of knife-blades I gilla I ; mosl ly fleshy plants. {.garicacem Ki;v TO THE GENERA OP THE AGABICACEAE OP MICHIGAN (a) Spores mostly white iii mass (ochraceous-colored in SOllie species of RuSSUla ami Lad a rins ) (1 I i a i Spores ochraceous, cinnamon or rusty-yellow in mass. ... (21) (a) Spores Mesh-color to roseate or salmon-color in mass.... (32 i a i Spores purple-brown in mass 1 39 I i a i Spores black in mass (43) White-Spored Agarics 1. Gills of waxy consistency: Hygrophorus. 1. Oil's noi truly waxy (2) 2. Fruit-body, soft ami fleshy, decaying (3) 2. Fruit-body toughish, corky or woody; thin plants shrivel on drying, revive when moistened (15) ."». Gills thick on edge (4) 3. Gills thin (5) 4. Grills decurrenl and forked dichotomously : Gantherellus. 4. Grills not decurrent; plants parasitic on other mushroom-: Nyctalis. 5. Trama of fruit-body of two kinds of tissue, i. e.. of globular and filamentous cells; spores globose, echinulate (6) r>. Trama filamentous throughout (7) 6. With milky juice: Lactor%U8. • i. Not with milky juice: Russula. 7. Stem eccentric, lateral or wanting: Pleurotus. 7. Stem central (8 S. Gills free 9 8. (Jills adnexed (10) '.>. Volva and annulus present: Imanita. '.> Volva only present: Amanitop '.». Annulus only present : / - piota. 10. With annulus only : Irmillaria. 1ft. Neither annulus nor volva present (Ill 28 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 11. Stem fleshy or fibrous, sometimes outer rind subcar- tilaginous (12) 11. Stem cartilaginous, mostly throughout (13) 12. Gills decurrent or broadly adnate, not sinuate at stem : Clitocybe. 12. Gills at length sinuate or emarginate on stem; mostly large plants on the ground: Tricholoma. 13. Gills decurrent, pileus umbilicate: Omphalic/,. 13. Gills not decurrent (14) 14. Fruit-body small; pileus thin, tending to remain unex- panded and bell-shaped: Mycena. 14. Fruit-body small, medium or large; pileus usually ex- panded when mature, somewhat fleshy: CollyMa. 15. Fruit-body usually small, toughish, thin, not woody (16) 15. Fruit-body larger; stem central, eccentric lateral or want- ing (17) 16. Trama of pileus gelatinous : Heliomyces. 16. Trama fleshy-membranous ; pileus usually small, not woody : Marasmius. 17. Plant woody or corky: (Lenzites). 17. Plant fleshy-leathery (18) 18. Gills of the usual kind (19) 18. Gills longitudinally grooved or split on edge (20) 19. Edge of gills serrate-torn : Lentinus. 19. Edge of gills entire: Panus. 20. Edge of gills split lengthwise: Scliizophyllum. 20. Edge of gills obtuse, crisped : Trogia. Ochre-Spored Agarics 21. Gills easily separable from the trama of the pileus ; margin of pileus involute: Pawittus. 21. Gills not separating easily from the pileus (22) 22. Trama of pileus vesiculose; spores globose and echinulate. (See Bussula and Lactarius.) 22. Trama more or less filamentous (23) 23. Inner veil cobweb-like (cortinate) : gills at length dusted dark cinnamon or rusty; terrestrial: Cortinarius. 23. Inner veil membranous, fibrous or floccose (24) 24. Annulus present: Pholiota. 24. Annulus lacking (25) 25. Stem lateral or wanting: Chepidotus. CLASSIFICATION OF AOARIOS 25. Stem ecu I ra 1 (26) 26. Stem fleshy or fleshy-fibrous (27) 26. stem cartilaginous or Fragile i :_".» i 27. (Jills at length yellow, yellow-rnsty, etc.; lignicolons: Flammula. 27. Gills alntaceus to sordid brown ; terrestrial (28) 2S. Pilens librillose, silky or innately scaly; spores often angular; cystidia often present: Inocybe. 28. I'ilens more or less viscid when moist, smooth: Heb&Oma. 29. (Jills (lecnrrent : Tuhnrin. 29. (Jills not (lecnrrent lijlli 30. Pilens convex or plane, margin at first incurved; stem rather short: \ aucoria. 30. Pileus bell-shaped or conical ; stem slender (31) 31. Pileus subviscid or viscid; plant very fragile: Bolbitiiis and Pluteolus. 31. Pilens not viscid: Galera. Pink-Sporcd Agarics 32. Stem lateral or lacking; on wood: Claudopus. 32. Stem central (33) 33. Volva {>resent only: Volvaria. 33. Annulus present only : Chamaeota. 33. Volva and annulus lacking (34) .".4. Gills free: Pluteus. 34. Gills adnexed, adnate or decurrent i 35) 35. Stem fleshy or fleshy-fibrous i •">»'» I 35. Stem cartilaginous, slender i ■">" i 36. Gills at length sinuate: Entoloma. 3(5. (lills decurrent or broadly adnate: Clitopilus. :;7. Gills decurrent; pileus umbilicate: EccUia. 37. (Jills not decurrent I :;v 38. Pileus convex, margin at tirst incurved: Leptonio. 38. Pileus bell-shaped to conical, margin at first Btraight: Volanea. Purple-Broton-Spored Agarics 39. Annulus present ; veil distinct (40 39. Annulus and volva lacking I * ' 40. (Jills flee: P8alliota. ■111. (Jills attached to stem : StmpJiarin. 30 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 41. Veil present, remaining attached to margin of pileus, rarely forming an annulus : Hyplioloma. 41. Veil, if at first present, quickly evanescent or none at all; slender-stemmed (42 ) 42. Margin of pileus at first straight; hygrophanous : Psathyra. 42. Margin of pileus at first incurved ; gills adnexed to adnate- subdecurrent : Psilocybc. Blaclc-Spored Agarics 43. Gills delinquescing into a black mass when mature : Goprinus. 43. Gills not delinquescing (44) 44. Spores elongate-fusiform; gills decurrent; soft-waxy; pileus viscid: GompMdms. 44. Spores globose to elliptical (45 ) 45. Pileus with striate or sulcate margin, fragile: Psathyrella. 45. Pileus not striate, rather fleshy, exceeding the gills; gills variegated-dotted by the spores: Panoeolus. CANTHERELLEAE Fruit-body fleshy or submembranous. Stem central or lateral. Gills thick, obtuse on edge, fold-like or ridge-form, usually forked, narrow. Veil none. I*>\ the inclusion of Trogia and several tropical or subtropical genera, the group is extended by some authors to include sessile and reviving or arid plants. As Limited above the group approaches Thelepharaceae on the one side, the genera Clrtocybe and Hygro his on the oilier. The genus Dictyolus Quel, belongs here, bu1 no species have been found within the state. Ii is characterized by plants having ;i lateral stem arising from the larger mosses, and by vein-like, forked gills. D. retvrugus is probably a native of the state. The group includes Cantherellus, Dictyolus and Nyctalis. Nyctalis Fr. I Prom the Greek. wyx } night, referring to the black color of the host-mushroom. | Wnite-spored ; chlamydo-spores abundant; gills thick, distinct, obtuse on edge; stem central; parasitic on other Agarics; veil none. Fleshy, putrescent, no1 large-sized mushrooms, developing on the pileus and stem of the fruit-bodies of Russula, Lactarius, Cantherel- lus, etc., after the latter have become well developed or are partially decayed. The gills and basidiospores in our species are often dwarfed or entirely undeveloped. The propagation of the plant is instead, dependent on the presence of secondary spores which are formed in abundance over large parts of the surface of the plants. These spores are elliptical, brownish, long-spiny, r_' I s micr. in diameter. They are formed from the loosened hyphae of the ^u-- face of the pileus, etc., which break up Into chains of spores, and because of this method of formation, are called chlamydospo 32 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 1. Nyctalis asterophora Fr. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 1132, B. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 19.7. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 81 (as N. lycoperdioides) . Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 2, Fig. 6. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 6, PI. 129. Hard, Mushrooms, p. 204, Fig. 162. Plate I of this Report. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, at first subglobose then hemispherical, whitish, floccose, at length dingy oroionish and pulverulent. FLESH pallid, moist, rather thick. GILLS adnate, distant, rather narrow and thick, obtuse, sometimes forked, whitish or dingy, frequently not developed. STEM 2-3 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick, relatively stout, stuffed then hollow, pruinose or silky, whitish then brownish, often curved. SPORES often lacking by reason of the undeveloped hymenium, elliptical, smooth, (> xl micr., white. CHLAMYDO- SPORES on surface of pileus, etc., abundant, brownish, spiny. 12-18 micr., globose. ODOR and TASTE farinaceous. Parasitic: on Russula nigricans, Bay View. August-September. Infrequent or local. An interesting case of a parasitic mushroom ; it has an entirely different structure from that of the host mushroom on which it grows. For other instances of parasitic mushrooms see Stropharia epimyces, Volvaria Loveana, Boletus parasiticus, etc. Cantherellus Fr. (From the Greek kdntharos, a vase or cup, referring to the shape of the mature pileus.) Spore-mass white or yellowish-tinged; Gills forked, fold-like or almost ridge-form (except 0. aiirantiacus), obtuse on edge; stem central, confluent with the pileus; veil none. Fleshy, putrescent, terrestrial mushrooms, with a more or less turbinate, or vase-shaped pileus, in some species almost membran- ous, on whose outer side the reduced gills run down the stem in the form of fold-like, thick ridges or elevations, sometimes markedly dichotomously forked, sometimes almost entire. They approach CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS Craterellus, a genus of the Thelephoraceae, whose bymenial surface is merely wrinkled and aol gill-like. The fleshy species are much sought after for the table, and all of them are edible. Pries, in Epicrisis, included species whose stems are lateral or lacking; these have been segregated under other genera. Tin* I'lLFJ'S ni.-iy be 0E and TASTE of our species is mild and agreeable. Key to the - s '/" cies (a) Plant cinnamon-red, fading, medium size. 5. C. dnnabarinus Schw. (aa) Plant not red. ib) Pileus and gills some shade of yellow or orange. (c) Gills orange, thin, crowded. 9. C. mirmitiacus Fr. (cc) Gills m>t crowded, ridge-form, (d) Stem solid, firm. (e) Plant markedly vase-shaped; pileus deeply funnel-form, firm, rufous-oranj occosua Schw. (ee) Plant somewhat top-shaped, entirely chrome-yellow or fla\ i I. C. cibarius Fr. (del) Stem hollow, pileus thin, funnel-form. 6. C. iniumUhuU- fin m '•■■■ Ft. 7. C. tubaeformis Ft. (bb) Pileus and gills not both yellow. (c) Gills flesh-color to purplish-lilaceus, ridge-form; id. 2. C. clavatus Ft. I cc) Gills not flesh-color. (d) Pileus infundibuliform, cinereous or brownish cin< (e) Pileus perforated in center, stem hollow. 6. C. infundi- buli Ft. (ee) Pileus nol perforated; stem stuffed or solid. 7. c tub* Fr. (dd) Pileus obtuse, or depressed; subumbonab rnlsb-gi S. C. umbonatus Fr. 34 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN * Gills in form of thick ridges, rather distant. 2. Cantherellus ciavatus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Fries, Sverig. Atl. Svamp, PL 91. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 19 (as Craterel- lus). Bresadola, I, Fungh. Mang. e. vel., PL 82. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 1, Fig. 1. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 431 (as G. neurophyllus) . Plate II of this Report. PILEUS 3-5 cm. broad, turbinate to truneate-obclavate, de- pressed to concave-cyathiform, often irregular and lobed, narrowed into the stem, at first purplish-flesh color, soon greenish-yellow, surface floccose or slightly scaly. FLESH thick behind, white, compact at first, at length toughish. GILLS in form of thick, dichotomous, narrow but distinct ridges, connected by cross-ridges. anastomosing below, long decurrent from the elevated margin of the pileus, rather distant, flesh-color to pale purplish umber. STEM expanding into the pileus, solid, short, rather firm, fleshy, at first incarnate-purplish, then pallid, below densely wnite-floccose, 4-8 mm. thick, usually tapering downward. Whole plant 4-9 cm. tall. SPORES subcylindrical or narrow elliptcal, 10-12x4-5 micr., smooth, pale ochraceus in mass. ODOR and TASTE mild. Gregarious, on the ground in hemlock forests of northern Mich- igan. Bay View, Marquette. July -August. Infrequent. Well marked by its color and shape. In his later works Fries referred it to the Thelophoroceae under Craterellus. Its thick flesh and the well-marked ridges of the Cantherellus-type, seem to be suf- ficient reason to refer it back to Cantherellus. 3. Cantherellus floccosus Schw. (Edible) Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. II, 4, 1832. Illustrations : Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, PL 55, Fig. 9-13. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 33, PL 1, Fig. 18-20. Hard, Mushrooms, PL 23, Fig. 160, p. 201, 1908. White, Conn. State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., No. 15, PL 19. CLASSIFICATION OF AG ARK ;;.-, PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad (rarely broader), vase-shaped or trumpet' shaped, truncate when young, ;u Length deeply excavate-funnel form, firm, superficially Qoccose or subscaly, yellow at first, i ge, margin becoming undulate a1 times. FLESH rather thick, confluenl wiili the stem, white. GILLS deeply decur- rent, ridge-form, close to subdistant, dichotomously forked, anas- tomosing throughout, ochraceus to rufous-yellowish, sometimes darker. STEM short, whole plant 6-15 cm. high (rarelj 20 cm.), 1-2.5 cm. thick, solid, glabrous, pallid-ochraceus, whitish al base, firm, sometimes abruptly short-attenuate al base, often deep in the ground. SPORES elliptical, "12-15x7-7.2 micr.", smooth, ochra- Ceous in mass. ODOB and TASTE mild and pleasant. On the ground in hemlock forests of oorthern Michigan, Mar- quette, Huron Mountains. July-August, Infrequent. A most striking plant when in full luxuriance, forming a Large vase with considerable capacity to its deep interior. It occurs gregariously but sometimes several arise at one place or apparently from the same stem. 1 have not seen it in the portion of the state where hemlock and pine are unknown. Like the preceding, it is scarcely possible to confuse it with any other species. 4. Cantherellus cibarius Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Fries. Sverig. atl. Svamp., PI. 7. Cooke. 111.. PL L103. Oillet, Champignons de France, No. 88. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 1, Fig. 2. .Michael. Fuhrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. 1. No. 26. Swanton, Fungi, PL 15, Fig. ."> .">. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 123, p. L28, L900. Hard, Mushrooms, PL 22, Fig. 128, \>. L99. Gibson, Edible Toadstools & Mushrooms, PL l!». p. 1T."». L903. Peck. X. V. State Mus. Rep. 18, PL ::•_•. Plate MI of this Report. PILErs :; s cm. hroad, firm convex then expanded, soon depressed in center or margin elevated, often irregular, Bometimes top-shaped, infundibuliform or one-sided, margin thick ami at t involute, chrome-yellow or i»'i>- fin yellow, glabrous, not striate FLESH compact, (hick, white or yellowish toward Burface. GIL! 9 long, decurrent, thick, dichotomously forked or anastomosing, nar 36 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN row, rather distant, chrome-yellow, edge blunt. STEM 3-6 cm. long, stout, 6-12 mm. thick, narrower downwards, solid, fleshy, glabrous, chrome-yellow to pale yellow, often tunneled by larvae. SPORES elliptical, 7 x 4-5 inicr., smooth, faintly ochraceous-tinged. "BASIDIA 50-75x7-8 micr., 4-spored, sometimes 5-6 spored." ODOR and TASTE mild and pleasant. Gregarious or subcaespitose, often scattered. On the ground in frondose or conifer forests . Throughout the state, from the south- ern border to Isle Royale. July-September (rarely earlier or later). Frequent only in certain seasons. This is the famous "Chantarelle" of Europe, where it is highly prized, both on account of its flavor and from the fact that its flesh is free from larvae. In Michigan, and probably elsewhere in the eastern part of the United States, the fastidious lovers of mush- room meat are, alas, not so fortunate as their European brethren. During many years of collecting, I have rarely found this mushroom free from larvae and I have a large number of records. Occasion- ally, immediately after its rapid development due to favorable weather, I have found unattached specimens. The color is often much paler yellow than that mentioned above and a white form is sometimes found. It is not easily confused with 0. a/urantiacus } which has thin and crowded gills and different shades of yellow. '5. Cantherellus cinnabarinus Schw. (Edible) Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. II, 4, 1832. Illustrations : Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, PI. 55, Fig. 1-8. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 5, PI. 02, Fig. 3. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 161, p. 202, 1008. Plate II of this Report. PILEUS 1.5-3 cm. broad (rarely up to 7 cm.), firm, convex and obtuse or expanded-depressed, often irregular, glabrous, cinnabar- red, often faded, entirely faded in dried specimens. FLESH rather thin, whitish or tinged reddish toward surface. GILLS long- decurrent, dichotomously forked, rather distant, narrow and ridge- form, intervenose, cinnabar-red, yellowish or pinkish. STEM 2-4 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, solid or subcavernous, terete or compressed at apex, equal or tapering downward, tough-fleshy, glabrous, even, cinnabar-red or paler. SPORES oblong-elliptical, 8-10x4-5.5 micr., smooth, white or faintly pink in mass. BASIDIA long and narrow, 4-spored. ODOR and TASTE mild. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS Gregarious, on the ground in open frondose woods or on bare soil along woodroads. Ann Arbor, Detroit, NVw Richmond, a1 least throughout i la- Sunt hern Peninsula. July-October. Frequent Easily known by its color and size. When fresh the color is tin aabar-red bu1 after exposure to wind and sun the color maj be Often the stem is diluted and compressed toward the apex, in which case it is found to be somewhal hollow. Typically the stem is solid. Some think C. fritsii Quel, is the same, hut thai species is Baid to have a yelvety-flocculose cap, different colors ami probably smaller spores. Both lade, and the dried specimens probably look much alike. Our planl seems to be a distinct American form. 6. Cantherellus infundibuliformis Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1109. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 1, Fig. 4. Michael, Fuhrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 41. White, Conn. State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Suit. Bull. No. 3, PL 15, op. p. ::"). Peck, N. V. State Mus. Mem. 4, PL 56, Fig. 9-16. FILETS 2-5 cm. broad, umbilicatc to infundibuliform, margin undulate or looed, pruinose-fiocculose, glabrescent, ciuereus yellow- ish to watery-brown, paler when dry. FLESH thin, concolor. GILLS decurrent, narrow, ridge-form, dichotomously <>r Lrregularly forked, pruiiiose, distant, cinereous. STEM :'>-!> cm. long, 3-7 nun. thick, Blender, equal or subequal, glabrous, hollow, tereU or com- ]»•( 88ed, yellow. SPORES globose- ellipl Leal. 9 1 1 x7-9 micr., smooth pale yellowish in mass. ODOB and TASTE none. Gregarious on the ground in wet swampy places, especially in conifer woods. Marquette, Houghton, New Richmond. August- < October. Distinguished from all the preceding by its thinner somewhal pliant pileus and darker colors; it often has a sooty or ashy shade. The center of the cap is usually perforated so as to expose the hollow cavity of the stem from above. Its spores are quite char- acteristic and set it off from its ne.ir relatives, which Murrill I X. A. flora. Vol. !•. p. L68) has seen lit to include in this single spech 38 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 7. Cantherellus tubaeformis Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Michael, Fuhrer f . Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 41. (?) Cooke, 111., PL 1108. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, convex and obtuse, at length depressed and margin irregular and recurved, sometimes subinfundibuliform, not perforated in center, brownish-yellow to yellowish ochraceus, silky -tomentulose, even, scarcely fading. FLESH thin at least to- ward margin, whitish-ochraceus. GILLS arcuate-decurrent, mod- erately thick, narrow and ridge-form, dichotomously forked, inter- venose, rather distant, not prninose, flesh-gray to yellowish- ochraceus, often slightly deeper in color than pileus and stem. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 3-G mm. thick (sometimes thicker), fulvous- yellow to ochraceous, concolor within, terete or canaliculate, sometimes compressed, subequal, solid or stuffed at first, sometimes at length hollow, glabrous, often curved, white at the very base. SPORES broadly elliptical, 7-9.5x5-6 micr. punctate-granular, pale creamy-white in mass. BASIDIA 60-65x6-8 micr. long, slender, at- tenuate downward. ODOR and TASTE none. On the ground or debris of frondose woods of southern Michigan. Ann Arbor and surrounding region. July-August. Infrequent. Characterized primarily by its spores and its stuffed stem. It differs from the preceding also in its rather constant colors. Most of our plants were entirely yellowish-ochraceous when fresh and the stem was not hollow. The thin structure of the cap separates it from other yellowish species. Its name is misleading, since in its near relative, C. infundibuliformis, the tube is continuous from the stem to the surface of the pileus, while here the cap is not per- forated, and the stem usually not hollow except in age. My ob- servations agree with those of Ricken in these respects. Cantherel- lus lutescens is a related species, with an orange-yellow stem, black- ish-brown, floccose-scaly cap and orange gills. Its spores are said to measure 10-12x7-8 micr. CLASSIFICATION OP A.GARK **(Hlls approaching the form oj thosi oj trui Agarics, ■ crowded. 8. Cantherellus umbonatus l'r. (Edibu Byst. Myc, L821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111.. PI. l L06. (iillci. Champignons de Prance, No. 94. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 2, Pig. I. Michael, Ptihrer r. Pilzfreunde, Vol. [II, No. 51. Peck, N. Y. State Mas. Bull. 67, 1*1. 84, Pig. 8-21 (at dichotomous Pk.). PILEUS _ I cm. broad, top-shaped, convex to plane and depressed, brownish-gray to blackish or smoky-gray, with or nit/unit n slight umbo, pruinose <»r flocculose, dry, pliant, margin regular or wavy. FLESH thin, white, becoming reddish with age <»r some time after picking. GILLS decurrent, rather narrow, thick, dichotomouslv branched, not ridge-form, close, white, then stained yellowish o\ red \ x L-1.5 micr. Scattered or gregarious <>u dead branches or trunks of frondi trees, ('specially of hickory; also on carpinus, walnut, elm, maple, sycamore, locust, apple ami probably others. Throughout tin- state. Very common. This is a pretty fungus when growing in Luxuriance and can Dot l»e easily mistaken for anything else. Some species of Pleurotus have a similar habit, but are different in texture ami especially in the structure of the gills. Panus Fr. (From the Latin, partus, a tumor, fries says the name w&8 used by Pliny lor a tree-inhabiting fungus.) White-spored. Fleshy leathery, reviving, tough, persistenl ; the texture fibrous, radiating into the hymenium. stem eccentric, lat- eral or lacking, confluent with the pileus. at length cori ous. nil/, entire. Not putrescent, but arid and tougb as in the genera Lentinus, Marasniius. etc. They approach Pleurotus and some species have been described under th.it genus. They are wood-inhabitii P. yfi/iticus has i>oist,)ittus properties, the others are harmlef The PILEUS is eccentric, lateral or al firsl resupinate; no i the hist section has been distinguished in the Btate. Tin i forms often have very irregular and .tow. id and depressed ; which are somewhat thick. Their Burface is usually Btrigose, vill 44 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN or slightly scaly. The color is various. The FLESH varies from quite tough in some species to somewhat fleshy in others ; the latter may become more tough with age so that several species are easily confused with Pleurotus in the young stage. It is advisable to compare specimens with both genera where the texture is in doubt. The GILLS have an entire edge which distinguishes them from those of the genus Lentinus which have lacerate, serrate, thin edges. They become tough with age and are thickish. Intermediate forms occur, especially among typical species, so that some authors combine Panus with Lentinus. In our plants, however, the character of the edge of the gills is the best means of separation. The STEM is short, as a rule, sometimes continuous with the pileus, so that the pileus is not marginate behind. It is usually hairy or scaly. The SPORES vary in shape and size; they are smooth and white. CYS- TIDIA are present in P. rudis and P. angustatus. Several of the species are very common, growing on stumps, de- cayed branches, etc., in the cities, or on any sort of dead timber in the woods and fields. The harmless species are rather tough for the table, but can be used, according to Mcllvaine, to flavor soups and gravies. The genus is divided into three sections, of which the following include the species described below : I. Conchati. II. Stiptici. Key to the Species (A) Pileus sessile or prolonged laterally into a stem-like base, (a) Pileus with a gelatinous layer, whitish or yellowish, spathulate to fan-shaped. 16. P. angustatus Berk. (Syn. Pleurotus stratosus Atk.) (aa) Pileus without a gelatinous layer. (b) Gills when young covered by a fugaceous veil; pileus about 1 cm., cupulate, rufous. On alder bushes. P. operculatus B. & C. (bb) Without a cortina. (c) Pileus hygrophanous, small, pinkish-gray; gills dark fer- ruginous; on willows. 17. P. salicinus Pk. (cc) Pileus not hygrophanous, small, heaped in clusters, pale brownish; taste very disagreeable, astringent. 15. P. stip- ticus Fr. (AA) Pileus with an eccentric stem; i. e. pileus marginate behind, (a) Pileus white or creamy-white when fresh, becoming yellowish when drying, (b) Pileus often very large, densely strigose-hairy; whole plant be- comes dull yellow when dried. 12a. P. strigosus B. & C. (bb) Pileus up to 6 cm. broad, surface with long, delicate hairs, margin reticulated. P. laevis B. & C. (aa) Pileus reddish-brown to alutaceous-tan, medium size, margin at first inrolled. (b) Pileus rough with tufted hairs, tawny-alutaceous, etc., gills CLASSIFICATION OP A.OARK crowded and narrow. L3. P. rudU Pr. (Syn. P. ttriaottu Scbw.) (bbj Pileus glabrous or obscurely Bbrlllose caly. (C) Gills crowded and narrow. 14. P. i . \.u Pr. (cc) Gills close to Bubdistant 14. /'. torulonu Pr. (Other species have been described by Peck, P. i>> /uH,,,, , on bir< from Newfoundland, with a dimidiate, grayish-brown pileus; /'. nigrifolius from Alabama, with distant, dark-brown gills. /'. cm. long, 2 1 cm. thick, strigose-vilb centric or almosl lateral, whitish to yellowish, sometimes tinged cin< SPORES elongated-oblong, 1 1 13 \ •". | •_• I ' ■_• micr., smooth white in mass. CYSTIDIA none. OI>()K stronger in age, rather agreeable (Dried: Strigosity and cuticle are dull golden-yellow, flesh wl ish, gills ferruginous.) Solitary or caespitose, subimbrica iwing from the * maple and yellow birch; also on apple trees and oth< trees. Probably throughoul the state; Houghton, Nett R August-September, [nfrequenl or rare. Edible when This is the largesl Panus we have; the pileus 46 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN more iu diameter and the stem very stout. The descriptions in the books are very meagre, and no mention is made of the change of color on drying. The dried specimens are elegant. Its flesh is not very tough and it is easily mistaken for a Pleurotus. The gills are very broad in large specimens, not truly distant, and are usually distinct on the stem or anastomose only in an obscure manner if at all. Some specimens are almost lateral, growing in a somewhat ascending-subhorizontal position, but with a marginate pileus; others have a subcentral stem. This is not Lentinus strigosus Schw., a species which seems to be synonymous with Panus rudis. Some consider P. laevis B. & C. to be the same as P. strigosus. 13. Panus rudis Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 179, p. 224, 1908. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 26, Fig. 1. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 637. Plate V of this Report. PILEUS 2-7 cm. broad, irregular, eccentric or sublateral, ascend- ing, depressed or vase shaped, sometimes infundibuliform, cuneate- rounded when young, tough, villose-velvety or strigose, alutaceous to reddish brown, margin often lobed, incurved. GILLS narrow, crowded, decurrent, pallid or tinged with the color of pileus, pube- scent, edge entire. STEM short, eccentric, sometimes almost lack- ing, rillose, concolor. SPORES elliptical-oval, 5-6 x 2-3 micr., smooth, white. TASTE slightly bitter at times. ODOR none. Caespitose-crowded. Everywhere in town and country, on stumps, logs, dead branches, trunks, etc., of frondose trees. Through- out the state. May to November. Very common. This is Lentinus lecomtei of many American notices, not the true L. lecomtei Schw. which has serrate gills. Our plant has entire gills. Schweinitz described the true L. lecomtei from a specimen sent from Georgia by Lecomte. (See Lloyd, Myc. Notes, Vol. I, p. 60.) It is also Lentinus strigosus Schw. to which Peck refers his specimens. Peck says it was found in one case on a balsam fir trunk, while ordinarily it is limited to deciduous trees. Patouil- lard says the gills of P. rudis are serrate, which is a rather remark- able statement. It can be used for flavoring gravies and dries well for winter use, but is readily attacked by beetles. CLASSIFICATION OF AOARIi 17 14. Panus torulosus I' v. (Edible] Syst. fclyc, L821. (As Pleurotus torulosus.) Bpicriais, L8 Illustrations: Hani, Mushrooms, Pig. L80, p. 225, L908. Gillet, Champignons de Prance, No. 511. Cooke, 111.. Plate LI 19. PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, or broader, fleshy plianl al first then tough, from plane t<» Lnfandibuliform, eccentric or almost lateral, marginate behind, livid flesh color or tiii w n. STEM short, 2-3 cm. long, L-3 cm. thick, sn.ni. solid, tough, eccentric or lateral, covered with a violaceous or gray tomentum. SPORES elliptical, •'» \ '■'< micr., smooth, white. Caespitose, on decaying slumps, logs, trunks, etc., of frondose trees. Ann Arbor. September. Infrequent Var. conchatus Fr. Pileus thinner, alutaceous and doI with riolel tints; gills closer. On beech log, Bay View. Infrequent. Becom- ing quite large, ap to L5 cm. broad. The species of Fries, Panus conchatus, does not seem to me speci- fically distinct, as the characters which he emphasizes occur also in /'. torulosus. Specimens of the latter can be found whose pileus becomes minutely scaly at length, and whose gills \arv forked and anastomosing, although never markedly so. The closeness of the -ills depends somewhat on the expansion of the pileus and this varies not a little. Under certain weather conditions, the violel and reddish tint- of P. torulosus are lacking, and then the plant could be referred to the other species. The spores of the two species, if I have interpreted correctly, are exactly alike, and unless struc- tural differences can he shown it were better i<> make P. conchatus a synonym of /'. torulosus as was dune hy Quelet I Enchiridion Pungorum.) Tf collected in dry weather, they may he confused with infundibuliform species of Clitocybe. Section If. Stiptici. Pileus sessile or prolonged behind in'" stem-like base. 48- THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 15. Panus stipticus Fr. (Poisonous) Syst. My col., 1821. (As Pleurotus stipticus.) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 178, p. 222. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 26, Fig. 3. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreuude, Vol. 3, No. 66. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 510. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, very tough, pale cinnamon, fading to whitish, convex, subreniform, depressed and abruptly narrowed be- hind, surface breaking up into minute, furfuraceous scales, even. GILLS thin, determinate, i. e., abrupt behind, venose-connected, crowded, cinnamon. STEM lateral, short, distinct below, solid often compressed, pruinose, paler than gills. SPORES minute, nar- rowly oblong, 4-5x2 micr., smooth, white. TASTE very astringent. CYSTIDIA none on sides of gills. Caespitose. On wood; stumps, logs, trunks, etc. Throughout the state. May to October. Common. This little Panus is not edible, because of its toughness and its very disagreeable taste. It is said to be a violent purgative. When fresh it is slightly phosphorescent in a dark room. On the under side it appears to have a very definite stem, ending abruptly at the gills ; above, the stem is not distinguishable. It revives when moistened, so that a cluster may be seen in place during the whole season. 16. Panus angustatus Berk. Lea's Catalogue of Plants, 1819. See also Pleurotus stratosus Atk.=syn, Jour, of Mycol., Vol. 8, 1902. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, obovate to broadly cuneate, sessile or pro- longed into a stem-like base, convex or depressed, sordid white to pale tawny, trama composed, under the microscope, of four layers (a) the surface layer of erect hyphae which form a minute tomen- tum ; beneath this (b) a thin, compact layer; (c) a gelatinous layer of open, slender, distant, palisade threads; (d) a compact, floccose- interwoven layer, about half the thickness of the pileus; margin crenate-wavy. FLESH thin, tough, soft. GILLS converging, very narrow, crowded, white or yellowish. SPORES minute, spheroid- oval, 3 micr. diani., smooth, white in mass. CYSTIDIA numerous, fusoid or lanceolate, 45-60x10-14 micr. BASIDIA 4-spored. CLASSIFICATION OP AH IRICS Caespitose, often imbricate, Bometimes solitary, on ven rotten wood of birch, hemlock, etc., <»r northern Michigan. Baj View, Houghton, Negaunee. Julj August. Infrequent. Probably edible. This species has much the appearance of l'i< urotus p< taloidi s and Pleurotus (ilhohniiiius. When fresh 11 is hard i«i tell whether ii ought in be ceferred to Panus or Pleurotus. I have found ii only in the region of conifer or ini.\<' an eccentric point, '/"//,■ ferruginous. STEM very shorl below or obsolete, obli- quely attached i<> the vertex of the pileus." "Gregarious. Trunks df (lend willows." This was reported by Longyear in lili Report Michigan Academy of Science. I have given Peck's description. Lentinus I'r. (Prom the Latin, U ntus, tough, i White-spored. Fleshy-leathery } t<>nv less Bcaly. (b) Pileus umbilicate, with blackish-brown in the umbllli often deformed with aborted gills. IS. /.. tiius Fr. (hi) ) Pileus convea or plane and ohl use. (c) Pileus commonly rather large, 5 L5 cm. broad. i ih Gills anastomosing on the si. 'in: spores 12-16x6-6 mlrr.: pilous large, at first glabrous. / undertooodU I'k. i iiii i Gills not anastomosing. (e) Pileus with spot like, brownish scales, Kills Binuate; spores 1.1-13x4-6 micr. 19. //. lepideus Fr. (ee) Pileus rimose-scaly; gills not sinuate; spores 8-10x44 micr. L. spretus Pk. (cc) Pilous 5 cm. or loss in width. (d) Pileus thin, rufous-tinged, sulcate on margin, 1-2 cm. bi /.. sulcatus Berk, (dd) Pilous thick, obconic, not sulcate; gills long-decurrotit. /,. obconicus Pk. (aa) Pileus glabrous, not large. (b) Caespitose. rarely solitary; pileus subinfundibuliforni. (c) Stem furrowed, confluent-caespitose. 23. L. cochbntus Pr (cc) Stem not furrowed; on the ground. L. americana Pk. (bb) Not caespitose or rarely so; pileus plane, or slightly dep to umbilicate. (c) Pileus hygrophanous, umbilicate; stem central or eccentric. 20. L. umbiliccttus Pk. (cc) Pileus not hygrophanous. (d) Pileus reddish-brown; stem whitish; spores minut' . 3-4 micr. 22. L. microsperma Pk. (dd) Pileus ochraceous to cream-color; stem short, blood-red to reddish; spores obloug. 21. /.. haematopus Berk. (AA) Pileus dimidiate, sessile. (a) Pilous large, 5-15 cm. broad, imbricate, coarsely hairy and rough- ribbed, flesh-color. 24. L.vulpinus Pr. (aa) Pileus less than 5 cm. (b) Taste peppery; pileus thick, whitish, becoming reddish-brown, hairy. 25. L. ursinus Fr. (bb) Taste pleasant; pileus thin, whitish or yellowish L. tuavU- siums I'k. Srcii.,,n I. Misn/xxh s : Pileus snbentire, stem distinct. *Pileu8 scaly. Provided when young with a Vi il. 18 Lentinus tigrinus I i Syst. Myc, L821. (As Omphalic tigrina.) Epicrisis, L83 Illustrations : Patouillard, Tab. A.nalyt, No. 106. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 26, Pig. 2. ( Hllet, ( Jhampignons de Prance, No. 106. Cooke, Til.. Plate L138 and 1139. Lyman, G. R. Proc. Boston. Soc. Na1 Hist., Vol. 33, PI 52 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 23 et al. (Illustrating the abnormal form, Lent odium squa- mulosum.) PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, fleshy-leathery, at first orbicular, con- vex then plane and umbilicate, white but covered, especially at the center, with blackish-brown, hairy scales, margin at length wavy and often split. FLESH white, thin. GILLS decurrent, some- what narrow, close, white, edge eroded-serrate. STEM 1-3 cm. long slender, tapering downward, solid, minutely scaly, whitish, white within, often darker at base. At first with a delicate veil, which may form an evanescent annulus. SPORES elliptical-oblong, 6-7 x 3-3% micr., smooth, white in mass, often copious. Gregarious. On dead wood, which is usually hard. Ann Arbor, New Richmond. September. Infrequent. The umbilicate, thin, pileus, different scales, and much shorter spores, distinguish it from L. l&pideus. It is at first soft, but be- comes coriaceous in dry weather. Ricken gives the spore-length almost twice that of the American plants. A monstrous form occurs, which is often more common than the normal form or may be the only one found. This was placed by Morgan in a new genus, Lentodium squawwlosum. Prof. Lyman raised this form in the laboratory from spores and considered it definitely distinct from L. tigriims, as indeed his results strongly indicate. (See reference above to Lyman's paper.) Peck, however (N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 131), points out that the monstrosity and L. tigriims itself appear on the same log and considers this to show that they are one and the same. Lyman never obtained the normal form from his cultures of spores from basidia of Lentodium. The collection which I made at New Richmond was observed for several weeks, and all stages were seen on the same pieces of wood lying on the ground, both the perfect form with regular gills, and the deformed form. The latter has the gills obliterated by an over- growth of mycelium, so that the under side of the pileus presents an even surface, much as in one form of Nyctalis asterophora. In the light of Lyman's researches, this form must be considered as a regular variation of this mushroom, whose tramal hyphae may produce basidia aud spores without the development of true gills. The monstrosity often becomes quite hard and woody in dry weather and is unique among our fungi. CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 19. Lentinus lepideus I r. I.i.ii.i.i Syst. Myc.j 1821. (As Omphalia lepidea.) Bpicrisis, i- niustrations : Bard, Mushrooms, Pig. L82, p. 228, L908. Marshall, Mushroom Book, p. 56, L905. Freeman, .Minn, riant Diseases, Pig. 116, p. 237. L905. Cooke, 111.. Plate 1140. pale ochraceous, variegated with subconcentric, brownish, adpressed spot-like scales, even or sometimes areolate-cracked. PLE8H white, pliant when fresh, hard when < hind, broad, subdistant bebind, close in front, white, often fer- ruginous-stained, transversely rivulose or striate, serrately-eroded, covered when young by !»< >E pleasant, rather faint. Solitary or somewhat caespitose. On old timbers of bridges, Bide walks, railroad ties, fence posts, or on sun-exposed logs, stumps, etc., in woods, preferably on wood of conifers, hemlock, pine, tamarack, Imt also on oak, etc. Throughout the state. May-October. Common. Edible when young. A species has been segregated from this one by Peck, who has de scribed a new form with gills which are decurrent bu1 not sinuate and which has spores T'.jli'x 1-5 micr., under the name Lenti SpretilS. It has a more slender habit, thinner pileus, and smaller scales. This doubtless occurs also with as. Lentinus lepideus, in the happy phrase of Mcllvaine, "is a son of commercial travel* It is found everywhere on railway ties, whose decay it accelera lis ability to grow in rather dry situations makes it a danj enemy of exposed timbers, especially of coniferous w I. mens found on old tamarack logs measured 20 cm. ■ the pil< ami had a well developed veil which formed a membranous • the apex. 54 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN **Pileus glabrous; veil lacking. 20. Lentinus umbilicatus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 28, 1876. Illustration : Ibid, Plate I, Fig. 15-19. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, tough, convex, ivith a deep umbilicus hygrophanous, water-brown, (moist), fading, glabrous, even. FLESH tbin. GILLS adnate or slightly decurrent, close, broadest behind, narrower in front, whitish, edge serrate. STEM l-2A/ 2 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, equal or tapering upward, glabrous, stuffed or hol- low, tough, slightly wrinkled or lactulose, central or eccentric, concolor or paler. SPOKES broadly elliptical, 6x3.5-4 micr., smooth, white. ODOR none. TASTE tardily acrid. Gregarious. On the ground, among leaves, in mixed woods of pine, beech, etc. New Richmond. September. Rare. This little Lentinus has the habit of a Clitocybe. Our specimens had a central stem and grew from the ground. It is, however, said to grow on wood, where it has an eccentric stem. Its serrate gills and tough texture separate it from Clitocybe. It is close to L. ompha- lodes Fr. and may be its American form. 21. Lentinus haematopus Berk. Grevillea, 1872. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, orbicular or wider than long, sometimes lobed, umbilicate or depressed, pale or sordid yellow, glabrous, even. FLESH tough, whitish, tinged yellow, thin. GILLS decurrent, nar- row, subdistant, white to dull yellowish, edge toothed to nearly entire. STEM short, 4-6 mm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, eccentric to sub- lateral, firm, glabrous blood-red or reddish. SPORES oblong-ellip- tical, inequilateral, 7-9 x 3 micr., smooth, white. CYSTIDIA none. ODOR aromatic-pleasant. TASTE bitterish. Solitary. On wood. Ishpeming. August. Rare. The specimen from which most of the above description was made, was sent to Peck who identified it as this species. It was first sent to Berkeley from an unknown locality in North America. Peck reports it twice from New York. In our plant the pileus is laterally extended on the short sublateral stem, and the gills and I LASSIPICATION OF A.OARK flesh have a distinct . lo::. Ki.k. mi. Blatterpilze, PI. 26, Pig. 1. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt, No. L26. Cooke. 111.. Plate 11 l_. ll.nd. Mushrooms, Fig. 183, p. 229, 1908. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, tough, flaccid, irregularly-compressed lobcrf. variable in shape, depressed to mfundibuliform, glabrous, pale reddish ochraceous to brownish-isabelline. FLESH thin, whit- ish. GILLS decurrent, rather broad, close, whitish tinged flesh color, edge serrate. STEM -".7 cm. long, 3-7 nun. thick, glabn central, eccentric or sublateral, confluent at base, deeply suh solid, variously and Irregularly thickened, concolor. SPOH minute, subglobose, I 5 micr. diam., smooth, white in mass. ODOR somewhat aromat ic. Confluent-caespitose, in dense tufts. On stumps, decaying wood of birch, ash. chestnut, etc., sometimes on w l buried in tl in mixed ;unl frondose woods. Throughout the Btate. Jul tenihei-. Common locallv. 56 THE A.GARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN The densely tufted furrowed stems and irregular one-sided vase; shaped pilei distinguish this at once. Often there are many short undeveloped pilei around the base of large tufts. The plant is rare in some localities, and in others it may be very plentiful. Section II. Pleuroti. Stem lateral or none. Pileus dimidiate. 24. Lentinus vulpinus Fr. Epicrisis, 1836. Illustrations : Atkinson, Mushrooms, Figs. 128, 129, p. 134-5, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Plate 26, Fig. 181, p. 227, 1908. Fries, Icones, Plate 176. PILEUS 5-15 cm. broad, sessile, multiple-imbricated, conchate-. reniform, joined at their bases, coarsely hairy or scrupose, radiately rough ribbed, flesh color to alutaceous, margin strongly incurved. FLESH rather thin, tough-fleshy, whitish. GILLS decurrent, broad toward front, narrowed, to the base of the pileus, crowded, simple white or tinged flesh color, edge coarsely serrate. SPOKES sub- globose, 3-4 x 2-3 micr., very minute, smooth, white in mass, copiously shed on the pilei. ODOR and TASTE rather strong, pungent. Densely connate-imbricate. On decaying logs, stumps and trunks of various deciduous trees. Ann Arbor, Detroit, New Richmond, Houghton, Marquette. Records from July 25-Oct. 19. Infrequent. It reappears on the same log in successive years. The very rough and peculiarly colored pileus is not easily mistaken. It grows in shelving masses of many individuals, almost equalling Plewrotus ostreatus in this respect, and is by far the largest of the dimidiate species of the genus. 25. Lentinus ursinus Fr. — Bres. Syst. Myc, 1821. (As Pleurotus.)) Illustration: Bresadola, Fung. Trid., Vol. 1, PI. 66. PILEUS 1-4 cm. broad, sessile, ascending, subimbricate, subreni- forni, convex, pule reddish-brown, varying glabrous to sub-tomen- tose, even, fading. FLESH thickish, very thin on margin, tough- ish. GILLS subdecurrent or radiating from the stem-like base. rather broad, close, dingy white to whitish-alutaceous, edge lacerate- dentate. SPORES spheroid, -.5.5 x 4 micr., almost smooth, white. CLASSIFICATION OP A.GAR] CYSTIDIA none. ODOR mild. TASTE aone or slightly disagree able. (>n prostrate trunks in woods of beech and hemlock. Nen Rich- mond. September, [nfrequent Known by the sessile, rufous-brown pileus, which is somewhat tomentose or at leasl prninose behind. Fries (Monographia) gives the size of the pilens as abonl T cm. broad ; our plants agree better with Bresadola's description, averaging even smaller. Peck (N. '> State Bull. l-".l i reports the larger-sized plant bu1 says the taste l« acrid and the margin of the pilens costate-cOrrugate. Marasmius IV. (From the Greek, maraino } to wither or Bhrivel.) White-spored. Flesh tough, arid, shriveling in dry weather, rii-iin/ again in wet weather, stem central, confluent with the pilens, but <>t' different texture, often horny. Veil none, oills arid. Terrestrial or lignicolous, frequently on midribs or veins of rallen leaves, on grass, etc. Except In the texture of the pilens, it is sim- ilar and closely related to the genera Oollybia and Mycena, and with the same habit. A few are highly prized for the table. V. oreades, is one of our best-flavored mushr ts, especially delicious when used in gravy or soups. M. vcorodotwus, because of its garlic flavor, is iiv.-d to season various dishes, although V. alliaceus which has the same odor is mentioned as not edible. The hitter Ihk aot been found with ih so far. Several are reported as poisonous !/. urens and M. peronatus. It is worth while to become acquainted with 1A. oreades, even if one goes ao further. The genus is n I; one, comprising over four hundred and fifty species, of which the larger part occur in the tropics. The PILEUS is aot putrescent, as it is in Collybia and Mycena, but is composed of a toughish substance which revives in weather and this is a fundamental character by which this genus along with Panus, Lentinus and Schizophyllnm is to be Bepars from the Agarics with a putrescent pileus. The size is similni thai of the species of Mycena. It is usually booh expanded as in Collybia and may be depressed or umbilicate. The two main p correspond, with regard to the position of the margin in the plant, to Collybia and Mycena respectively, and have the same The GILLS are arid, flexible, almost leathery a1 times, often . on drying, the edge entire. They are sometimes joined 58 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN the form of a collar which loosens ( secedes i from the stem. Often they are almost free, or, when actuate or adnexed they have a tendency to secede. It is often confusing to find that authors use the term "free" or ''becoming free," when they mean that the gills become loosened from the stem after they have been attached. It is better to use the term "secede" and retain "free" for the usual purpose of indicating that they never were attached to the stem. In the smaller species the gills are often few and therefore very distant. The width is often quite reliable to separate species,, although in some it varies. The STEM is cartilaginous or horny; in a few, e. g., M. oreades it is merely tough-fibrous or with a sub- cartilaginous cuticle. The nature and presence or absence of the villose, tomentose, etc., covering of the stem is used to distinguish some of the sections. The mode of attachment to the substratum, whether rooting or instititious, also helps to separate the subdi- visions. Many of the smaller species have a black stem, and usually the color of the stem in most species is darker below and paler or white at the apex. With the exception of a small number of our species, like G. oreades, G. urens, G. peronatus and G. subnudus, the stem is hollow or slightly stuffed at first. In the small species the stem is almost bristleform and inserted by the attenuated base. The SPORES are white in mass, hyaline under the microscope, varying in shape from subspheriod to lanceolate. The majority have a sim- ilarity in form which is rather striking: round-enlarged at one end and tapering to a pointed apiculus at the attached end. The reviving ability of the gills explains the variability in size which is found at different times in separate plants of the same species. One must be cautious in taking the spore-measurements as in some cases it is clear that the spores continue to grow after the plant is revived by rains. CYSTIDIA are rarely present. In M. colioerens they occur in great abundance in the form of relatively large brown spicules of the same kind as occur on the surface of the pileus and stem. In M. delectmvs they are colorless. The ODOR is strong and often like garlic as in M. scorodonius, M. prasiosmus, M. polijphyUus and M. calopus. In M. foetidus it is very disagreeable, but not of garlic. The TASTE is acrid or bitter in a few species, otherwise not important. The arrangement of species is that of Fries. Until the develop- ment is carefully studied for each species, any new arrangement is likely to be unsatisfactory. The genus is divided into two sub- genera: Collybia and Mycena with the following sections: CLASSIFICATION OP A.GARK S I. COLLYBIA (1) Scortei (2) Tergini (3) Calopodea II. myckna (4) Chordales (5) Rotulae K< i/ to the 8pt '■'' 8 (A) Stem velvety, tomentose, Unci pruinose or minutely pubescent, at least downwards. [See (AA).] (a) Gills arcuate-decurrent; plant glandular-pubescent, white. 41. M. resinosus 1'k. (aa) Gills not decurrent, sometimes uncinate. (b) Stem rooting or attached by a lloccose or strigose base, (c) Plants with a strong odor, (d) Odor like garlic, (e) Pileus 3-5 cm. broad; gills very crowded; spores 5-6 I micr. 37. .1/. polyphyllus Pk. (ee) Pileus 1-2.5 cm. broad; gills not crowded; spores 12-] 3-4 micr. 36. M. praHosmus Fr. (dd) Odor very disagreeable, not of garlic. Pileus umbih plicate-striate. 4:: .1/. foetidus Fr. (cc) Plants not ill-smelling. (d) Taste acrid or bitterish; pileus 2-5 cm. broad, brownish to alutaceus. (e) Stem clothed everywhere by a whitish or grayish p scence. (f) Taste bitter; spores 10x4.5 micr. 29. M. subtr (Ellis) Pk. (ff) Taste acrid: spores 7-8.5x3.28. M. wrens Fr. (ee) Stem with yellow strigose hairs towards base; acrid. 27. M. peronatus Fr. (dd) Taste, not acrid nor bitter. (e) Stem solid; plants growing in rings in grassy places, dull reddish-brown to dull yellowish. 26. If. i Fr, (ee) Stem stuffed or hollow, (f) Stem dark blood-red within; pills very crowded and nar- row; pileus red-brown. 38. .1/. nnHcosus Fr. (ff) Stem not with blood-red flesh. (g) Gills soon reddish-brown from abundant dark . cystidia; stem horny, hay hrown, suhvelvety. .1/. mini, n ns Fr. (gg) Gills without hrown cystidia. (h) Pubescence or tomentosity of stem dark-cob brown, reddish, tawny or blackish, especially di ward. (i) Pileus subzonate, umbilicafc ay-halry the stem. (828. Collyl i ii t Pileus not zonate, glabrou (kt Growing on hark oi grape-vines; pili broad, sulcate-striate. 30. M. i n & C. fkk) Growing among fallen ill stem Bpongy-thlckened pileus Fuscous-pallid C. ill) Si ual. 60 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN (m) Stem minutely pruinose, horny, almost black below; pileus dark rose-madder. 39. M. erythropus Fr. var. (mm) Stem densely tomentose. (n) Stem dark reddish-brown throughout, 2-8 cm. long, 35. M. semihirtipes Pk. (nn) Stem brown or fawn color, 5-12 cm. long. 47. M. elongatipes Pk. (hh) Pubescence etc. of stem grayish or whitish, at least when dry. (i) Growing on tree-trunks, bark, stumps, logs, etc. (k) Slender; pileus 1-1.5 cm. broad, papillate, dull pinkish-white; on mossy logs. 48. M. papil- latus Pk. (kk) Short -stemmed; pileus 1-3 cm. broad, fulvous- alutaceus; caespitose-gregarious. 31. M. fag- ineus Morg. (ii) Among fallen leaves, etc., in woods; stem 5-12 cm. long, (k) Stem 2-5 mm. thick, reddish under the dense whitish pubescence; gills very narrow and crowded. (See S27 CollyMa confluens Fr.) (kk) Stem 1-2 mm. thick; covered with grayish pruinosity or tomentose. (I) Gills very narrow and crowded, whitish or grayish. 40. M. velutipes B. & C. (II) Gills distant, at length reddish-spotted. 47. M. chordalis Fr. (bb) Stem inserted at the base, instititious, short; plants small, (c) Gills attached to a collar, distant; pileus rufescent; stem white. 44. M. olneyi B. & C. (cc) Gills attached to stem. (d) Pileus glabrous, rarely subpruinose. (e) Pileus milk-white, not sulcate nor plicate; gills distant; stem reddish-brown. 54. M. epiphyllus Fr. (ee) Pileus rufescent, striate when dry; stem brownish to blackish-brown. 50. M. felix Morg. (dd) Pileus prukiose, chalk-white, stem black, white pruinose on surface; spores angular. (See 56. Heliomyces nigripes (Schw.) Morg.) (ddd) Pileus hairv or strigose-hairy. (e) On cedar twigs; pileus conic, papillate, dark tawny. (See 830 CollyMa campanella Pk.) (ee) On twigs, chips, acorns etc; pileus umbilicate; whitish to dark grayish. (See 829 CollyMa stipitaria Fr.) (AA) Stem glabrous (except sometimes at the very base), (a) Stem villose-rooting or attached by a floccose tubercle, (b) Gills soon reddish-brown from the dark-colored cystidia; stems usually coherent, bay-brown, densely white-hairy at base. 46 M. cohaerens (Fr.) Bres. (bb) Gills white or slightly tinged. (c) Stem 4-8 cm. long; pileus sulcate, ochraceus-red; spores large. 49. M. siccus Schw.= ( M. campanulatus Pk.) (cc) Stem 2-5 cm. long. (d) Pileus, gills and apex of stem white, stem dark-brown below, attached by a spreading mycelium. 34. M. delectans Morg. (dd) Pileus not white. (e) Stem reddish-brown to chestnut downwards; pileus dingy ochraceus. 33. M. glaoellus Pk. (ee) Stem wine-purple or pink upwards; pileus tawny-brown to purplish or pink. 33. M. oellipes Morg. CLASSIFICATION OF AGAR* (aa) Stem inserted at the naked base, ?ery Blender; on t. etc. (b) Odor more or less strong, o! garlic; pileus minus to whitish. (c) Gills adnate, narrow ; Btem attenuated at the I Odor strong. 4l'. .1/. scorodonilM FT. (co (nils adnezed, rather broad; odor taint; dries. 42. .1/. CdloptU Ft, (bb) Odor not of garlic. ( c) mils attached to a free <•< >i in r. (d) Pileus ambilicate, plicate <>n Btlcks, wood, etc, Qliform. (e) Umbilicus white, elsewhere cap Is darker; Btem blacl .1/. capillar is Mor (ee) Umbilicus darker, can white; Btem black 51: if. rotula Ft. (dd) Pileus umbonate, Bulcate, pale rufous; Btem black, on p 52. M. graminum Libert, (cc) Gills adnate or adnexed. (d) riant entirely white; iiiieus obtuse, ia mm. broad, very short. 45. .1/. caridcola Kaut't. (dd) Pileus reddish-brown-purplish, umblllcate; stem black. .1/. androaaceus Fr. (ddd) Pileus fuscous-cinereous; stein short; on hark of 111 tree-trunks. (See 84a. Mycena corticola.) SUBGENUS COLLYBIA. Margin of pileus at first incurved; stem somewhal cartilaginous; pileus fleshy-pliant, ai Length tough and silicate or wrinkled. Section I. Scortei. Stem solid or fibrous stuffed, externally cov- ered by a detersile villosity, i. e., an easily removable yillosity. *SU in not strigose at the base. 26. Marasmius oreades Fr. (Edible) Svst. Myc, L821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111.. PL ills. Gillet, Champignons de France) No. Ml. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 328. Hard, Mushrooms, Figs. KM and L02; p. L36, L908. <;ilisnn. Our Edible Toadstools ami Mushrooms, PI. v . p. 105 L903. Su anion. Fungi, PI. '•>. Fig. ::. Muifill. Mycologia, Vol. i'. PI. L9, Fig. 3. While c.nn. siaic Geol. & Nat. Hist. Bull. 15, PL I. 1910. Peck. X. Y. State Mus. Rep. t8, PL ::::. Fig. 7 L2, 189 PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad; thickish, pliant, campanulate-conv< tuse or broadly ambonate, dull brick-red when y..nnL r or mois ing i<» yellowish-flesh-color, <>r yellowish -buff when dry, glabn even or Mil. striate when moist. FLESH rather thick on disk, pallid. 62 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN GILLS rounded behind or almost free, broad, rather distant, whit- ish or tinged yellowish, interspaces often venose. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, equal, solid, even, tough, whitish, covered with a fine, interwoven, dense, detersile, villosity. SPORES ovate-fusi- form, 7-9 x 4-5 micr., smooth, white. ODOR somewhat fragrant, agreeable. TASTE pleasant. Gregarious, usually growing in rings or arcs, in grassy places, lawns, roadsides, pastures, etc., attached to grass, or roots of other plants. Throughout the state, more abundant in sandy regions. June-October. Common. One of our best edible mushrooms, and very plentiful in some localities during a wet season. Its flavor is delicious and it can be used for this reason to add character to other dishes. Its toughness disappears by long cooking, a reversal of what happens in the case of many other species. When dry from sun or wind, its pale-honey- yellowish color and reviving ability are good marks of recognition; its tendency to form circles of close-growing individuals and its preference for grassy ground aid one to recognize it. Its gills are scarcely as arid as in other species of Marasmius, and this charac- ter, along with its fleshy cap indicate a close relationship with Col- lybia. The "fairy rings" caused by this and other mushrooms are due to the regularity of radial growth which the underground my- celium makes from year to year, starting from a central infection. It is believed by some that this mycelium excretes a substance which injures the grass so that the interior of the circle shows a poor growth of grass, but on the other hand some favorable influence from the actively growing portion along the ''ring" causes the grass of this portion to grow better. **Stem with a looolly or strigose base. 27. Marasmius peronatus Fr. (Poisonous) Sysj;. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 25, Fig. 1. Cooke, 111., PI. 1117 (var.). Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 445. Berkeley, Outlines, PI. 14, Fig. 4. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 411. Gibson, Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, PI. 9, p. Ill, 1903. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 112, p. 149, 1908. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARII "PILEUS 2-6 tin. broad, convex-plane, obtuse, opaque, pliant, l>;ilc reddish-brick color fading to alutaceus, ul length locum margin striate at first, wrinkled when old. FLESH thin, leathi membranaceus. GILLS adnexed seceding, rather thin, al ftrsl whh ish then rufescent, close to subdistant. STEM 5 B cm. long, "_' I nun. thick, fibrous-s1 iiffed, subequal, sometimes compressed, \\ iili a vil i covering, yellowish then rufescent, toward base with yellow strig hairs. SPORES oval, 6-8x3-5 micr., smooth, white. ODOB nun... TASTE acrid." ( Gregarious i>n the ground among leaves and sticks in frondose and coniferous \\i>.h|>. Probably throughoul the state. July-October. Infrequent. Tim description is adapted from Saccardo. This species seems less common with us than M. urens. lis acrid taste, habit, ;in<-. SPORES ovate-lane late, 8-9x3-4 micr., sn th, white. ODOli a TASTE mild. Gregarious or scattered, on rotten w I, debris, etc. Infrequent. This is referred here with some hesitancy, although it i* elea] distinct from the following, which differs in its subcaespitose habit, its slioii stem and long Bpores. Ii was named by Berkeley from terial sent him by <'urtis who collected ii from grape-vines in Ala bama. 31. Marasmius fagineus M< ('inn. Boc. Nat. Nisi. .lour.. Vol. VI., L883. PILEUS l-'i cm. broad, a1 firsl convex-campanulate, then plai obtuse, pliant, striatulate when moist, radiately rugose when dry at length repand, pule fulvous-alutaceus, appressed-silky, sometimes scaly-lacerate, margin at firsl Incurved. FLESH thin, submem branaceus. I micr., with many immature of all sizes, si th, white. CYSTIDIA none. ODOB and TASTE none! Gregariously caespitose, usually abundant, on bark near base of living elm, beech and maple, or on stumps, etc., sometimes a» ending the trunk live to six feel or more. Ann Arbor. July-August. Sol infrequent. Known by its caespitose, crowded habit, shorl stems, relativel) broad pileus and spores. This may be the true l/. viticola, but that species is poorly known. 32. Marasmius spongiosus B. & C. Jour. Botany, is 19. "PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, plane, obtuse, whitishj d arke r on center. GILLS slightly adnate. broad, close, whitish. ST1 M 66 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 3.5 cm. long, thickened at the base where it is spongy and fulvous- hairy, elsewhere furfuraceus-pulverulent." SPORES 7-9 x 3-4 micr. (Morgan); 4-5x3 micr. (Glatfelter). Reported by Longyear, as under oak trees among grass. Also said to grow among fallen leaves, and around stumps in rich soil. I have not seen it Section II. Tergini. STEM tubular, rooting, cartilaginous. , Pileus hygrophanous. Gills seceding. *Stem glabrous except the mycelioid-hairy base. ■ 33. Marasmius glabellus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 26, 1874. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, convex-expanded, obtuse, often distantly striate, dingy ochraceous, uneven on disk. FLESH membranaceus. GILLS adnate-seceding, broad, distant, ventricose, white or whit- ish, intervenose. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 0.6-1 mm. thick, slender, equal, homy, tubular, glabrous, shining, whitish at apex, reddish brown or chestnut elsewhere, mycelioid-thickened at base. SPORES (10x4.5 micr., from one of Peck's collections). Var. bellipes={M. bellipes Morg.) Jour, of Myc, Vol. XI, 1905. PILEUS pale tawny-brown to pink-purplish, distantly sulcate or plicate, subpapillate, glabrous or minutely velvety. STEM with di- lated apex, varymg above from whitish to bright wine-purple wr pink. SPORES elliptical oval, curved-apiculate, 10-12x4-5.5 micr., smooth, white. BASIDIA 30-42x6 micr., slender. ODOR and TASTE none. (Otherwise like M. glabellus.) Gregarious or' scattered, among fallen leaves on the ground in frondose woods. Ann Arbor. August-September. Infrequent. As no authentic spore-measurements are published, it is impos- sible to say whether M. bellipes is entirely distinct. The latter, however, seems to be the form that occurs in our region. Inas- much as the plant, as it occurs here, varies considerably in color, it would not be surprising if Peck's species had the colors men- tioned for both. The variety is a beautiful plant when in the fresh state, due to the highly colored stem. M. pulcherripes Pk. differs from the latter apparently only in its narrow gills and very filiform stem ; the spore-size is not given. CLASSIFICATION OF AGAR] 34. Marasmius delectans Morg. Jour, of Mvc, Vol. XI, L905. Illustration: Bard, Mushrooms, Pig. ill. p. L51, L908. PILEUS 1-2 tin. broad, pliant, convex-expanded, depressed or subumbonate, glabrous, white or whitish, pale tan in age, rugulose striate. FLESH sulicoriaccous. GILLS adnexed, anequal, moder- ately broad, subdistant, white, intervenose. STEM, ."■•"• cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, slender, equal, even, hollow, cartilaginous-tough, glabrous, slii>ii)in,i bilicate, fulvous-bay color or rufescent, plioate-striate, pallid alntacens when dry, margin incnrved. FLESH snbmembranacena GILLS adnexed, joined in ;i collar behind, distant, rnfescenl or yel- lowish, somewhal subdecurrent STEM 2-3 cm. lon<, r , 1-2 mm. thick. tubular, chestnut -brown or paler, velvety -pruvnose, inserted by the floccose base ob wood. ODOE rcnj disagreeable, but not of garlic similar to M. performs." Spores 7-8x3.54 micr. (Pennington i. I have not seen this species within the borders of the state, but do not doubt tli.it it occurs. It is not Eeliomyces foetans Pat., as some think. It occurs on wood. fallen branches. He. The descrip- tion is adapted from Bicken. 44. Marasmius olneyi B. & C. Ann. & Mag. N. II.. L859. PILEUS 1-1.5 cm. broad, pliant, convex, soon expanded plane and depressed, glabrous, rufescent, striate when moist, at length radi ately rugose, dull luster. FLESB membranous, concolor. 'ill attached to a collar which secedes from stem, subdistant, narro white, arid, edge somewhat crenulate. STEM 2 I cm. long, 1 mm. thick, dilated at apex, tubular, even, whiU to pallid, minutely pubescent-floccose, attenuated down/ward and inserted at b SPORES narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, pointed at one end, 9-lla micr.. smooth, white. I >l M >K aone. On fallen leaves and twigs, in frondose woods of beech, maple. • New Richmond; September. This and M. leptopus Pk. seem closely related, the latter difl 74 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN according to the description, by its glabrous stem and the spores which measure 7-9x3-4 inicr. 45. Marasmius caricicola Kauff. N. A. F., Vol. IX, p. 277, 1915. PILEUS 4-8 mm. broad, convex-expanded, obtuse, radiately and broadly sulcate or alveolate, pure white, toughish, pliant, reviving. pruinose. FLESH very thin, membranaceus. GILLS adnate, thick, very distant, rather broad, pure white. STEM very short, about 2 mm. long, 0-7 mm. thick, terete, equal, central, subglabrous, pure white, horizontal or ascending, inserted by a miked base. SPORES elliptical-ovate, narrowed toward apiculus, obtusely rounded at op- posite end, 15-18x0-0.5 micr. when mature, smooth, white. BASIDIA 2 or 4-spored, about 45x7 micr., elongated-clavate. STERIGMATA stout, awl-shaped, 7-8 micr. long. ODOR none. Gregarious, on lower portion of Carex stems, in marshes, willow swamps, etc. Ann Arbor. October-November. Common locally. Differs from M. candidus Fr. in the sense of all authors, in that the pileus is not umbilicate nor hemispherical, in its naked, inserted base of the stem, and probably in the spores. Quelet (Jura et. Vos- ges) gives the spores of the same length for M. candidus. Cooke (111.) gives minute spores, and Patouillard (Tab. Analyt.) figures them fusiform for M. candidus. Hard's photograph (Mushrooms, Fig. 107, p. 112, 1908) can scarcely be considered as the M. candidus of Fries, whose plant is described as minute, but is apparently 1/. magnisporus Murr. Manifestly, M. candidus Fr. is not well under- stood. The trama of the pileus is composed of compact long, thickish. hyaline hyphae, differentiated at the surface into globose, hyaline, cells 0-7 micr. in diameter. SUBGENUS MYCEXA: Margin of pilots at first straight and oppressed. Stem horny, tubular, sometimes stuffed, tough and dry. Pileus submembranaceus. Section IV. Chordales. Stem radicating or attached by floccose- radiating hairs. CLASSIFICATION OP A.GARK 46. Marasmius cohoerens I r. Bi EpicrisiSj L836 38 l as Mycena I. Illustrations: Pries, [cones, PI. 80, Fig. I (as if ycena cohoen Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 25, Fig. I. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. L27, p. L33, L900. I l.iiil, Muslim B, Fig. L06, p. 111. PILEUS L-2.5 cm. broad, campanulate-expanded, obtuse, some times ambonate, even, or striatulate when moist, soft-velvety, vina- ceus-cinnamon to chestnut color, fading to alutaceus, margin ;it Length repand-wavy. FLESH thin, concolor. GILLS adnate, rounded behind or sinuate, seceding, moderately broad, ventrico close in subdistant, pallid at first, sood colored, brown, brick red in reddish-brown from the dark-colored, spiculate cystidia, some- times intervenose. STEM 5-15 cm. long, t-6 mm. thick, elongated, subequal, homy, tubular } even, glabrous and shining, sometimes ob- scurely velvety from spicules, bay-brown to chestnut, pallid at di- lated apex, base darker and densely floccose with interwoven hairs which join the steins and attach them to substratum. SPORES variable in size, 0-8.5x4-5 micr., oval-elliptical, smooth, white. Q5 B TIDIA numerous over entire surface of gills, lanceolate-aciculate. 65-95x8-10 micr., reddish-brown. ODOR ''somewhat disagreeable." (Ricken.) Caespitose and coherent, on the ground or much decayed wood. in frondose woods. Throughout the state. July-September. Not infrequent. The rigid, horny, dark stems, joined at base by a mass of white mycelial threads, the numerous cystidia and the size, distinguish this well-marked plant. Sometimes they -row singly. Collyh lachnophylla Berk and Collybia spinulifera Pk. have hen shown by Atkinson to be identical with it. It is often referred to as M cohoerens. The surface of the pileua and of the stem are usually covered by dark spicules like those of the gills, and the color o of these parts varies in proportion to their abundance. Th< spicules are microscopic in size. * 47. Marasmius elongatipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 26, 1874 (as M. longipes Pi ■•IMLKI'S s; ]•_> ,,,,,,_ h r oad, convex, glabrous, finely 76 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN margin, tawny-red. FLESH meinbranaceus. GILLS adnate, close, white. STEM 5-12 cm. long, filiform, tall, straight, equal hollow, pruinose-tomentose, radicating, brown or fawn color, apex white." SPORES 7-8x3.5 micr. (Pennington.) Among fallen leaves in woods. Rare. It has been suggested that this is identical with M. chordalis (Fr.) Bres. I will, therefore, append Bresadola's description of that species : "Pileus 1-2.5 cm. broad, convex, soon umbilicate, then expanded, dry, umber, then livid-whitish, marked with reddish spots, pruinose under a lens, with an incurved, at first striate then sulcate margin. FLESH membranaceus. GILLS adnate to subdecurrent, distant, whitish, at length straw yellow and reddish spotted. STEM 7-10 (rarely 15) cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, straight, stuffed by a pith, (then hollow), date-brown, apex whitish, densely gray pruinose, in wet weather the surface is shiny from yellowish watery drops. SPORES fusoid-ventricose, 8-10x6 micr., hyaline under microscope. CYS- TIDIA fusoid. BASIDIA clavate, 40x1-6 micr. ODOR none." It is evident that here are two forms of Marasmius, clearly dis- tinguishable by the colors. Specimens have been sent from Europe, according to Pennington (information by letter) marked ill. chor- dalis, which had the color of our 1/. elongatipes. It seems probable that there are two species in Europe which are confused under the one name. Bresadola's figure does not illustrate our plants and Peck's name should be retained. It was originally called M. longipes, a name which had been pre-empted. 48. Marasmius papillatus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 24, 1S72. PILEUS 5-15 mm. broad, convex-expanded, markedly papillate, striatulate on margin, dingy whitish with pink tinge, opaque, slightly subtomentose or glabrous. FLESH submembranaceus. GILLS broadest behind, decurrent by tooth, narrow in front, close, to subdistant, whitish or tinged yellowish. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, equal, elastic, toughish, hollow, pruinose, pallid, tinged flesh color, slightly darker below, distinctly rooting. SPORES 10-11 x?>-4 micr., subcylindrical, smooth, white. CYSTIDIA few, scat- tered, narrowly lanceolate, about 50x5-6 micr., acuminate. Gregarious, on decayed, mossy logs in coniferous regions. Bay View, New Richmond. July- September. Infrequent. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS .77 Easily known by its habitat, the small rounded uml n th< ;miH the incarnate tinge of cap and Btem. 4Q. Marasmius siccus (Schw.) Fr. Bynop. Fung. Oar., L822 (as Mycena siccm , N. V. State Mus. Rep. 23, L870 (as If. oampanulatus Pk.). N. v. State -Mus. Bull. L05, L906. [llnstration : Bard, Mushrooms, Pi. IT. Fig. L10, p. L46, L908. PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, <»r sometimes smaller, at first subcon- ical, broadly campannlate, a1 Length often depressed in center, dry, glabrous, distantly rodiateVy striatt silicate to tfu disk, ochraceus- reddish to brighl rose-madder, darker on disk, in age sometimes fer- ruginous. PLESB membranaceus. GILLS free or slightly attached, narrotced toward stem, broad in front, distant, white or tinged by color nt' pileus, subvenose. STEM t-8 cm. long, slender, horny, glab- rous and shining, bla'ckish-brown ? often pallid i<> white a1 aj tubular, attached to leaves, etc., by small mycelioid base. SPORES elongated oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to the pointed apiculus, variable in size. 13-18 (up to 24) x3- L5 micr., smooth, white. < »l »< »k mild. Gregarious, on fallen leaves, twigs and debris in frondose w Is Throughout the State. July-September. Frequent. < >ne of our most beautiful species of Marasmius. due to its bright colors when in full luxuriance. The color varies considerably ami in age is often rusty-reddish r in wet weather become elongated by the first sti - germination. Peck referred it to the species of Schweinite, whose specimens of .1/. siccus are preserved in the herbarium of the Phila- delphia Academy of Science. This species has been reported by De Seynes as occurring in the region of the Congo in Africa. 50. Marasmius felix Mom Jour. Mycol., Vol. 12, 1906. PILEUS 3-8 mm. broad, convex plane, dry, glabrous, Bt rugulose when dry, rufescent. FLESS membranaceus. ( !! : adnate, not broad, distant, white, venose, sometimes forked. STEM 2-8 cm. long, filiform, brownish to blackish brown, sometimes « 78 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN ish at apex, minutely brown-pubescent or velvety, instititious, slightly brown-hairy at insertion, base attached to veins of fallen oak leaves. SPOKES elliptical, 7-9x4-5 micr., smooth, white. In frondose woods. Ann Arbor. Section V. Rotulae. Stem instititious, filiform, horny or rigid- setaceous. (Attached to leaves, twigs, etc.) 51. Marasmius rotula Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1129. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 443. Berkeley, Outlines, PL 14, Fig. 7. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 25, Fig. 10. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 108, p. 143. Conn. State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 15, PL 5. PILEUS 4-10 mm. broad (rarely broader), pliant, hemispherical- convex, subum.bona.te-um~bilicate, white or whitish, umbilicus darker, radiately plicate, glabrous, margin crenate. FLESH mem- branaceus. GILLS attached to a free collar behind, distant, broad, whitish-pallid. Stem 2-5 cm. long, filiform, horny, tubular, black or brownish-black, whitish at apex, entirely naked, institi- tious. SPORES lanceolate-fusiform, 6-9x3-4 micr., smooth, white. ODOR none. On fallen twigs, leaves and around base of living trunks, gre- garious. Throughout the State. May-September. Very common. Often in great abundance after rains in woods, around shade trees, thickets, etc., and is our commonest Marasmius. Its beauti- fully pleated white cap and black stem cause it to be a striking little plant when moist and fully expanded. Sometimes the plants arise in series along a prostrate black strand, and are then often sterile. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARU 52. Marasmius graminum Libert. Plant. <'!•> pt., L837. [Uustrations : Cooke, III., PL I L29. Berkeley, Outlines, PL l I, Pig. 8. Gillet, Champignons de Prance, Cifo. 143. Ricken, Biatterpilze, PL 25, Pig. 9. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 325. ••|'l LEI rs minute. 2-4 mm, broad, nearly plane, ambonate, pale rufous, sulcate, the furrows paler, umbo brown. GILLS few, sub- \ entricose, cream-colored, intervenose, attached to a free collar. STEM 2-4 cm. long, capillary, shining-black, apex white, entirely naked." SPORES obovate, 5-6 micr. Long (Sacc.) ; lanceolate, L2-15 x3 l micr. (Ricken) (Scliroeter) ; globose, 34 micr. diam. (Massee) i < Jooke). Gregarious, attached to grass-leaves. Southern Michigan. The description is adapted from Berkeley. Ricken and Schroeter describe ii somewhat differently: "PILEUS brighl reddish-yellow or brownish-orange, depressed and darker in center. (JILLS very distant, all the same length, white or whitish. STEM entirely brownish-black or whitish at apex, hair-like in form, tough and hard." (Otherwise as above, but with long spores.) The very dif- ferent sizes reported for the spores, show it to be as ye1 an uncer- tainly understood species. I have no record of the spores. 53. Marasmius androsaceus Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, III.. PL 1 L29. Gillet, Champignons de Prance, No. I :■!!>. Ricken, Biatterpilze, PL 25, Pig. 6. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 103, p. 138, L908. PILEUS 6-12 nun. broad, at lirsi subhemispherical, Boon • panded and depressed-umbilicate, reddish brown or with purpl tint, sometimes whitish, distantly sulcate-striate or radiately wrinkled, glabrous. FLESH membranaceus. GILLS adnate, thi ish. tiixtaut, moderately broad, sometimes forked, flesh-coloi rufescent. STEM 3-6 cm. long, capillary, tubular, tougfa and h glabrous-shining, black, apex paler, equal or dilated a< apex, So THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN titious. SPORES lanceolate, 6-8x2.5-3 micr., smooth, white. ODOR none. Gregarious, attached to fallen leaves, twigs, pine needles, etc. Houghton, New Richmond and probably throughout the state. July-September. Not to be confused with M. perforans Fr. which has a similar ap- pearance, but differs in possessing a strong, specific odor (not of gar- lic), and in its minutely-velvety stem covering. 54. Marasmius epiphyllus Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 1137. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 219. PILEUS 2-8 mm. broad, convex, at length flattened and depressed or subuinbilicate, subpruinose or glabrous, milk-white rugulose. FLESH membranaceus. GILLS adnate, few, very distant, white. STEM 14 cm. long, filiform, equal, reddish-broirn, paler or whitish at apex, pruinose, pubescent toward base, instititious, tough. SPORES narrowly fusiform-lanceolate, 9-12x34 micr., smooth, white. CYSTIDIA moderately abundant, on sides and edge of gills, 10-50x7-8 micr., subacuminate, narrowly lanceolate. BASIDIA 30x7 micr., 4-spored. ODOR none. Gregarious, on fallen leaves of oak, etc., attached to midrib and veins. Ann Arbor. October. Distinguished from the preceding by the pruinose stem. M. in- stititious Fr. is said to differ by the sulcate-plicate pileus and the thicker stem which tapers downward. The spore-sizes given by various authors clash here as in many other cases. Massee and Cooke give them as 3x2 micr. ; Morgan (ex Saccardo) as 6-7x2. Our plants appear to be those of Ricken. 55. Marasmius capillaris Morg. Ann. Soc. of Nat. Hist. Jour., Vol. 6, 1883. PILEUS 2-6 mm. broad, convex, umbilicate, plicate-sulcate, alu- taceus sometimes darker, with ivhite umbilicus, glabrous. FLESH membranaceus. GILLS adnate to a free collar, moderately broad, white, distant. STEM 3-5 cm. long, capillary, equal, long, black ; scarcely whitish at very apex, glabrous-shining, tubular, tough,. CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS g| instititious. SPORES oblong-lanceolate, 8-10x4-5 micr., smooth, w hite. nix >K cone. Gregarious od fallen leaves of oak, etc., twigs and Bticks in w I-. Ann Arbor. September. Known by its long, filiform black stem and the white nmbilii which is in marked contrasl to the color of the resl of pileus. Heliomyces Lev. (From the Greek, helios, the sun, and myphes, a fungus.) Flesh ti-emelloid, subcoreaceous, reviving in moisl weather. Pileus rugose, suleate or reticulate-ridged. Stem central, confluent with the pileus, tough. No veil, dills with acute edge. Marasmius-like plants with a gelatinous trama, asually lignicol- ous. The species are few and have been poorly studied; probably mosl of them occur in the tropical regions. Ii is highly desirable to know the microscopic structure of the species so far referred here. Pleurotus subpalmatus is closely related to this genus, and should perhaps he included. Only two species are represented in niv collections. 56. Heliomyces nigripes (Schw.) Morg. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Hard. Mushrooms. Fig. li:>. p. ].Y_'. L908. Lloyd. Myc. Notes, No. 5, Pig. L9 and 20, p. 16. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, very thin, pun chalk-white, convex then expanded, pruinose. ru.uulosesuhsulcate ; trama composed of ! gelatinous hyphae much interwoven. GILLS adnate or adnato decurrent, suhdistaut. anequal, intervenose, some forked, white, rufescent. STEM 2-4 cm. long, L-2 mm. thick, enlarged and asually compressed above, tapering downward, instititious, cartilaginous- tough, hind,-, white-pruinose ;it tirst. minutely tubular, black within. SPORES coarsely stellate. 3-5 rayed, hyaline, 8 9 micr. diam. I N S TIDLA none. On sticks, stems of Equisetum, fallen leaves, etc., in mixed w New Richmond. September. In age the colors of the whole plant change to alutaceous, T1 species h;is usually heeii referred t<» Ma ra-mi i u--. h i- an Ami 1 > 1 • i lit and was placed in thai genus by de SchweinitZ. In his X' >rf h 11 82' THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN American Species of Marasmius (Jour. Mycol., Vol. 12, p. 98), Mor- gan included it under Heliomyces, where it probably belongs, al- though tbe gelatinous character of the trama is not very strongly developed. Its peculiar spores set it off from all others ; Lloyd has given us a photograph showing their stellate character. 57. Heliomyces pruinosipes Pk. var. N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 167, 1913. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, tremeUoid, convex then plane, minutely pubescent, hygrophanous, dark chestnut-brown, becoming paler. surface marked by convolute, crowded, obtuse ridges, not viscid. FLESH thick, becoming tough and slightly horny when dry, reddish-pallid. GILLS adnate running down the stem by short lines, medium broad, close, thin, pallid to dingy ochraceous, becom- ing brownish-yellow on drying, edge entire. STEM 3-4.5 cm. long. 3 mm. thick; equal, hollow, compressed, somewhat twisted and canaliculate on drying, fibrous, tough, dark chestnut brown, fading, clothed by a short tomentose pubescense. SPORES minute, oblong, 5x2.5 micr., smooth, white. TEAMA of cap of large, gelatinous, in- terwoven hyphae, which in cross-section have a very refractive cen- ter; that of gills of similar but more slender hyphae. ODOR and TASTE mild. The specimen was sent by Mrs. Cahn, from Detroit, in July. The description applies only to our plant. It departs from the descrip- tion of Peck in that the cap does not at first possess the bright orange-red colors and although our specimens were rather fresh such a loss of color by fading might be expected. A more import- ant difference is the distinct cerebrose surface of the pileus in our plant, not mentioned at all by Peck; for the present it may be con- sidered var. cerebrosus, until further data are at hand. It is evi- dently rare, but there is a curious coincidence in its discovery in the same year at three separate localities, viz., Vaughns and Ithaca, N. Y., and Detroit, Michigan. LACTARIEjE Context of fruit-body lleshy, putrescent, rr.siruh stem con- fluent with pileus and gills, central; gill8 brittle, attached, acute on edge, inosih with cystidia in the hymenium; sporea sphoeroid, rough, white, yellowish or ociiraceous. This subfamily is sharply se1 off from the others by the vesieul trama of the fruifcbody and the echinulate or otherwise roughened, globose spores. W i t li the exception of t lit* ('ortinarii, uo other groups develop such a variety of bright-colored pilei. Many of them possess a strong acrid taste, and aearly all of them have specially differentiated hyphae scattered through the trama, which in the Lactam secrete a milky or colored juice. The hymenium is com]. osed of cylindric-clavate basidia intermingled with cystidia; the latter often extend into or below the subliymenium. and in the young plant project above the basidia; later they arc often even with the rest of the hymenium. In a few cases the cystidia are scanty or Lacking. The subhymenium is differentiated to a greater or less extent in the different species, consisting of a tissue of small roundish cells between basidia ;md trama. The group is apparently derived from Ilyproplionis. probably by several paths. The pills have a somewhat waxy consistency in some species, reminding one of the pills of that genus. There are two w ell-marked genera : Lactarius, exuding a milky juice when wounded. Russula, without this juice. Lactarius Fr. i Prom the Lai in, /"<■, milk, i Wii none; the trama composed of vesiculose tissue, and xoit) milky or colored juice which exudes when plant ia broken; gills rigid, fragile, acute on edge; stem central, confluent with the pil< spores globose or subglobose, usually echinulat ■ verrucose, white or yellowish. Fleshy and put re-cent fungi, often of large size, mostly sometimes on much decayed wood. The genus ia very distind 84 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN most closely related to Russula, from which it differs by the exuda- tion of a milky or colored juice from the gills and elsewhere when wounded. The abundance and size of many species which are edible makes this an important genus economically; but a number of species are believed to be poisonous and must be carefully dis- tinguished. The PILEUS may be white, yellow, orange, green, blue, reddish, tan, gray, etc., often with the colors in variegated zones of related hues. It is either dry or viscid, glabrous, velvety or tomentose, and the margin which is at first involute is usually much more velvety or tomentose than the center of the pileus ; in some species, however, the margin is naked. The GILLS are usually adnate at first or acuminate on the stem, becoming spuriously decurrent in many cases as the margin of the pileus is elevated at maturity or in age. They are usually rigid-brittle, and exude the milky juice to best advantage when quickly cut by a sharp-pointed instrument. They are usually of unequal length and often forked, sometimes dicho- tomously as in />.. piperatus. The color of the gills varies from white to yellowish or grayish, and in many cases they become dis- tinctly darker in age, a character on which the main division has been based. In one group they become dusted by the spore* and are said to be pruinose in age. The STEM has a rigid cortex with a spongy-stuffed interior, and becomes rather brittle. It is never fibrous but may become hollow or cavernous with age. It is either white or has the color of the pileus, but often diluted. Its rigid, stiff-looking appearance, which is due to the vesiculose structure of the flesh, gives both the species of this genus as well as those of Russula a characteristic pose by which these two genera are soon easily recognized. The TRAMA has a structure which, along with that of the Russulas, is unique among the Agaricaceae. The hyphae of the usual slender, filamentous type of other genera are rather scanty, and interweave among clusters of thin-walled, parenchyma- like, isodiametric cells, forming the so-called vesiculose tissue. Mixed with the filamentous are the milk-bearing hyphae, called "latex-tubes" or "lactiferes." These extend longitudinally up through the stem, spread out in the pileus and extend through the gills. The "MILK," as it is called, is usually white as it comes from a sudden wound, but in several species it is colored blue, orange or red. After the white milk is exposed to the air for a few minutes, it either remains unchanged or becomes yellow, lilac, pink, greenish or grayish. In many species this change is only noticeable where the milk touches the flesh, and the latter takes on the corresponding CLASSIFICATION OP A.GARI' color. In a few species the juice is watery or a diluted white; I was considered by Fries as a degenerate condition due to the hab ii.ii. During very dry weather or in old specimens the juice is dried up and dues mil respond to the wounding of the tissue. Some Bpe< of Mycena are also supplied with ;i colored juice, bul these Lack the vesiculose trama and are verj slender-stemmed plants. The TASTE of the milk and ilrsli is often verj acrid in fresh plants and con tinued sampling of many specimens the same day is apt in produce a sore tongue. It is, however, accessary to know whether .1 spei is acrid or mild, hence cautious tasting of minute pieces of the j4'ills is not objectionable and if kepi in the mouth but a short time and not swallowed, qo harm results. This character is of greal importance in determining the species of thi> genus. Some speeies. usually called mild, have a woody or bitterish taste. The SPORES are globose to almost broadly < Mistical in some Bpecies. The epispore is decorated with minute spines, reticulations, etc. The color varies from white to yellowish, not nearly as variable as in the genus Kussula. The size of the spore is not sufficiently different to be of much use in ordinary diagnosis of species. CYSTIDIA are abundant in many of the species, and are apparently of the same nature as in Kussula. Many species, especially those with a mild taste, arc EDIBLE and are much prized by mycophagists : such are L. deliciosus, I volutins, L. hygrophoroides, L. indigo, etc. The very acrid species should be tried cautiously. Some are considered poisonous and have been so marked. The poison is, however, not of the same order as in the Amanitas, and there is a growing belief that if properly prepared most, if not all of them, may be eaten with impunity. L. piper atu8, whose milk has a most excruciatingly biting effeel on the tongue when taken from a fresh plant, is known to be perfectly safe after it is cooked. All serious accidents which have come to my notice in the state, have been traced with fair certainly to the Amanitas. Any mushroom, however, especially if fried, may cause illness to people with poor digestion in the same way as manj other delicious art icles of food. The Lactarii are mosl abundant during July and August, with a similar seasonal range as the Russulas. They often occur in l numbers in the open woods of higher ground, although soi are mostly limited to swamps, bogs and low rich woods. I bnve -■ hundreds of individuals of several species, including L. velU in an area several rods in extent. Others like /.. indigo re mos few in a place and occur in widely separated localities. 86 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN The Friesian arrangement into two main groups is here retained. Other groupings which have been attempted, seem to me to have brought out no clearer relationships and tend only to complicate matters. The main divisions are here considered as subgenera. These have been subdivided into sections, depending on the char- acter of the surface of the pileus, and on the taste. The key includes only the species so far identified from plants gathered within the state. Key to the Species (A) Milk brightly colored from the first. [See also (AA) and (AAA)], (a) Young gills and milk indigo-blue. 78. L. indigo Schw. (aa) Not indigo-blue. (b) Young gills and milk dark red. 76. L. subpurpureus Pk. (bb) Young gills and milk orange. 77. L. deliciosus Pr. (AA) Milk at first white, changing color on exposure to the air, at least on the flesh, (a) Milk becoming lilac or violet-lilac, at least on the bruised flesh, (b) Pileus zonate, 8-12 cm. broad; stem spotted. 75. L. maculatus Pk. (bb) Pileus azonate, 3-7 cm. broad; stem not spotted. 74. L. uvidus Fr. (aa) Milk not changing to lilac. (b) Milk becoming pinkish-red, at least on the bruised flesh, (c) Pileus chocolate-brown to pale sooty-brown, usually rugose. 80. L. lignyotus Pr. (cc) Pileus grayish-brown to isabelline, even. 79. L. fulginosus Fr. (bb) Milk not changing to pinkish red. (c) Milk becoming yellow, at least on the bruised flesh, (d) Margin of pileus tomentose-hairy. (e) Stem spotted; pileus straw-color to ochraceous. 60. L. scrobiculatus Fr. (ee) Stem not spotted; pileus buff tinged with flesh color. 62. L. cilicioides Fr. (dd) Margin of pileus glabrous or nearly so. (e) Pileus azonate, dry or scarcely viscid, some shade of red- dish-brown, (f) Odor strong, disagreeable. 69. L. theiogalus Fr. (ff) Not with marked odor. (g) Pileus substriate on margin, fading to isabelline. 88. L. isabellinus Burl, (gg) Pileus even on margin, color of L. comphoratus. 87. L. colorascens Pk. (ee) Pileus zonate, at least toward margin, (f) Pileus very viscid when moist, orange-yellow. 86. L. croceus Burl. (ff) Pileus subviscid. (g) Pileus distinctly spotted-zoned with dull-orange zones; milk very acrid. 68. L. chrysorheus Fr. (gg) Pileus faintly zonate; milk tardily acrid or bitterish. 69. L. theiogalus Fr. (cc) Milk not changing to yellow. (d) Milk becoming greenish on the bruised flesh. (e) Pileus dark i live-green, rather rigid, zonate. 59. L. atro- virides Pk. (ee) Pileus livid-smoky-gray, azonate. 73. L. trivialis var. viridilactis. (dd) Milk not changing to green or brownish on flesh. (e) Gills stained gray where bruised. CLASSIFICATION OF AOARIl B 1 1' i Plleua olive-brown to amber, rigid, 6-11 em. broad 68. /.. turpis Fr. i ') Plleua drab colored to tlla< b, B 8 em br< /,. v it ins Pr, (ee) Milk changing to brown on the Beth. 91. / lus Pk. i AAA) .Milk white, unchanging. (a) Pileus viscid when moist. (b) Margin of plleua distinctly tomentose-halry; plleua ln< tinged. 61. /.. torminosus Pr. (bb) Margin of plleua glabroua or nearly so. (c) Plleua distinctly zonate, more or less copper or 7" L. in. snis us Pr. (cc) Plleua not or obscurely zonal (d) Pilous large, usually 8 L6 cm. broad. (e) Plleua pale yellowish or subochraceouB ; Kills broad. 71. L. afflnis Pk. (ee) Pilous white soon spotted stain. .1 ; i/ills becoming !!• colored. 65. L. controversies Pr. (eee) Plleua livid-smoky gray or tinged Blightly with lilac- purplish. 73. L. trivialis Fr. (dd) Pileus medium to small, less than S cm. broad. (e) Pileus drab or lilac-gray; gills pruino /.. ri- Fr. (ee) Pileus some other color. (f) Pileus and stem cinereus, glabrous, small. 84. I.. cm. broad, gray; often on much decayed '■' 83. /.. grist us Pk. iff) Plleua 2-7 em. broad; flesh reddish or Qesh-coloi bruised. (g) Plleua chocolate-brown to pal- brown, • center. 80. /.. Hgi toi (gg) Plleua grayish-brown to Isabelline, 7' 1 sus Fr. (bb) Pileus glabrou (c) Pileus etc. white; pills very crowded, dichotomou 88 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 66. L. piperatus Fr. (cc) Pileus not white. (d) Pileus some shade of gray or brown. (e) Gills becoming dingy greenish-brown where bruised. (f) Pileus 1-3 cm. broad, pale lilaceous-umber. 89. L. par- vus Pk. (ff) Pileus 3-6 cm. broad, grayish-buff. 90. L. varlus Pk. (ee) Gills not changing to greenish-brown when wounded; pileus zoned, gray to brownish-gray. 67. L. pyrogalus Fr. (dd) Pileus some shade of red or yellow, (e) Gills distant; pileus pale brownish-orange. 93. L. Jiygro- phoroides B. & C. (ee) Gills close or subdistant. (f) Taste acrid. (g) Pileus bay-red to rufus. 82. L. rufus Fr. (gg) Pileus pale yellowish to subochraceus. 71. L. affinis Pk. (ff) Taste mild or nearly so. (g) Odor aromatic, sometimes faint. (h) Pileus even, brown-red; color persisting. 97. L. camphoratus Fr. (hh) Pileus rimulose, areolate, brown-red, fading. 98. L. rimosellus Pk. (gg) Odor none. (h) Pileus 5-12 cm. broad, brownish-orange to fulvous; stem solid. 91. L. volemus Fr. (hh) Pileus 2-5 cm. broad, brownish-red to isabelline; stem stuffed to hollow. 95. L. subdulcis Fr. PIPERITES: Gills not becoming darker nor pruinose-sprinkled in age. In this group the milk is either colored or white. In some secies it changes on exposure to the air and stains the gills so that they assume a different color than at first; such species must not be referred to the second group, since there the gills assume a darker color without reference to the milk. » Section I. Pileus, especially on margin, shaggy, scabrous, tomen- tose or hairy-fringed; taste acrid. 58. Lactarius turpis Fr. Epicrisis, 1S36-38. Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp.. PI. 00. Cooke, 111., PL 987. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 397. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 9, Fig. 4. PILEUS 0-12 cm. broad, rigid, convex-umbilicate, then expanded and depressed, olive-lroirn to umber, darker on disk, azonate, some- CLASSIFICATION OF A.G iRU whal roughisli floccose, fibrils glutinous when moist, a< lengtb bud- glabrous, margin a1 first involute with an olivaceus-yellow villositj PLESH whitish, compact, thick. GILLS adnate, decurrent, aarrow, close in crowded, dingy cream-colored, stained gray or nearly black where bruised. STEM 3 i cm. long, L.5-2.5 cm. thick, Btoot, sh firm, Bcarcelj viscid, glabrous, concolor or paler than pileus, o s/»>n< ,i with darker spots, even, si uffed, Bometimes hollow. SPORES "globose, echinulate, 6.5 8 micr." i Burl.) M l l.K white, unchanging, causing gray stains on gills, acrid. ODOB Blight Edible. Gregarious or solitary. <>n the ground in the oorth, in mixed \\ Is of hemlock, balsam, poplar, maple, etc. Presque Lsle, Mar- quette. August- September. Rare or f requenl Locally. It is very distinct from L. atroviridis in its colors and in the char- acter <>f the surface of the pileus, etc. Dried specimens are grayish black. Lactarius sordidus Pk. is withoul doubl the same. It i> s;iiil to lie eaten in Europe, although as Pries remarks, it has a Loath- some appearance. It lias somewhat the habil of Paxillus involutus ami like the latter, prefers coniferous woods. 59. Lactarius atroviridis Pk. X. Y. State Mns. Rep. 42, L889. Illustration : Hard, Mushrooms, Pig. L39, p. IT"-. L908 (nol typ- ical I. PILEUS 6-15 cm. broad, subrigid, convex-expanded, soon de pressed, dry, rough-scabrous to scabrous-hairy, often rugose, i<>Mt. Bubrigid equal, dry, glabrous, n gills, acrid. Gregarious. <>n the ground in frondose woods. Ann Vrbor, i troit. August. Lnfrequent. Blackish when dried. \ very curious and repellenl mushroom concerning whose edibility nothing i- known, it ig quit< and easily recognized by its blackish green colors, rigid 90 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN short stem. The pileus is relatively much broader than the stem and is often exceedingly rough-scabrous on the surface, especially in dry weather. It seems distributed over the northeastern portion of the United States, but is not often collected. The stem is often spotted with darker spots. 60. Lactarius scrobiculatus Fr. (Poisonous) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PI. 971. Gillet, Champignons de France, Xo. 392. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt, Xo. 109. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, Xo. 53. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 133, p. 169, 1908. Eicken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 9, Fig. 2. PILEUS 7-17 cm. broad, convex-depressed, at length infumlibuli- form, varying azonate to markedly zonate, viscid when moist, often covered by a thin, hairy tomentum, straw-yellow to dark oehraceus. becoming subferruginous and areately cracked when dry, margin, at first involute and tomentose-hairy or densely fringed. FLESH com- pact, firm, white, changing to yellowish from the milk. GILLS ad- nate, subdecurrent, narrow, crowded, sometimes forked or anas- tomosing on stem, whitish or yellowish, darker where wounded, STEM 3-6 cm. long, 2.5-3 mm. thick, stout, short, equal, stuffed then hollow, glabrous, concolor or paler than pileus, with deprcssed i roundish spots of a brighter color. SPORES subglobose-elliptical "minutely echinulate, 6.5-7x8-10 micr., white." (Burl.) MILK white, changing quickly to sulphur-yellow, acrid. Poisonous. Gregarious. On the ground in moist woods, or along mossy mar- gins of swamps, mostly in coniferous regions. Bay View, Huron Mountains, New Richmond. July-August. Infrequent. The well-marked depressed spots on the stem and the tomentose- hairy margin distinguish it. The margin finally becomes spread- ing or elevated and the tomentosity gradually disappears. The zones of the pileus may be very obscure or quite distinct; in one large specimen I counted seventeen zones. It is a magnificent mushroom when in full luxuriance, but is not often found. CLASSIFICATION OP AOARIl 61. Lactarius torminosus Fr. PoiSONOi Syst Myc., L821. illustrations: Fries. Sverig. Svamp., PL 28. Cooke, in., im. !>7i\ Gillet, Champignons de Prance, No. 395. Michael, Fiihrer l'. PUzfreunde, Vol. I. No. 38. Hani, Mushrooms, Fig. L27, p. L65, L908. Atkinson. Musi ins. Fig. I Is, p. 1 l'.i, L900. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 9, Fig. 3. PILEUS fc-10 tin. broad, convex, depressed to subinfundibuli- form, viscid wlieu young or moist, ochraceus-buff tinged with r< thsh color, spotted-zoned, sometimes paler and azonate, margin at first involute and persistently tomemtose-TuUry or fringed, disk glabrous. FLESH rather soft, thick, white or tinged incarnate. <;ILLS deeurrent, narrow, thin, close, some forked at base, whitish to creamy, at length incarnate or redd isj^i/d low. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick, short, equal or tapering downwards, glabrous or prninose, even, stuffed then hollow, flesh-color, paler below, some times spotted. SPORES ''elliptical, echinulate, 8 L0x6-8 micr., white.'' (Burl.) MILK white, uncJumging, very acrid. Poisonous. Gregarious. On the ground in mixed forests of lurch and hemlock. etc., and in frondose woods of oak', maple, elm, etc. Throughout the state, from the southern limits to tsle Royale. July-September. Frequent. Known by the tomentose-fringed margin of the pileus, the zoi on the surface, the white, acrid milk which remains unchanged, and the pinkish-yellow or ochraceus color. It must be carefully dis- tinguished from the edible species like L. deUoiosus. It is usually much paler than the latter, but occasionally approaches it in its colors, and L. deliciosus has colored milk and the margin of pileut naked. L. torminosus is poisonous, yet the Russian peasants said to preserve it and ea1 it seasoned with oil and vinegar. 62. Lactarius cilicioides Fr. (P 0TJ8 Byst. Myc, L821. Illustration: Cooke, 111.. PI. 973. "PILEUS HO cm. broad, broadly conves or nearly plane, m 92 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN cate or centrally depressed, occasionally subinfundibuliform, cov- ered with long matted hairs or tomentum, the center sometimes naked with age, azonate, viscid when moist, white, reddish, buff or dingy incarnate. FLESH soft. GILLS adnate or slightly decur- rent, thin, rather narrow, close, some forked, white or tinged with yellow or incarnate. STEM 2-3 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, short, equal or tapering downward, pruinose, stuffed then hollow, not spotted, white or whitish. SPORES globose-elliptical, 6-8 micr., white. MILK white, sparse, slowly changing to pale yellow, acrid. "In pine woods. September-October." The description is adapted from Peck (N. Y. Mus. Rep. 38) who remarks that it is distinguished from all others by its conspicuously woolly pileus. The hairs or fibrils are long and intricately matted, and very viscid in wet weather. The milk is said to be very sparse, and in a white variety, sometimes wanting. I have not yet found it in the state, but as it is said to be poisonous like the preceding, to which it is closely related, it seemed desirable to include it. The white variety might be mistaken for a Russula. 63. Lactarius vellerius Fr. (Suspected) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 980. Bresadola, Fungh. Mang. e. Vel., PI. 67. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 400. Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 10, Fig. 2. Hussey, Illust. Brit. Myc. I, PI. 63. White, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 15, PL 13. PILEUS 6-12 cm. broad, subrigid, convex-umbilicate, at length expanded and concave-depressed, dry, white or whitish, entirely minutely tomentose. velvety to the touch, margin at first involute then spreading or elevated. FLESH compact, thick white or stained from the milk. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, subdistant to dis- tant, moderately broad, somewhat forked, whitish to creamy-yellow becoming brownish-stained. STEM 1.5 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. thick, equal or tapering downward, short, stout, pruinose-pubescent, white, rigid, solid. SPORES subglobose to broadly elliptical, nearly smooth, 7-9 micr., white. MILK white, unchanging or temporarily cream-colored, sometimes lacking, acrid. Poisonous. Gregarious. On the ground in mixed and frondose woods, often verv abundant. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS Throughout the Btate from the southern limits to Lake Superior. Jul] September. Rather frequent Locally. This differs from /.. piperatua in the velvet} tomentoee pileuj and rather distant gills. /.. deceptions has a thick, cottony tomentum on the Involute margin, bul is almost glabrous elsewhere. Sometimes the milk of /.. vellerius seems to !><' lacking, when ii might be d taken for R/ussula delica: the latter, however, lacks the tomentositv of ilit* pileus as n rule, and often has a greenish tinge «>n the apex of the Sinn and the edge of the gills. Its edibilty Is questioned, i. in Mcllvaine ate it for years. Others also consider ii edible since ir loses its acridity when cooked. Without doubt it can i»- eaten i>\ sum,., inn like Lepiota morgani, causes bad effects in others. ] nature of its harmful principle should be investigated. 64. Lactarius deceptivus Pk. (Edible) X. Y. State -Mus. Rep. 38, L885. [llustrations : Peck, X. V. State Mus.. Rep. 54, PI. 70, Pig. 7 1. 1901. White, Conn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. ::. PL 8, op. p. 30. I I.i nl. Mushrooms, Fig. 129, p. kit (poor). PILEUS 7-15 cm. broad, firm, convex-umbilicate, then expanded- depressed or subinfundibuliform, dry, glabrous or nearly so excepl the margin, white or whitish, often with dingy rusty st;iin>. margin at first involute and densely cottony-tomentose, then spreading or elevated and fibrillose. FLESH compact, thick, while. GILLS adhate-subdecurrent, rather broad, subdistant, si. me forked, white or cream-yellow. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 1-1 cm. thick, Btout, short. solid, equal or tapering downward, pruinose-pubescent, white SPOKES snhglohose to broadly elliptical, 9-12 micr., echinulate, white .MILK while, anchanging, acrid. Edible. (Jregarious. On the ground, especially in coniferous w Is, i sionally in frondose woods. Isle Royale, Huron Mountains, Marquette, Houghton, D throughout the state. July-September. Sometimes very abundant in the north. Easily confused with /.. vellerius, from which it differs in the thick, cottony inrolled margin of the pileus and its glabrous - elsewhere. 1 1 has also large spores as compared with /. velU It has been eaten in quantity by Peck win. pronounces It i quality, since the acrid taste disappears in cooking ; with ue 94 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN more abundant in the Northern Peninsula, apparently prefering the colder latitude or altitude. It is said to be most abundant in the mountainous regions in the eastern United States. 65. Lactarius controversus Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svanip., PI. 29. Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. vel., PI. 61. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 381. Cooke, 111., PI. 1003 (extreme form). PILEUS S-20 cm. broad, firm, convex and broadly umbilicate or depressed, at length infundibuliform, viscid when moist, appressed subtomentose or flocculose, loMte at first, at length tinged incarnate and stained with 'brownish flesh colored spots, obscurely zoned to- ward margin which is at first involute but soon spreading and ele- vated or reflexed. FLESH v white or at length slightly incarnate. GILLS attenuate behind, at length ascending-decurrent, abrupt, narrow, crowded, whitish at first then strongly incarnate to pink- incarnate, thin, rather easily separable from pileus. STEM 3-4 cm. long, 1-3 cm. thick, often eccentric, equal or narrowed downward, solid, firm or spougy, subflocculose, glabrescent, even, not spotted, white within and without. SPORES subglobose, echinulate, 5-7 inicr., white or slightly incaruate-tinged. MILK white, unchanging, sloicly acrid, often rather scanty. Gregarious. On the ground in low, moist, frondose woods. Ann Arbor, Jackson, Detroit, etc. August-September. Frequent in the southeastern part of the state. This interesting species I have seen frequently and it appeared to be undescribed. A comparison of figures and descriptions has convinced me that it is an American form of L. controversus. The spots on the cap do not become so deeply colored as described for the European plant, but otherwise there is very little discrepancy. When young the plants are white and are easily mistaken for L. pip&ratus, but soon the gills, etc., take on the characteristic flesh- color. The color of the gills is often bright incarnate while that of the cap, flesh and stem is slightly so only in age. The stem is some- times somewhat proemorsely rooted. The European plant is said to be edible. A form occurs which has a hollow stem but otherwise not very distinct ; this may be L. pubescens Fr. The latter is said to be much smaller. CLASSIFICATION' OF AGARICS Section II. Pileua glabrous, dry} taste acrid. 66. Lactarius piperatus l'i. (Edible Syst. .My... L821. Ulustrat ions ; Pries, Sverig. Svamp., PI. l'7. Cooke, ill.. PL 979. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt, No. I L9. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I. No. -".7. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL LO, Pig. ::. Marshall, Mushroom Book, PL 36, p. 92, L905. Atkinson. Mushrooms, Pig. L19, i>. L20, L900. Bard, Mushrooms, Pig. L28, p. L66, L908. Whit.-. Conn. Geol. & Nat. Bist. Surv., Bull. 3, PL 9, op. p Plate IX of this Report. PILEUS ll- cm. broad, firm, convex-umbilicate, then expanded- depressed, a1 length infundibuliform, dry, glabrous, azonate, whiU , even, margin ;it firsl involute and naked, at Length spreading or elevated. FLESH white, compact, thick. GILLS attenuate-sub- decurrent, narrow, very crowded, dichotomously forked, white then cream-yellow. STEM 2-6 cm. Long, L-2 cm. thick, equal or tapering downward, dry, firm, solid, glabrous or pruinose, white. SPORES subglobose, nearly smooth, 6-7.5 micr., white. .MILK" white, unchang- ing, very acrid, copious. Edible. Gregarious or scattered. On the ground in frondose woods of maple, oak, etc. Throughout the Southern Peninsula, less frequent northward. July-September. Common. This lias the st intensely biting taste of all Lactarii. The acridity disappears in cooking and it can then be eaten with impun- ity. .Mel h ,ji ne advises its use in gravy. This ppecies [g distinguished from its near relatives by its naked margin and \ery crowded and dichotomously forked uills which become dingj pale yellowish in age. The photograph Of Marshall and the figure Of Michael i n u late, 7-8 ooticr., white. MILK white, changing to sulphur-yelh copious, \ ery acrid. Poisonous. Subcaespitose or gregarious. <>n the ground id frondone woods. Aim Arbor, Detroit, Marquette, etc., throughoul the state.' Augusl September. Closely related to /.. theiogalus. The Latter has ;i more truly viscid pilens which is usually qo1 zoned, and an odor which i- well marked ami disagreeable. /.. chrysorheua is sometimes frequent locally bnl I have so far not happened upon it in many Localities, h may be that it is quite strongly restricted to certain seasons. Fries, Ricken ami other European authors describe the pilens ;is always dry but in the United States it is often subviscid in moist weather. Tin- milk sometimes turns slowly ami the taste is occasionally bitter- acrid. 69. Lactarius theiogalus Fr. (Suspe< i kd) Syst. Myc, L821. Illustrations: Gillet, Champignons de Prance, No. 396. Ricken, Blatteri'ilze. PL 13, Fig. 5. Burlingbain. Torr. Bot. Club Mem. 14, Fig. L2, [>. To. 1908. 1'ILFUS 3-8 em. ln-oad. convex then expanded, umbonate, obtuSi <>r depressed, dry or subviscid, even or wrinkled uneven, glabrous iihfiniati ixuin Him to pale taumy-n dddsh or fttivous, obscurely zonate to azonate, margin a1 first involute s i spreading. FLESB medium thick, compact, white then yellowish from the milk. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, close, rather narrow, some forked near base, pallid to yellowish-flesh color, reddish-brown where bruised or in age. STEM 3-7 cm. Long, 6-12 mm. thick, subeqnal, firm, undulate- uneven, stuffed then hollow, glabrous, concolor or paler, substrigi a1 base. SPORES "subglobose to broadly elliptical, minul echinulate, 8 9x6-7 unci-., whit ish." I Burl. I M I LK w bite, changing to sulphur-yellow, tardily bul very acrid. ODOK strong, pungent, disagreeable. sux/>< . sometimes in swampy places. Marquette, Union Mountains, Houghton, B View, New Richmond. July-October. Frequent locally. This species differs as a rule from the preceding \>\ its ami i or obtuse pilens. inn this is not always reliable, h is 13 98 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN take into account the odor of the fresh plant, the undulate surface of the stem and the color of the pileus. Usually it lacks the zones which are marked in L. chrysorheus, but I have specimens from a sphagnum swamp which show the zones quite well. Miss Burling- hain states that it is more zonate in wet places. L.'brcvis Pk. and L. urevipes Longyear, are considered by Miss Burlingham as ecological forms of this species. Ricken refers this to the group with pruinose gills; it is, however, too close to the preceding to be placed so far away. Its taste is sometimes bitter at first. Section III. Pileus glabrous, viscid; taste acrid, 70. Lactarius insulsus Fr. (Suspected) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 975. Bresadola, Fungh. inang. e. vel., PI. 62. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 386. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 135, p. 171, 1908. Ibid, Fig. 132, p. 168 (as L. regalis Pk.). Plate X of this Report. PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, rigid, convex-umbilicate, then expanded- depressed to infundibuliform," coppery-orange, with alternate zones of deeper or lighter tones, sometimes paler throughout, viscid, glab- rous, somewhat uneven, margin at first involute then elevated and arched, naked. FLESH scarcely compact, thick, white. GILLS ad- nate then decurrent, thin, narrow, some forked at base, white then pallid. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 8.-15 mm. thick, equal or tapering down- ward, glabrous, stuffed then hollow, paler than pileus. SPORES globose, strongly echinulate, 7-9.5 micr., pale yellowish. MILK white, unchanging, very acrid. (ivegarious to caespitose. On the ground in open frondose woods. Ann Arbor. July-October. Frequent. This species does not yet seem to be clearly understood. Ricken describes a plant which is scarcely zoned except on the margin and which has very large spores— 12-15x10-12 micr. The spore-measure- ments of Bresadola and Saccardo, on the other hand, agree with ours. Peck's description (N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 38, p._122) is that of the paler form and has been copied by Mcllvaine. Our plants are mostly of the dark yellow to orange type as described by Miss Bur- lingham, but paler forms also occur. Specimens of the dark form CLASSIFICATION OP A.GARH were sent to Peck who referred them to L. regalis Pk. and Dr. Fisch- ci's photograph of it is bo Darned in Hard's book, li is possible that some of our forms represent /.. zonarhts Ft. which i- Baid to ha Bolid stem, pale orange to yellow .uihns pilens with ;i thinner mar gin. According i<> Fries (Monographia) /.. inmilsus has the habit and size of L. deliciosuB, differing in paler colors, acrid taste ami white unchangeable milk. Cooke's figilre represents our plants well excepl that they may become darker with age. /.. regali referred by Peck to ;i variety of /.. resimus Fr., and i< Baid to he au almost entirely while plant with scarcely noticeable zones, aot at nil related to L. insulsus; iis milk changes to Bnlphnr-yellow. The gills of our form of />. insulsus sometimes become dingj yellowish in or where«bruised, hut the milk is unchangeable. The plants referred to L. insulsus by RIcIlvaine were edible. 71. Lactarius affinis Pk. \. V. State Mus. Rep. 23, 1ST2. Ibid, (as L. platyphyllus Pk.). PILEUS G-15 cm. broad, firm, convex-umbilicate then expanded- depressed, pale yellowish to yellowish-mcamate or ochraceous-yel- low, aaonate, viscid, glabrous, even, margin involute a1 firsl spread- ing and arched. FLESH white, moderately thick. GILLS adnate- subdecurrent, broad or moderately broad, close to subdistant, forked toward base, cream y-yelloic-ish. STEM 5-10 cm. long, L-2 cm. thick. equal, glabrous, stuffed then hollow, yellowish to whitish, often spotted. SPORES globose to broadly elliptical, 9 n micr., echinu- late, whitish. MILK white, unchanging, acrid. Gregarious. On the ground in mixed or frondose woods. Mar- quette, Ishpeming, South Haven, New Richmond, Detroit. July- September. Rather rare. Often a very large plant, whose pale yellow, zoneless cap and broad subdistant -ills sel it apart from others. The whole plant has a tendency to be unicolorous, Bometimes dark, Bometimes paler. Miss Pnrlin.irham states thai the milk sometimes dries to a pale dull green shade on the gills. Whether it is edible is unknown. 100 THE AGARICACEAE CF MICHIGAN 72. Lactarius hysginus Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Fries, Icones, PL 169, Fig. 2. Cooke, 111., PL 989. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 12, Fig. 4. "PILEUS 5-7.5 cm. broad, rigid, convex, then plane, umbilicate or slightly depressed, even, viscid, obscurely zonate or azonate, red- dish-incarnate, tan-color or brownish-red, becoming paler with age. the thin margin involute, GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, close, whit- ish, becoming yellowish or cream-colored. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 6-15 mm. thick, equal, glabrous, stuffed or hollow, colored like the pileus or a little paler, sometimes spotted. SPORES subglobose, whitish or yellowish, 9-10 inicr. MILK white, acrid." On the ground, mixed woods. Houghton. July. This was found only in the locality mentioned. The description is that of Peck, with which the fresh plants agreed, except that the gills were almost subdistant. The pileus was obscurely zonate. It was found several times, always solitary. 73. Lactarius trivialis Fr. (Suspected) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 976. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 131, p. 170, 190S. PILEUS 5-15 cm. broad, convex, soon nearly plane and depressed, glabrous, viscid, azonate, color varable, livid-gray to smoky-gray or with a lilac-purplish tint, lead-colored or pinkish-brown, margin soon arched, at first pruinose, thin. FLESH thickish, rigid-fragile, pallid. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, close, thin, moderately broad or rather narrow, some forked, cream-yellowish, becoming dingy- greenish stained when bruised or in age. STEM 4-12 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, equal, or irregularly undulate, glabrous, even, not spotted, stuffed then hollow, firm, concolor or paler than pileus, often pallid. SPORES elliptical, echinulate, 8-10 micr., yellowish. MILK white or creamy-white, unchangeable, acrid. Suspected. Gregarious, subcaespitose or scattered. On the ground in fron- dose and coniferous woods. Throughout the state, from the southern limits to Isle Royale. Jutv-October. Common. i LASSI FIXATION OP A.GARK 101 This is (Hie of our commonest Lactarii during some seasons, usually among the tirst to appear, especialrj in the frondose regiouH. it is found in pine, hemlock, mixed, or oak and maple wooda throughout the suite. The northern form varies Bomewhat and needs further study: ;i variety also occurs is the aorth whose milk t urns son I id green after exposure to the air, with broader aud more distant j;'ills and a spotted stem. This may be Called \;ir. i iriililar- tia var. now Peck lias described var. maculatus with zonate pileua and spol ted stem, and var. gracilis which is quite a small and slender plant. The c mon form is a rather large plant; the pileua is sometimes up' to 18 cm. broad with a dark Livid or Lurid, indescrib- able color, and white <>r creamy-yellowish, acrid milk. When < » I • I or laded the {dleus becomes much paler and is often pale leather colored or incarnate-tan. The flesh of the pileus though rigid is rather fragile and the stem is firm bu1 soon hollow or cavernous. 74. Lactarius uvidus Fr. (Poisonous) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke. 111.. PI. 991. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. :'>'•»'.». Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 11. Pig. 1. Patonillaid. Tab. Analyt.. No. 209. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 11!. \>. 180, 1908. IMLET'S :: 7 cm. broad, convex then plane and depressed, rather firm, often snbumbonate, viscid, obscurely or not at ;ill zonate, some- times spotted, cmereus with Ulac tinge or livid brownish-gray, mar- gin ;it first involute and subpruinose, thin and spreading. FLE8B whitish, becoming lilac <>/■ violet when r yellowish, quickly becom/mg violet or lilac when bruised. STEM 4-7 cm. Ion-. 6-12 mm. thick, subequal, glabrous, aneven- undulate, viscid, white or dingy yellowish, stuffed then hollow or cavernous. SPORES subglobose or broadly elliptical, 8-10 mi echinulate, white. MILE white, changing quickly when in contact with tin flesh i*> lilac-violet, bitterish acrid. Gregarious. On the ground in Low, mossy places in Bwan thickets, etc. Ii;i\ View, Houghton, Marquette. Angus 9 Infrequent. Known by the flesh changing to lilac or violet w hen cut or bruised It is found in rather wet places, sometimes attached to moss and 102 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN sphagnum and then the base of the stem is white-toinentose. It seems to be most frequent in the Northern Peninsula. Its edibility is uncertain; it is considered poisonous in Europe. 75. Lactarius maculatus Pk. (Suspected) X. Y. State Mus. Pep. 41, 1S88. PILEUS 8-12.5 cm. broad, convex-umbilicate, then expanded- depressed to infundibuliform, grayish-buff to grayish-lilac, distinctly zoned with concentric darker spots, viscid when moist, glabrous, margin at first involute, naked, then spreading and substriate. FLESH grayish, becoming lilac where bruised, rather compact. GILLS adnate-subdeeurrent, close, broadest in the middle, attenuate behind, whitish to cream-color, lilac-vinaceous where wounded. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. thick, subequal, ventricose or tapering, hollow, sometimes compressed, spotted-variegated, concolor, glab- rous. SPORES "subglobose, echinulate, 10-12.5 ruicr." (Peck.) MILK at first white to cream color, unchanged or becoming lilac on the flesh, acrid. On sandy ground, oak and maple hillside along Lake Superior, Marquette. August. Rare. This is closely related to L. uvidus, differing from it in its dis- tinctly zonate pileus, larger size and spotted stem. The milk in our specimens remained unchanged. It is likely that the milk in both L. uvidus and L. maculatus sometimes turns lilac-vinaceous, that at other times it remains unchanged except to cause the broken flesh where it is touched by the milk to assume a lilac-vinaceous color. Section IV. Pileus glabrous, viscid; taste mild; milk bright- colored from the first. 76. Lactarius subpurpureus Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 29, 1878. Illustrations : Peck, Ibid, 54, PI. 70, Fig. 1-6. Burlingham, Torr. Bot. Club Mem. 14, Fig. 8, p. 61, 1908. PILEFS convex-umbilicate, then expanded-depressed to subin- fundibuliform, dark red, pink-zoned, with a grayish lustre, spotted with emerald-green, subviscid when moist, glabrous, margin at first CLASSIFICATION OF AGARK involute, pruinose, then spreading. FLESH whitish to pinkish, becoming red when broken especially next to the uilK GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, close to subdistant, broadesl in middle, medium broad, dark-red, fading and greenish with ugv. STEM .; 7 cm. long, 6-15 mm. thick, equal or tapering upwards, glabrous, sometimes pruinose, stuffed then hollow, dark fed, spotted m deeply, floccose-hairy ;ii base. SPORES "broadly elliptical echinulate, 8-10x7-8 micr., yellowish." (Burl.) MILE dark red, mild. Edible. Gregarious. Low moist woods of hemlock or mixed with hemlock. Bay View, Huron Mountains. August-September. Infrequent Easily distinguished by its dark red milk which stains the flesh of the broken planl ; hum- the stains assume ;i greenish Inn-. Dried specimens do not show this character well, since they become much paler. 77. Lactarius deliciosus Fr. (Edibli Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Fries. Sverig. Svamp., PI. 6. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 3S"J. Cooke. 111.. PI. 982. I'.resadola, Fungh. manger, e. vol., PI. 64. Peck. \. V. State Mus. Rep. 48, PI. i".t. 1896. Atkinson. Muslin. s. PI. 35, Pig. 1. 1900. Gibson. Edible Toadstools, PI. 18, p. L69, 1903. Michael. Fuhrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I. No. :'.T. Swanton, Fungi, PI. 15, Fig. 6-7. Plate XI of this Report. PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, convex-umbilicate, then expanded-de pressed to subinfundibuliform, viscid when moist, glabrous, ••■ or grayish-orange, fading to grayish in age, zoned, /.ones or sp< brighter-colored, involute at first then arched-spreading. FLESH white soon stained orange when broken, then greenish, especially at junction of uills and pileus. ' greenish-variegated. SPORES subglobose, echinulate, v 10x7-8 yellowish. MII.K orangi or saffron-yellow } mild. 104 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Gregarious-subcaespitose. On the ground in moist mossy woods in coniferous regions, under hemlock, balsam-fir, spruce, cedar, birch, etc. Isle Royale, Huron Mountains, Marquette, Munising, Houghton, Bay View. Juiy-September. Frequent locally. The most desirable perhaps of all the Lactarii for the table, but not very. common in southern Michigan at least. Its orange milk and the beautiful zones of the cap have frequently attracted the artist, and it has often been illustrated. Its range with us seems to be mostly northward. This statement is based on seven years of collecting in southern Michigan, but does not exclude the possibil- ity of the appearance of L. deliciosus when least expected and per- haps in quantity. Such sporadic fruiting is not infrequent in other mushrooms after they seem to be absent from a region. Peck says it occurs in all kinds of woods, but so far it has been found in quan- tity only in the northern part of the state. Michael says that be- cause of its strong aromatic taste it is not so desirable as food when served alone but as an addition to other dishes it is excellent. 78. Lactarius indigo Schw. (Edible) Syn. Fung. Carol. Super.. 1818. (Fries, Epicrisis, 1838). Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 35, Fig. 3, 1900. Mellvaine, Thousand Amer. Fungi, PI. 41, Fig. 2. PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, convex-subumbilicate, then expanded- depressed to infimdibulifomi, indigo-blue or paler, fading when dry, with a silvery-gray lustre, zonate, glabrous. FLESH blue, green- ish in age. GILLS adnate-decurrent, close, rather broad, indigo- blue or paler, at length pale greenish. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick,. equal or tapering downward, glabrous, even, stuffed then hollow, indigo-blue, often paler and spotted. SPORES "globose to broadly elliptical, echinulate, 7 micr., yellowish." MILK dark blue, mild. Edible. Gregarious. On the ground in oak and maple woods, and sandy pine forests. Ann Arbor, Huron Mountains. Evidently through- out the state. August. Rather rare. No one can mistake this mushroom as it has no double. It occurs sparingly, but is widely distributed. Schweinitz should be given full credit for naming this striking plant. It seems to be exclusively North American. CLASSIFICATION OF A.OARII Rl SSI LARJA: Gills becoming darker in age, and theD pruino Section V. Pileus minutely scaly, tomentose, pruinoHe-velvety, dry ; taste bIo^h iy or sligh i Iv acrid. 79. Lactarius fuliginosus I'r. Su8PE( n Syst. Myc, L821. Illustrations: Cooke, III.. PL 996. (lilk-i. Champignons de Prance, No. 384. Patonillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 322. Ricken, Bliittrn.il/..'. PL L2, Fig. 5. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Pig. 117. p. L19, U PILEUS 2-6 cm. broad, cmivcx, soon expanded-plane >>\ obti sometimes depressed, dry, < r" rid. Gregarious. On tin- ground in frondose woods of oak and maple. Ann Arbor. August, [nfrequent. In Europe it is said to occur also in pine woods. L is known by its smoky-clouded often "snuff-brown" pileus, and the tendency the flesh to assume a flesh-pink or pale salmon color where bruised. Dry weather plants often respond slowly to bruising. The margin of the pileus in age is ap1 to be wavy or scalloped. /.. gerardii Pk. is considered by Atkinson as probably a variety. 106 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN 80. Lactarius lignyotus Fr. (Poisonous) Monographia, 1863. Illustrations: Fries, Icones, PL 171, Fig. 1. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, Xo. 58. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 110, p. 117. 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, PL 21, Fig. 236, p. 172, 1908. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 150, PL 123, 1911. PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, convex, soon almost plane, unibonatc, sometimes slightly depressed and then obsoletely umbonate, dry, azonate, pruinose velvety, even or mostly uneven-rugulose toward the center, chocolate or seal-brown to sooty, margin wavy or sub- plicate in age. FLESH white, slowly pinkish or reddish where wounded,. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, close to subdistant, mod- erately broad, at first pure ivhite, then ochraceus, reddish or pinkish where bruised. STEM 1-8 cm. long, 1-12 mm. thick, equal or ab- ruptly plicate at apex, pruinose-velvoty. sometimes scarcely velvety, sooty-brown, spongy-stuffed. SPORES globose, 8-9 micr., echinulate, yellowish, sterigmata long. MILK white, changing slowly to red- dish-pink where in contact with flesh, mild or subacrid. Poisonous. Gregarious. On the ground in woods, especially in coniferous regions. Marquette, Huron Mountains, Bay View, Ann Arbor. July-September. Infrequent. Differs from the preceding in the darker color, the rugose pileus and longer and more velvety stem. Efforts which I made to differ- entiate the two by microscopical characters remained abortive. Both possess slender, cylindrical, aculeate sterile cells on the edge of the gills, about 4 micr. in diameter. The trama of the gills in the specimens examined was more filamentous in L. lignyotus and had a floccose structure of spherical cells in L. fuliginosa. The two species, however, appear to run into each other at times. 81. Lactarius helvus Fr, Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 991. Bresadola, Fung. Trid., PL 127 and 39. Rieken, Blatterpilze, PL 13, Fig. 2. PILEUS 4-12 cm. broad, fragile, convex then plane and depressed CLASSIFICATION OP A.OARK [07 with decurved margin, with or without an obscure umbo, azont dry, floccost scaly, tatony-isabelline, Fading, margin a< first involute then spreading. FLESH somewhal watery. GILLS Bubdecurrent, thickish, close to subdistant, rather aarrow, broadest behind, whit- ish then ochraceous tinged incarnate, pruinose. STEM '< x cm. lo (up to 1") cm. long <>n Bphagnum), 5 l~> mm. thick, subrigid fragile, Bubequal, pruinose-pubescent, stuffed then cavernous, concolor, white-mycelioid ;ii base. SPORES globose, 7-9 micr., echinul .MILK watery, rarely white, sparse, mild or scarcely acrid. <>l»<>i; fragrant, like thai of /.. camphoratus. Gregarious or scattered. <>n the ground or on moss in low swampy woods, or on sphagnum in peat-bogs, sometimes among moss along exposed borders of lakes, etc. Ann Arbor and elsewhere in the lake regions of the interior. July Sept. Frequenl locally. This is for the most part included under var. aquifluus bj Peck bu1 the watery chai-acter of the milk is apparently merely a result %. II.. of the moiffl habitat. 82. Lactarius rufus Vv. (Poisomh- Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp., PI. 11. Cooke, 111., PI. 985. Gillet, Champignons de France. No. 391. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL L3, Fi«r. ::. Michael, Puhrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 36. Swanton, Fungi, PL 7. Pig. 3 l. PILEUS 4-10 (in. broad, convex then expanded-depressed to in- fundibuliform, wmibonate, flocculose-silky, glabrescent, azonate, dry. bay-red to rufous, not fading, subshining, margin at first involute. FLESH rather thin, rather sofl when moist. GILLS adnate-decur- rent, close, at length pruinose, narrow, ochraceous then i STEM 5-8 cm. long, (longer in moss), 6-12 nun. thick, equal, ,; glabrous, sometimes pruinose, stuffed then hollow, firm, ru/i paler, often Btrigose-hairy at base. SPORES sub-globos< 7-8 ml slightly echinulate, white. MILK white, unchanging, >■ i >i n >i: none. Poisonous. <>n the ground in hemlock and pine woods. New Richmond. ? tember. [nfrequenl or local. Known by its red-brown color, umbonate pileus, v< 108 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN and rather large size as compared with others of the same color. Peck has segregated a species on the lack of the umbo, the hollow stem and scanty milk; it is edible. This he named L. boughtoni Pk. (see N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 150, p. 32, and PI. 6, Fig. 1-7). It seems to be an extreme form of L. rufus and may be referred to as var. boughtoni Pk. Longyear has reported L. rufus from a swamp near Lansing where it occurred in large numbers. I have seen it only in the Adirondack Mountains, New York. 83. Lactarius griseus Pk. N. Y. State Cab. Kep. 23, 1872. Illustrations: Burlingham, Torr. Bot. Club, Mem. 14, Fig. 14. p. 18, 1908. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 138, p. 174, 1908. PILETJS 1-4 cm. broad, soon flaccid, convex then depressed to in- fundibuliform, papillate, dry. azonate, minutely tomentose, becom- ing floccose, grayish or brownish-gray, variegated smoky-gray, mar- gin at first incurved. FLESH white, tMn. GILLS adnate-decur- rent, close to subdistant, pruinose, broader than the thickness of the pileus, white then cream-colored to honey -yellow. STEM 1-5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, equal, dry, glabrous, stuffed then hollow, whit- ish to grayish. SPORES broadly elliptical to subglobose, 8-9x6-7 niicr., echinulate. white. MILK white, unchanging, slowly acrid. Gregarious or scattered. On the ground or on much decayed logs in woods of the coniferous regions of the state. Marquette, Hough- ton, Huron Mountains, Sault Ste. Marie, Bay View, New Richmond. Distinguished by its small size, gray color and tomentose-floc- culose cap. It differs from L. rinereus in its dry, non-glabrous pileus and in the gills becoming cream-yellow in color. It seems to be limited to regions with conifer trees, although it is also found in frondose woods of such res-ions. 't< j Section VI. Pileus glabrous, viscid; taste acrid. . 84. Lactarius cinereus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 24, 1872. Illustrations: Burlingham, Torr. Bot. Club. Bull. 14, Fig. 11, p. 67, 1908. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 137, p. 173. 1908. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARK tog PILEUS L-5 cm. broad, Lax, convex-umbilicate, soon expanded- depressed to Bubinfundibuliform, viscid when moist, azonate or Bub- zonate, glabrous, even, cinereous, margin involute al flrsl then spreading. Thin. FLESB white. GILLS adnate, close, narrow, white, not yellowish in age, often pruinose. STEM - 6 cm. I ■ • 1 1 -_r . • ; I u una. thick, Bubequal or tapering Blightly upwards, Btuffed-spongy then hollow, glabrous, cinereus, tomentose a1 base. SPORES bud- globose, echinulate, u the ground in coniferous and mixed w is of the hemlock regions of the state, [sle Royale, Suron Biountains, Mar- quette, Houghton, New Richmond. Julj September. Infrequent Miss Burlingham distinguishes a distind species which is named L. muc'ulus Burl., which differs from /.. cinereus in its puttj i cap with sepia center, and in thai the milk stains the flesh and i^ills blue-grayish-gray. It is said to occur under hemlock hut accord- in-- to this author the true /.. cinereus is said to !»<• restricted to beech woods, our plants grew under hemlock, birch, maple and pine. I have no record concerning heech. It is probable thai our plants are to be referred to L.mucidus; in thai case I nave no record of L. cinereus to which I have always referred these collections. My notes are not sufficient to settle the matter. 85. Lactarius vietus Fr. Syst. live. 1821. Illustrations : Fries, [cones, PL L70, Pig. 1. Cooke, 111.. PL inii!). Gillet, Champignons de Prance, No. 101. Michael, Fuhrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. III. No. 71. Kickeu. Blatterpilze, PL 14, Pig. 1. PILEUS 3-6 cm. broad, convex then depressed or Bubinfundibuli- form, viscid when moist, azonate, minutely Bilky-tomentose when dry. drab-colored or lilac-grayish, margin involute al ftrsl then i vated and arched. PLESH whitish. GILLS adnate decurrent, cl narrow, pruinose, cream color then drab or dingy yellowish, stained grayish when bruised. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 5 L0 mm. thick, equal or tapering upwards, stuffed then hollow, glabrous or glaucous, rivu- Lose-wrinkled, concolor, tinged drab within. SPORES glob echinulate, 6-8 micr.. cream-buff in mass. MILE white, unchanged, r< ry slowly acrid. 110 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Gregarious ou the ground, mixed hemlock, beech and maple woods. New Richmond. Infrequent. Sometimes the whole plant including the gills is pinkish-buffi or incarnate. The grayish hue is more marked in age. It is said to be under suspicion. 86. Lactarius croceus Burl. .Torr. Bot. Club, Mem. 14, 1908. Illustration: Ibid, Fig. 3, p. 38. PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, broadly convex-umbilicate then depressed to infundibuliform, viscid, azonate or obscurely zonate, micaceous when dry, orange to saffron-yellow, glabrous, margin at first in- volute and pruinose-downy. FLESH rather thin, whitish, staining yellow or ochraceous where cut. GILLS adnate-decurrent, close to subdistant, moderately broad, rarely forked, pallid to pale yellow or incarnate-tinged, changing to cadmium-yellow wliere bruised. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, equal, stuffed then hollow, glab- rous, pale orange-yellow, spotted. SPORES globose to broadly elliptical, echinulate, 6-8 micr., pale yellow. MILK white, scanty, slowly changing to yellow, acrid or bitter, often slowly acrid. Gregarious or scattered. On the ground in woods of oak, maple, elm, etc. Detroit. August-September. Local. This approaches L. awantiacus Fr. if indeed it is not identical. That species is said to be poisonous. The milk, flesh and gills of the European species do not change color like ours. I have found it at different times, always in the same woods near Detroit. Miss Burlingham reports it from Vermont and North Carolina, and identified our specimens as the same. Section VII. Pileus glabrous, dry; taste acrid or bitter-astring- ent. 87. Lactarius colorascens Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 94, 1905. PILEUS 2-6 cm. broad, nearly plane, then depressed, whitish at first, then reddish-buff to brownish-red, azonate, dry or subviscid, glabrous. FLESH thin. GILLS adnate, narrow, crowded to close, whitish soon broirnish-red. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick. CLASSIFICATION OP AOARIl HI glabrous, equal, stuffed, often compressed, even, whitish, wow • color. SPORES "globose, echinnlate, 8 micr." (Peck.) MILK while, changing to sulphur-yellow, bitter or slight lj astringent. On the Ground In mixed woods. Marquette, New Richmond. A.ugus1 September. Bare or Local. h has the color of /-. camphoratus when mature, but the milk turns decidedly sulphur-yellow. Pound so far only in coniferc regions. 88. Lactarius isabellinus Burl. Tun-. Bot. Club, Bull. 34, 1907. Illustration: Ibid, Fig. L5, p. 103. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, convex then expanded-depressed, rab- umbonate, azonate, dry, glabrous, wrinkled on n the ground in mixed woods, in coniferous regions. Mar- quette. August. Bare or local. Could easily be mistaken for a large form of L. subdulcis, but the striations of the pileus, the taste and the changing milk differentiate ir. No specimens were retained. In age, the milk seems to be sparse and it- change can not then be noticed. 89. Lactarius parvus Pk. X. Y. State Mus. Rep. 29, L878. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, broadly convex then expanded, Bub depressed, obsoletely papillate, dry, azonate, glabrous, pale Wa< umber, fading, margin a1 firsl involute. FLESH thin. GILLS adnate-decurrent, close to crowded, narrow, iVu forked ai h dingy white or ochraceus-tinged, becoming obscurely • dingy-brown when bruised. STEM 2-3 cm. long, 3-5 nun. th Bubequal, glabrous <>r pruinose above, stuffed then holloa 112 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN compressed, sometimes sulcate, tinged with same color as pilens. SPORES subglobose, slightly echinulate, white, 6.5-S micr. MILK white, unchanging, sometimes slightly changed on flesh, acrid. ODOR none. Gregarious or scattered. On the ground or much decayed wood in forests of hemlock and pine or in cedar swamps. New Richmond. August-September. Frequent locally. This is one of our smallest Lactarii. The umber color of cap and stem, and the peculiar dingy-greenish tints assumed by the wounded gills characterize it. It closely approaches L. varius. 90. Lactarius varius Pk. N. Y. State Mu's. Rep. 38. PILE US 3-6 cm. broad, convex then plane and depressed, grayish- buff or darker, with tinge of lilac, dry, micaceous-shviing, azonate or slightly zonate on margin. Flesh thin, white. GILLS adnate- subdecurrent, close, narrow, subventricose, whitish to cream-colored, stained dingy greenish-brown where bruised. STEM 2-5 cm. long,. 4-6 mm. thick, equal, glabrous, firm, spongy-stuffed, concolor or paler. SPORES globose, white, 7-8 micr. MILK white, unchanging,, slowly acrid. ODOR none. Gregarious. On the ground in mixed woods. Marquette. August. This species is very close to the preceding. It is known by its pale colors both when fresh and in herbarium specimens. It was found only in the Northern Peninsula. Section VIII. Pileus glabrous or pruinose velvety, dry; taste mild. 91. Lactarius volemus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp., PI. 10. Cooke, 111., PL 999. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 402. Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. vel., PI. 66. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 14, Fig. 3. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 323. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 48, PL 30. White, Conn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 3, PL 10. CLASSIFICA riON OP AGARICS Michael, LTiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I. No. Hard, Mushrooms, Pig. I 12, p. 1 79. Plate X 1 1 of this Report. PILEUS 5 i 2 tin. broad, firm, convex then expaudeddepressed, plane or obtuse, dry, azonate, glabrous, even or becoming rh areolate or rivulose, unicolorous, orangt fulvous or broicnish orangt to tan-brown, often pale, margin a1 firsl involute then spreading. FLESH compact, rigid, whitish, sometimes brownish. (JILLS ad nate-decurrent, close, moderately broad, white or yellowish, dai with age or brownish where bruised, somewhal forked. STEM 3-10 cm. Long, 1 - cm. thick, subequal, glabrous or pruim 'id, rarely cavernous, concolor or paler. SPORES globose, echinu 7 10 micr., while. MILK white, unchanging, mild, abundant. ODOB slight when fresh, strong on drying. Edible. Gregarious or scattered. <>n the ground in frondose w I- and open places, throughoul the southern pari of the state. Jul} Sep tember. Common. Like /.. deliciosus, this species is very delicious when properly prepared, h ran be cul up and dipped in egg and bread crumbs and tried like oysters; it is also excellent when grated and 'hen linked ami served on toast. The milk is copious and while. Ii is nol Likely to be confused with others excepl /.. corrugis and /.. hygropho roides, both of which are similarly colored, but as thej are edible no harm results. It must not be confused, however, with /.. ru which is considered poisonous. I have been nnable to find /.. volemus in the coniferous regions of the northern and western parts of the state, although it probably occurs there. 92. Lactarius corrugis Pk. (Edibli X. V. State .Mas. Rep. 32, L880. Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms, Pig. ll">. p. ll">. 1900 Hard. Mushrooms, Pig. ill. p. 177. 1908. I'M. Lis 6-12 cm. broad, firm, convex then depressed-expanded, dry. azonate, minutely velvety (spicules!), corrugaU <>r ru* ulate, dark reddish In-own to rufous tawny, sometimes paler, margin involute at firsl then spreading and arched. PLESB compact, while, thick. GILLS adna te-deenrrent . close, BOmewhal narrow, sometimes forking, yellowish-cinnamon, becoming fult* where bruised, provided with dark-colored spicules which 15 114 . THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN the brown color. STEM 6-7 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. thick, stout, firm, solid, equal, dry, more or less tinged concolor and subvelvety. SPORES globose, echinulate, 9-12 micr., white. MILK white, un- changing, mild, copious. ODOR slight. Gregarious or solitary. On the ground in frondose woods or open places. Detroit, Ann Arbor. August- September. Infrequent. Closely related to the preceding, of which it might be considered a variety. The rugose or corrugated pileus and the abundance of brown spicules on the gills are the main distinguishing characters. 93. Lactarius hygrophoroides B. & C. (Edible) Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, 1859. N. Y. State Cab. Rep. 23. 1872 (as L\ distans Pk.). Illustrations : Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, PI. 53, Fig. 7-11, 1900. PILEUS 3-8 cm. broad, rarely broader, firm, convex then ex- panded, umbilicate or subdepressed, glabrous or minutely velvety- pubescent, dry, sometimes rugose-wrinkled or rimose-areolate, yel- lo (visit -tawny, fulvous or paler, margin involute then spreading. FLESH somewhat brittle, whitish, thick. GILLS .adnate-subde- current, distant, narrow, often intervenose, whitish to cream-yellow- ish. STEM 2-4 cm. long, short, S-16 mm. thick, equal or tapering downward, solid, glabrous or pruinose, concolor. SPORES globose to broadly elliptical, 9-11 micr.. minutely echinulate, white. MILK white, unchanging, mild. Edible. Gregarious or scattered. On the ground in frondose woods or open places. Ann Arbor, Lansing, etc., throughout southern Michi- gan. July-August. Sometimes common. This species has the color of L. volemus but has distant gills, a short stem and is usually smaller in size. It was described as L. distans by Peck and it is regrettable that this appropriate name could not be retained, as the distant gills are its most striking characteristic. However, specimens of Curtis' collections are still in existence and show the plant to have been described by Berkely, as L. hygrophoroides. It is equally as good to eat as L. volemus. CLASSIFICATION OF AGAR* H - 94. Lactarius luteolus Pk. Torr. But. ciuii. Bull. 23, L896. Illustrations: X. Y. State Mus. Bull. i;7. PI. 83, Fig. 7-11, L903 PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, firm, convex or nearly plane, sometin umbilicately depressed and subpapillate, minutely pruinost vclv* dry, azonate, more or less rugose, yellowish or dingy buff, margin involute m first. FLESB white, becoming brown when bruised. <;iu.s adnate-subdecurrent, close, Qarrow, whitish, >>• coming brown when bruised. STEM 2.5-5 cm. long, :; LO mm. thick, subequal, dry, glabrous or pruinose, firm, spongy-stuffed, whitisi buff. SPORES globose, echinulate, 7-8 micr., white, MILK white or whitish, < liini>ii<,r. SPORES globose, echinulate, 6-7.5 micr., white. MILE white, unchanging, either copious or in dry weather often watery white and scanty, mild. ODOB ar<>uin the ground in wet places, swamps, very rotten wood in mixed or frondose woods. Throughoul the state. July-August. Common. Known by it* peculiar rigid-fragile consistency, its aromatic odor and dark reddish-brown color. Distinguished from /.. rufus which grows in similar situations, by its smaller size, odor ami oon-acrid taste: from L. SUbdulcis by darker color and odor. Tin- odor i- not of camphor as the name would indicate; it has been variously char acterized as like thai of dried melilot, slipperj elm bark, or chicory, or similar to that of /.. helvus. Like /.. subdulcis, it i> often to be found when other mushrooms are absent. 98. Lactarius rimosellus Pk. X. V. State Mits. Bull. L05, L906. Illustration: [bid, PI. 95, Fig. 7 1 1. "PILEUS 3-6.5 cm. broad, rather firm, convex umbonate, then de pressed, brownish t> ri t in , fading somewhat, azonate, dry, glab- rous, rugose from the center. '// length minutely rimose-a PLESB thin, isabelline then concolor. GILLS decurrent, clo medium broad, few forking, whitish then somewhal o< STi-:.M _' t; nn. long, 5-10 nun. thick, equal or tapering up stuffed then hollow, pruinose above, tomentosi to strig* wards, concolor. SPORES broadly elliptical, echinulate 7- 118 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN white. MILK icatery or watery-white, unchanged, mild or slightly woody. ODOR faint, somewhat like that of G. camphoratus." On the ground in open places or in wet places in woods. Ann Arbor. August. Rare. Differs from L. camphoratus in that the pileus becomes rimose- areolate and fades somewhat in age, and in its more tomentose stem. Russula Fr. (From the Latin, russula, reddish.) Veil none; the trama composed of vesiculose tissue, without a milky juice; gills rigid, fragile, acute on edge; stem central, con- fluent with the pileus; spores globose or subglobose, usually echinu- late or verrucose, white cream-color, yellow or ochraceous. Fleshy, putrescent, rigid-brittle mushrooms, mostly terrestrial, a few on much decayed wood, on sphagnum or on other mosses. A very distinct genus, most closely related to Lactarius, from which it differs by its lack of a milky juice. Hygrophorus differs in the thicker and more waxy nature of the gills although here there are evident certain signs of relationship with species of Russula. Almost all of the species are edible after careful cooking since even the peppery forms then lose their sharp taste; in any case the mild species are perfectly safe when fresh, young and clean. The PILEUS may be red, purple, violet, bluish, yellow, green or white, except in the Compactae, a differentiated pellicle is present on the surface of the cap. This pellicle is often composed of more or less gelatinous hyphae and becomes viscid in wet weather, or it may remain dry and become pruinose or velvety. The pellicle is somewhat separable along the margin of the pileus and in many of the Fragiles can be peeled easily on the whole surface. The margin of the pileus is often striate at least in age. In the species with a thin cap, the lines of attachment of the gills to the cap show through as raised ridges which are often tuberculate because of the presence of the interspacial veins beneath and these striae may extend far toward the center of the pileus. In the species with firm and thick caps, the striations are not as marked or are ob- scurely developed on the margin only when the plant becomes old. Still, this character is so variable that it must be used with caution as a diagnostic character. The surface is usually glabrous or merely pruinose to velvety; the latter appearance is due to cystidia-like erect hyphae closely coveriug the pellicle. The GILLS of the differ- CLASSIFICATION OP AOARK en1 species are of ;ill shades between Bhining white and i and this fact alone separates them from anj one of the Bpore-color groups of the Agaricaceae. Borne authors consider the Forking of the gills as well as the veining in the interspaces of the '-ills imporl diagnost ic characters. These two characters are intimately related and forking is for the mosl pari merely ;i pronounced developu of veining. in fact such a Large number of Bpecies have been ob Berved with veined interspaces and some forked gills thai this character loses mosl of its value. In />'. va/riata the forking is dichotomous or mostly so and reaches its highest development. The dififerenl Lengths of the gills are, on the contrary, much more impor tanl characteristics. Thej may be alternately long and Bhorl as in the Compactae, or they may be all of one Length with rarely any secondary or shorter gills. Intermediate cases occur in the Sub- rigidae, bu1 even here the shorl gills are not numerous. Their shape and width are also of value, since the anterior and posterior ends have a characteristic width which accompanies other characters the given subgenera. The STEM is usually white, sometimes red or slightly ochraceous, in some species changing to ashy, etc., with age. The reticulations <»n the surface are obscure and of do diagnostic value. It is usually spongy-stuffed within and may become cavern ous in age or hollowed by grubs; in the Compactae, however, il is asually solid. The TRAMA is composed <>f Large bladder-like cells arranged in groups and surrounded by strands of slender hyphae, as in Lactarius. Such a structure is said i" be vesiculosi and counts for the more or less brittle consistency of the plants. Since the difference in this consistency is accompanied bv othei Rood characters, it is made the basis of ;i division of the genus into its subgenera. The TASTE as in the Lactarius, is sharply acrid in Borne species, slowly or slightly acrid in others, and entirely mild in a considerable number. This is an importanl character for the identi- fication of the species and is fairly constant, h is necessary have fresh plants to be suit in some cases thai the acridity is \ ent. Sometimes plants which are apparently mild will be found to have a slight acridity only when very young, or only in the ^ilN and no1 elsewhere. The ODOB of Bome species, e. g . R . I' foetantula, R. compacta, etc., is quite characteristic and should never be unconsidered. One must no1 confuse this test by apply ing ii to plants already in the first stages of decay. SPOKH PRINTS are considered by most as the most essentia] mei settling the identity of closely related species. It has that the color is constant and with this claim I . _ 120 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN known that the spore prints fade or change after a time, and hence old herbarium spore-prints are not reliable unless accom- panied by careful notes of the print when fresh. The genus may be divided into four natural groups which are here considered as subgenera : Compactae, Rigidae, Subrigidae and Fragiles. Of these, the first and last correspond to the tribes of that name in Fries. (Hymen. Enrop.) As shown in a former paper, (Kauftman, Mich. Acad. Sci., Rep. 11, p. GO, 1909), the forking of the gills and the striations on the pilens are not very reliable for the characterization of the main groups. It has seemed practicable to establish a new division, viz., the Subrigidae, to include forms with a pruinose or velvety dry pellicle and rather firm consistency, which are out of place elsewhere, and seem to be closely related. Some have divided the genus into two large groups on the basis of the mild and acrid taste I Massee, British Fungus Flora, Vol. III.). Others have used the spore-color (Schroeter, Pilze Schlesiens and Hennings, Engler. u. Prantl Pflahzenf amilien) . Earle has raised the five "tribes" to generic rank I Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 5, p. 373, 1909), and finally, Maire has proposed a division of the genus into eight sections based in part on microscopical characters (Soc. Myc. de. France, Bull. 26, p. 120, L910). The last author appreciates that the groups of Fries are fairly natural and has kept the main fea- tures, "while emphasizing the presence or absence of cystidia-like spicules on the surface of pileus and stein. These "cystidia" cause the velvety or pruinose character which I have used in the group Subrigidae. Further studies of all young buttons and their develop- ment will aid materially in a proper arrangement, especially with reference to the character of the margin of the very young pileus. The claim of Maire (1. c.) that microchemical tests can be used to advantage, has been given a trial in ten of the following species. This work was done at my request by Dr. W. B. McDougall in our laboratory during the summer <>f 1912. The results are appended under the corresponding descriptions of the species studied. The abbreviations of Maire are used as follows : G = Tincture of Guaiac. S V=Sulfovanilline. F S=Sulfoformalin. The last two are prepared as follows: Sulfovanilline. Distilled water 2.cc. Sulfuric acid, pure 2.cc. Vanilline ( c. p. i 25 g. CLASSIFICATION OF A.GARK Ul Sulfoformalin. I »isi illed w ater 25 drops Sulfuric acid, pure 5.< Forma I in i r , sol.) 75 d rops The acti f gruaiac is in turn the flesh blue and Bhould r< in one or two minutes. Sometimes onlj certain parts <»i the plant react, ••. g., in R, subpunctata, the gills are unaffected. The fovanilline turns the parts blue, Bometimes al flrsl pink, while the sulfoformalin intensifies the brownish color of the cystidia and the lactiferous hyphae in the .uills. We did aol tesl the "cystidia" <>f the surface of the pileus and stem, where the tesl was effectively used by Maire. In /.'. virescens and /.'. crustosa the lasl two chem- icals had hardly any effed as compared with the quick reaction in other species. Our work has been merely preliminary and covered ouly ;i small Dumber of species. The key includes a few species no1 ye1 found in the Btate. Every season seems to differ in the particular species one finds and a oiim- Iter of forms still remain unidentified, bu1 the following li-t com prises nil the species frequent from year i<» year, al leasl in the southern pari of the Btate. The genus has been largely gone over ami revised since the pub- licatu f the Monograph (Mich. Acad. Rep. 11. 1909), and several additional species have been included and others more Cully de scribed ami discussed. The reccm critical papers by Maire, Romell, Battaille, Ricken, and others in Europe, have thrown much nee< light on a number id' specie-. Key hi the Speeu 8 (A) Gills unequal, alternately long and Bhort, flesh thick to the i of the pileus, which is at flrsl Incurved and uever bat (Compactae t . la i Flesb white, unchangeable. iio Gills subdistant; plant entirely whitish; pileus 8-16 en 99 /.'. delica Fr. (bb) Gills close. (c) Pileus whitish then sooty-gray, 5-7 cm. broad. 102. /.' Fr. (cc) Pileus net becoming sooty in age. id) Odor strong, alkaline; pileus large, 10-80 cm. broad, whit; then pale rusty-ochraceus. /.'. , i'k (dd) Odor none; pileus 1-8 cm. broad, whit! var. brevipes I'k i.ia) Flesh changing t<> reddish or blackish in i in Flesh at length incarnat or rusty-reddish; odor when drying. 104. !'■■■ (bb) Flesh at length blackish. i c) Gills subdistanl I u Mack. 100. /.'. nig 122 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN (cc) Gills close or crowded. (d) Gills etc. becoming reddish then black; gills crowded. 101. R. densifolia Seer, (dd) Gills etc. becoming bluish-black, not at first red; pileus dry. 103. R. sorclida Pk. (AA) Gills mostly equal, sometimes with shorter ones scattered pro- miscuously, (a) Gills dichotomously forked throughout; pileus dull pink to pur- plish when young, later olivaceous, or greenish-umber. 116. R. variata Bann. (aa) Gills forked only at the base, or forking not extensive or lack- ing, (b) Spores white in mass. (R. acruginea, R. foetentula, R. rosacea, R. mariae and R. sub- punctata have creamy-white spores). (c) Pileus white. (d) Taste acrid. 133. R. albidula Pk. (dd) Taste mild. (e) Pileus viscid, sometimes tinged yellowish; remaining white when dried. 139. R. albida Pk. (ee) Pileus dry, sometimes tinged pink. 133. R. albella Pk. (cc) Pileus some shade of green or dingy greenish-white. [See also (ccc)]. (d) Pileus with a continuous separable pellicle; taste mild. 120. R. aeruginea Lindb. (dd) Pellicle adnate, becoming pulverulent or areolate-cracked ; gills close, (e) Pileus dry, dark green when young, substriate on margin. 105. R. virescens Fr. (ee) Pileus viscid, glabrous on disk, mouldy-white to pale greenish-white, striate on margin. 106. R. crustosa Pk. (ccc) Pileus some shade of red, pink, purple or bluish. [See also (cccc)]. (d) Taste mild, (e) Gills floccose-crenulate on edge; pileus viscid, shining blood-red; stem tinged red. 141. R. purpurina Q. & S. (ee) Edge of gills not crenulate. (f) Pileus firm and hard, or compact; pellicle adnate or disappearing in places, (g) Pileus pruinose-velvety, dark red, or purple-red; stem rosy or dark red; gills at length dingy cream-color. 119. R. mariae Pk. (gg) Pileus not markedly pruinose. (h) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad. (i) Pileus pale bluish-purple, at length rosy to white on disk, viscid, stem white. 117. R. cyanoxantha Fr. var. (ii) Pileus pale red, soon dry, unpolished; stem rosy- tinged or white; taste rarely slightly acrid. 108. R. lepida Fr. (hh) Pileus 3-6 cm. broad, (i) Pileus dull lilac-purplish. R. lilacea Quel, (ii) Pileus incarnate to pale livid pink. 114. R. vesca Fr. (ft - ) Pileus rather thin, fragile or subfragile. (g) Pileus usually 2-4 cm. broad, clear pink; in oak woods. 142. R. uncialis Pk. (gg) Pileus 4-6 cm. broad, dark violet-purple or purplish- red, silky-shining, in conifer woods. 143. R. seri- ceoniteus Kauff. (ggg) Pileus 6-12 cm. broad, bright rose-red with yellowish spots; stem white. 140. R. subdepallens Pk. (dd) Taste very acrid. CLASSIFICATION OF A.GARK (e) Plleus 2-6 cm. broad. (f) Spore-mass pure white; Btem white, fragile. (g) Plleus uniform rosy-red; gills close to sabdlatant /.". fragilia Fr. (gg) Plleus rosy-red on margin, dish oliva< us or ; places. 132. /.'. fallax Cke. plish and livid; Kills Buhdistant; usually in n. myi Spore-mass creamy white; stem white or re (g) Pileus rigid, noi striate, sunn dry; cuticle b unpolished, red. 115. B. subpunctata sp. nov, (gg) Pileus subfragile; pellicle separable and striate margin, viscid, Bhining rosy-red. 134. /.". Fr. /.'. semguim a Fr. (ee) Pileus "'-I 1 * cm. broad, rarely larger. (f) Rigid. Plleus dark red, not Fading, cuticle adnal on margin, lis. B. atropurpurea Rfaire. (IT) Fragile; pileus rose-red rlet. (g) Taste tardily acrid. L30. /«'. rugul08Q I'k. (gg) Taste quickly acrid. (h) On sphagnum; in troops. 129. /.*. emetica gregaria. (hh) On debris of very rotten wood and on the ground. 129. R. emetica Fr. (cccc) Pileus some shade of brown, yellowish, etc. (d) Odor aromatic, becoming foetid; pileus very striate, (c) Pileus 7-12 cm. broad, sordid yellowish-whitish. 111. B. foetens Fr. (cc) Pileus 3-7 cm. broad, pale livid ochraceous; base of stem with rusty-red stains. 110. R. foctentula Pk. (dd) Odor not aromatic. (e) Pileus 6-12 cm. broad, straw-color to ochraceous-reddish, rigid, not striate. 107. R. ochraleucoides sp. nov. (ee) Pileus 3-6 cm. broad. (f) Taste acrid; pileus grayish-brown, substriate. 113. R. sororia Ft. (ff) Taste mild. (g) Pileus yellow or yellowish, at least when young, not ashy under the cuticle, (h) Pileus 5-8 cm. broad, scarcely striate in age, chrome yellow; stem yellow. R. fiavida Frost. (hh) Pileus 3-5 cm. broad, very tuberculate-striate in age, at first sulphur-yellow then dingy yell o v. brown. 109. R. Pulverulenta Pk. (gg) Plleus pal'' yellowish-brown, ashy under the CUti strongly striate. 112. B. pectinatoide* Pk. (bb) Spores and gills some shade of ochrac llowish or creamy- yellowish (spore-print necessary). (C) Stem whitish, changing to OChraceoUS-brown where bruised or handled; odor disagreeable in age; color of pileus purplish- red, olivaceous, yellowish, etc.. very variable, colors mixed 121. R. xerampelina Fr. 122. R. squalida Pk. (cc) Stem not with this peculiarity. (d) Pileus some shade of red. (e) Taste acrid ; fragile. (f) Pi, ddish-buff to purplish; Bpon ; in swamps. 137. /.'. palustrU i'k. i D i Pileus rosy-red I let. i Gills straw yellowish to pale ochrai of plleus even, rather firm. 135. B. Fr. (gg) Gil: ochraceous-yellow ; margin of plleus stria gills and plleus tragi (ee) Taste mild. 124 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN (f) Stem at length ashy or blackish where bruised. (g) Wound at first reddish then black; pileus dull red, variegated with yellow etc., firm. 126. R. rubescens Beards, (gg) Wound not at first reddish. (h) In coniferous regions; stem stout. (i) Pileus 5-12 cm. broad, orange-red. 123. R. de- colorans Fr. (ii) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad, crimson-red. 123. R. de- coJorans var. rubriceps Kauff. (hh) In frondose regions; stem not very stout; pileus dark red to blackish on disk. 125. R. obscura Rom. (ff) Stem not becoming ashy. (g) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad or more. (h) Plants usually solitary or scattered, (i) Pileus firm, large, dingy or dull red to purplish, often faded; gills ochraceous from the first. 128. R. alutacea Fr. (ii) Pileus and stem very fragile; colors of pileus mixed varying pink, incarnate, yellowish; spores bright yellow. 145. R. amygdaloides sp. nov. (iii) Pileus firm, blood-red. 127. R. borealis Kauff. (hh) Closely gregarious, sometimes in troops; fragile. (i) Pileus dull and variable in color, not bright red; gills white at first, then creamy-yellowish to pale ochraceous. 144. R. Integra Fr. and forms, (ii) Pileus dark violet-purple to dark red; rather firm; spores ochraceous-buff. R. ochrophylla Pk. (gg) Pileus 2-5 cm. broad or less. • (h) Spores pale yellow or cream color, (i) Pileus umbonate, very fragile; on sphagnum. 148. R. sphagnopMla Kauff. (ii) Pileus not umbonate; stem and gills translucent, honey-yellowish in age; fragile. 147. R. puel- laris Fr. (hh) Spores truly ochraceous in mass. (i) Stem rosy-dusted; pileus rose-red, fragile. 146. R. roseipes (Sec.) Bres. (ii) Stem white; pileus pinkish red, lilac etc., fading to yellowish. 149. R. chamaeolentina Fr. 150. R. abietina. etc. (dd) Pileus some shade of yellow, (e) Flesh of stem cinereous when old. (f) Pileus orange-red, fading in age. 123. R. decolorans Fr. (ff) Pileus dull yellow (flavus), color not changing, scarcely viscid. 124. R. flava Rom. (ee) Flesh not becoming ashy. (f) Edge of gills vivid lemon-yellow. R. aurata Fr. (ff) Edge of gills concolor. (g) Taste mild; pileus 2-6 cm. broad, gills egg-yellow. 151. R. lutea Fr. (gg) Taste tardily acrid; pileus 5-10 cm. broad; gills pale yellow. 13S. R. aurantialutea Kauff. COMPACTAE Fr. Flesh thick, compact and firm. Pileus with- out a separable pellicle, its margin non-striate and at first involute. With entire and short gills alternating regularly. Spores white in mass. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS l." - This group is closely related to the Piperitea division of the genus Lactarius. Some of the species, <•. g. /,'. delica, are \«-r\ Bimilar to L. vellerius, L. deceptivus, etc., when the latter are dried out bj the wind or dry weather and then lack the milk} juice The Compactae are a very Datura] group, easily distinguishable. 99. Russula delica Fr. (Edible Epicrisis, 1836-38. [llustrations : Cooke, 111.. PL L068. Gillet, Champignons de Prance, No. ii<»7. Bresadola, Fung. Trid., Vol. 2, PI. 201. [bid, Fung. mang. e. vel., PI. 68. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. L5, Fig. 1. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. :>14. Peck, X. V. siaic Mus. Rep. 54, PI. 71. Fig. l :. (as /.'. brrriiH.s Pk.i. [bid, N. Y. state Mus. Rep. 13, PI. 2, Fig. 5-8 (as A', brevipes Pk.). PILEUS 8-15 apparently an ecological variety conditioned by dry weather and hard soil. It Is uncommon. 126 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN The typical R. delica is usually a large plant, simulating Lac- tarius vellerius in size, color, etc. Fries in the Epicrisis says the cap is "shining." This error was omitted in his Monographia but copied again in Hymenenomycetes Europaei. The error has since been repeated by other authors, including Cooke on his plate in the Illustrations. The Michigan plants are exactly like those grow- ing in Sweden, where in some of the specimens the edge of the gills and the apex of the stem were tinged green, as is the case in ours, especially in the plants of the northern part of the state. R. lactea Fr. is said to have very broad, distant, free gills and milk-white cap and stem. I have not seen any plants with the glaucous green gills of R. chloroides Bres. 100. Russula nigricans Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PL 1015. Grillet, Champignons de France, No. 625. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. Ill, No. 75. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 15, Fig. 2. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 51, PL 71, Fig. 6-9. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 116, p. 181, 1908. PILEUS 7-15 cm. broad, subrigid, convex then depressed to sub- infundibuliform, margin at first incurved then spreading and ele- vated, often irregularly wavy, at first whitish and clouded with umber, soon smoky- umber, subviscid at first, glabrous, even on mar- gin. FLESH compact, white, clumgmg to reddish where bruised, then blackish. GILLS narrowed or rounded behind, adnexed, thick and firm, subdistOMt to distant, sometimes intervenose, short and long alternating, white becoming grayish, reddish at first when bruised. STEM 2-6 cm. long, 1-3* cm. thick, solid, hard, stout, glab- rous, even or lacunose-depressed in places, white at first, at length smoky -umber, reddish then blackish where bruised. SPORES sub- globose, 8-10 micr., echinulate, whitish in mass. TASTE mild, some- times tardily but slightly acrid. ODOR none. Gregarious or solitary. On the ground in coniferous or fron- dose woods. Throughout the state, rarely in the southern part, more plentiful in the north. July-September. This Russula usually persists in ordinary weather without decay- ing and is then frequently inhabitated by another mushroom, CLASSIFICATION OF A.GARU !_•; Nyctalis asterophora, as shown in the illustration. It i- Qsual] rather large, firm plant, distinguished from the following by the subdistant, thick gills. The flesh of all parts when bruised turns first reddish tlit'ii blackish, bul the red stain may aol appear in old plants; this is to be expected because of the drying up of the scanty juice which is supposed to cause this phenomenon where it is exposed to the air. Peck, Mcllvaine and others have eaten it and consider it fairly good. 101. Russula densifolia Seer. (Edibli Mycographie I. L833. Illustrationfl : Cooke. 111., PL 1017. Gillet, Champignons de Prance, Ni>. 608. Patouillard, Tab. Aualyt., No. 319. Hard. Mushrooms, Fi.us. l r>7 and l r>. L908. Kaufifman, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11. Pig. 1. op. p. 90, L909. PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, somewhat firm, convex then depressed in subinfundibuliform, margin a1 firsl incurved then elevated, dull whitish at first, soon clouded with pale smoky-brown, withoul a pellicle, usually subviscid, oven, pruinose when dry. FLESH com- pact, thick, grayish-white, pale smoky in age, changing to reddish when bruised, then blackish. GILLS uarrowly adnate to Bubdecur- • rent, rather narrow, thick, crowded then close, alternately long and short, few forked, subvenose, whitish sunn dingy grayish, red- dish -when bruised then black. STEM .">-i; cm. long, L.5-2.5 cm. thick. stout, equal or tapering downward, rigid, spongj -"lid, whitish then cinereous, -non dark ashy within, turning reddish Unit blackish where bruised, obscurely wrinkled, glabrous or subpruinose. SPORES globose, coarsely reticulate, 7-9x6-8 micr., white in mass. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills, hyaline, slender, flexuous, acuminate, 60x3-4 micr., abundant. TASTE slowly acrid in fn plant. ODOR none. Gregarious, subcaespitose or solitary. <>n the ground in fron« d'pvr woods among fallen Leaves. Ann Arbor, Detroit, Palmyra. July-September. Usually rare, bu1 abundanl in August, 1912, in n;d< woods at Ann Arbor. As pointed nut by Trek, the American plant is Blightly subvi» ..a the rap but this character is easily overlooked. The visci< is slight, even after rains. Ii comes nearesl t<> B. " ,; 128 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN natural coloring and gills, but differs in the change which the flesh undergoes when bruised. Authors consider R. adusta to have a mild taste and if this is true our plant differs also in this respect. The gills are usually markedly crowded and narrow, while those of R. nigricans are broad and subdistani The latter is more common in coniferous regions, while R. densifolia has so far been found in Michigan only in frondose woods. Maire (Bull. Soe. Myc. France, 26, p. 87) states that R. densifolia lacks the hair-like sterile cells on the e>r bluish-black when bruised, without first turning reddish. GILLS adnate i" -ni»- decurrent, rather narrow, close, long and shori alternating, white becoming blackish in I><)R none Gregarious or solitary. <>u the ground in the hemlock regions of the north, rarely in southern Michigan. July-August. Infrequent. This differs from the European /.'. albonigra (Kromb.) in its dry pileus. A species lias been named by reck with viscid cap, viz.. /,'. sub sordida) this is probably identical with /.'. albonigra. our plant lias n dry pileus and differs from /«'. ui>• rusty-ochraceous either wholly in Bpots. FLESH thick, compact, rather brittle, white, chang to reddish in age or when wounded. GILLS narrowly adi rather narrow, alternately shori and long, sometimes much forked toward base, sometimes few forked, white al first, then si 17 130 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN sordid reddish or reddish-brown. STEM 3-0 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. thick, stout, spongy-stuffed, rather brittle, equal or tapering down, uneven, white at first becoming reddish or reddish-brown in age or from handling. SPORES subglobose, echinulate, with large oil- globule, 8-10x7-8 inicr., white in mass. TASTE mild or slightly and tardily acrid. ODOR becoming disagreeable in age or on drying, like that of R. squalida Pk. Gregarious. On the ground in beech and maple woods. New Richmond. August-September. Rare. This is a very distinct species. The whole plant becomes diffused with the rusty-reddish color which is at first pale incarnate, but be- comes more marked as the plant ages. The stem has the consistency of that of Boletus castaneus or B. cyancscens but the interior be- comes cavernous less readily than in those plants. The scanty juice which causes the color change has the same relation to the flesh as that which causes the reddish and then blackish color in R. nigricans. The disagreeable odor of the drying plant is quite marked, and is an aid to its identification. It is probably quite rare; it was found only a few times in New York by Peck but has been reported by Van Hook from Indiana. R. mewrnata Morgan (Oinn. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1883) is probably identical. The edges of the gills are pro- vided with microscopic, subcylindrical. sterile cells. In age the plant becomes quite fragile. Peck's figure is not at all illustrative of the .colors. RIGIDAE. Flesh compact, rather thick. Pileus rigid, provided with an adnate cuticle which often cracks or disappears in parts df the surface, especially on disk, mostly separable only at the margin. Gills usually somewhat forked, and with shorter ones intermingled. The subgenus differs from the Compactae in that the gills do not alternate regularly as long and short and by the presence of an adnate pellicle; it differs from the Subridgidae and Fragiles, by the more rigid substance of the pileus, the adnate pellicle, the presence of short gills and usually by the forking of some of the gills especially at or near the stem. Most of the species are mild or very slightly acrid. Section I. Margin of pileus obtuse, cuticle soon dry, at length pulverulent, granular or rimosely-cracked in places. Gills broader anteriorly. CLASSIFICATION OF AGAR* l.;l 105. Russula virescens Fr. (Edible Epicrisis, L836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, III.. PI. L039. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 639. Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. vel., PI. 69. Michael, Fiihrer r. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II. No. 62. Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 36, Fig. I. L900. Marshall, Mushroom Book, PL I s . p. 69 (poor). Gibson, Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, PL LI, p. 126, L903. Peck, X. Y. State Mus. Rep. 18, PL 31, L896. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 150, p. L89, L908. Mcllvaine, Amer. Fungi., PL ll. Fig. »;. p. L84, L900. I'l LFA'S .">-1l' cm. broad, at the \i'v\ firs1 globose, soon convex and expanded, often s ewhal depressed <»n disk, firm, dry, as if velvety, the sin-race (especially the disk) broken into many floccdse or pul- verulenl areas or patches, green or grayish green, the margin not striate <»r rarely so. cuticle scarcely distinguish ab] • separable. FLESH white. GILLS white, rather close, narrowed toward the stem, almost or entirely Tree, few shorter or forked. STEM 3 7 cm. long, ]-- cm. thick, white, firm, equal or subequal, solid or spoi SPORES white, subglobose, 6-8 micr. OYSTIDIA uone. No differ eiiiiaii'd subhymenium. TASTE mild. ODOB none. <>;ik and maple or mixed woods, probably throughoul the state. Occasional, duly and August. Under this aame was included in this country, for o time, a more common form with viscid striate cap which bas been segregated by Peck under the name <<\' /.'. crustosa. The two seem to run into each oilier ai limes. Imi Trek distinguishes the pileus of /,'. crustosa "by iis smooth, not warty center, its paler color and usually striate margin." Tin- latter is also distinctly viscid when young hut iliis depends considers l >ly on the weather conditions. /.'. virescens mighl he confused with green specimens of /■'. variata whose surface is sometimes areolate, hut the gills "t /.'. vi are qo1 as pure white, are qo1 decurrenl not- much forked, and the taste ia mild. Microchemical te-is: <;. (Flesh and gills -lowly brighl bliu F s. i No effect.) S v. i No effect) 132 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 106. Russula crustosa Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 39, 1886. Illustration : N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 67, PI. 84, Fig. 1-7, 1903. PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, firm, convex then expanded and de- pressed in the center, surface cracked except on disk, the areas crustlike, sordid cream-color, dirty brownish or ochraceous, usually tinged with olive or green, viscid when young or moist, especially on the disk, striate on margin when mature. FLESH white. GILLS dull white, becoming somewhat dingy cream color in age, rather broad in front, narrowed toward the stem, adnexed or free, thick, distinct, not crowded, rather brittle, few forked, few short. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. thick, short, stout, spongy-stuffed, subequal or ventricose, white. SPOKES white, subglobose, 8-10 inicr. CYS- TIDIA rather numerous, extending clear through the subhymenium. Subhymemum sharply separated from gill-trama. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Scattered or gregarious. Oak and maple woods in southern Michigan. July to September. Common. This is near R. virescens and is apparently much more common. It seems to be still referred to R. virescens bv some authors, al- though in that case the Friesian description will have to be modi- fied to include it. Michochemical tests: G. (Flesh and gills become deep blue.) S V. (Gills and flesh very slowly tinged blue.) F S. (Cystidia colored brown.) 107. Russula ochraleucoides sp. nov. Illustration : Plate XV of this Report. PILEUS 6-12 cm. broad, large, rigid, convex, soon expanded- plane. varying straw-yellow to pale ochraceous, usually dull ochre to reddish-ochre toward center, pellicle adnate, soon dry, and pul- verulent or subrimose, even on the obtuse margin. FLESH thick, compact, white, unchanging or slightly sordid in age. GILLS ad- nexed or free, rather narrow, rounded and slightly broader in front, white or whitish, close to subdistant, shorter ones intermingled, often forked in posterior part, intervenose. STEM 4-6 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick, short, rigid, equal or tapering slightly downward, white, glabrous or subpruinose, spongy-solid, even or obscurely CLASSIFICATION OP AOARH wrinkled. SPORES globose, \«-i'.\ minutely rough, 7 :i tnicr. (incl. apiculus), white in mass. OYSTIDIA very few. BASIDIA aboul 40x!i m iff. TASTE tardily and slightly bitterish-acrid or di ably bitter. ODOB faintly aromatic or none Gregarious. <>n the ground in open oak-maple woods. Ann Arbor. August. Rare. Related to R. virescens by its rigidity and the aature of the Bur- i'iiir of the pileus. The surface is pulverulent, Bomewhai rimose in age, sofl to the touch and under the microscope is Been to in- com- posed of slender, hyaline, erecl cystidia-like hairs. A Bubhymen- inin is lacking. Ii lias a Bhort, Btoul stem and relatively much broader cap. It differs from R. ochraleuca in size and in the thick flesh of the cap, in thai the flesh of tin- stem does aol become ashv when bruised, as well as in the i»iticr taste and the anpolished pileus. R. granulosa Cke. is said to have a granular stem and pileus, ami many cystidia in the hymenium according to Biassee. h is far from belonging to the Fragiles where Fries placed A', ochraleuca. /.'. ijninnliita l'k. is said to be tubercular-striate on the margin of the cap and is smaller. The gills are often abundantly forked toward the stem. 108. Russula lepida l'r. (mm Bres.) (Edible) Epicrisis, 1S3G-3S. Illustrations: Pries, Sverig. Swamp.. PI. 59, form minor. Cooke. 111.. PI. 1(171'. Gillet, Champignons de Prance, No. 620. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. Hi. Fig. 4. Hard. Mushrooms. Fig. II!). PI. L88, L908. (DoubtfuL) Gibson. Edible Toadstools, etc.. PI. L2, p. 131, 1903. (Doubt- ful.) Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 36, Pig. 3, p. 126, L900. (Doubtful.) PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, rigid, convex, then expanded depressed, cuticle adnate and disappearing on disk, unpolished, *"<>>i dry, i red to pale blood-red, fading, r irregularly enlarged, fragile, surface at iln- verj firsl covered bj a sulphur-yellow put yerulence, at length ihn lawns, roadsides, «>r in frondose woods among grass, etc. July-September. Southern Michigan. Sol infrequent during a few seasons. This Bussula is closely allied t" the preceding section, Its de- velopment lias been carefully studied. When the caps are I nun.. or less broad the margin is definitely subinrolled. The texture of the trama is then very firm ami tough and the entire Biirface of both cap and stem is covered, as seen under the microscope, by a differentiated thin layer composed of short, dense, erecl yellow hairs or hyphae. These tryphae are continuous at first with the trama but become separated in masses as the pileus ami stem en large, adhering at length to the surface of the mature pileus and >-!rni as delicate, appressed, pulverulent-flocculose, sulphur-yellow granules. The hymenium contains very numerous cystidia with a dark-brown, granular content, which project into the subhymeninm ami often connect with similarly colored hyphae which intermingle with the gill- trama. (Lactiferes.) The young cystidia project above the basidia but later are even with them. These brownish cystidia give a brown-dotted appearance to the sides of the gills as seen under low power of the microscope. Microchemical tests: <;. (Flesh and gills become rapidly light blue, then dark blue.) S V. (Gills first turn reddish then slowly blue; flesh scarcely affected.) F S. (Cystidia colored brown.) This species is easily confused in the old, discolored stage with R. pectinatoides and /.'. foetentula, since both have a livid yellowish brown cap at times when mature, well marked tuberculate stria th>ns. and are about the same size. They lack, however, the peculiar yellow granules of R. pulverult nta. | For further remarks -• e Mich. Acad. Rep. 1 1, p. 77. 1909.) 136 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 110. Russula foetentula Pk. N. Y. Stale Mus. Bull. 116, 1907. PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, soon fragile, at first subheuiispherical then convex to plane and depressed, viscid, livid-ochraceous, russet- tinged, disk darker and innately granular, long tuberculate-striate. Margin at first incurved. FLESH thin, whitish. GILLS aduexed or nearly free, close, rather narrow, broader in front, thin, whitish, often spotted or stained reddish. STEM 2.5-5 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, subequal, somewhat firm, spongy-stuffed, soon cavernous, whitish or sordid-white, stained at the very base by cinnabar-red stains. SPORES 7-9 x 6-7 micr., echinulate, creamy-white in mass. CYSTIDIA moderately abundant. BASIDIA 40-45x9 micr., 4-spored; subhymenium scarcely differentiated. OROR none or somewhat like oil of bitter almonds, varying in intensity. TASTE very slightly acrid. Scattered or gregarious. On the ground in frondose woods. Ann Arbor. Abundant in 1911. This species has characters intermediate between R. foetens and R. pectinatoides and is most easily distinguished from both by the reddish stains at the base of the stem ; this character was very con- stant in many individuals during a single season. The odor varies much iu intensity and is often lacking. The pileus is sometimes tinged with reddish-yellow but most of our plants had a decided russet color at maturity. Micro-chemical tests as in R. pulverulenta. 111. Russula foetens Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Fries, Svamp. Sverig., PL 40. Cooke, 111., PI. 1046. Gillet, Champignons de France, Xo. 612. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 45. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 19, Fig. 4. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 147, p. 185, 1908.. Plate XVII of this Report. PILEUS 7-12 cm. broad, fleshy, hard then fragile, subglobose then expanded and depressed, viscid when moist, thin margin at first incurved, tiiberculate-sulcate when expanded, yellowish or dingy ochraceous, pellicle adnate. FLESH thin, rigid but fragile, dingy CLASSIFICATION- OF AGARICS 1 .7 while. (IILLS while, ;ii first exuding drops "i water, sordid when old or bruised, rather close, adnexed, few Forked, Interspace! rei shorter ones present. STEM I 6 cm. Long, I 2.5 cm. thick, whitish, short, stout, stuffed then cavernous. SPORES white in mass, sub- erlobose, 7.5-1U inier. CYSTIDIA numerous; Bubhymenium narrow. not sharply differentiated. TASTE acrid. ODOR strongly amygdaline, becoming foetid. Gregarious, in mixed woods in the north; in oak, maple, etc., in southern Michigan. July, August and September. The odor of the fresh young plant is like oil of bitter almonds or cherry bark; when old or decaying ii becomes quite disagreeable. The margin of the young pileus is strongly incurved. No1 edible. Micro-chemical tests: r umber-brown. FLESH white, thin, becom- ing fragile, slightly ashy under the cuticle, not changing. GILLS whitish, (dose to sul (distant, thin, distinct, equal, moderately broad, broadest in front, narrowed behind, often stained or broken halfway from stem, some forked ;K base. STEM 2-5 cm. long, .5 to 1 cm. thick, white or dingy, subequal, glabrous, spongy-stuffed then hoh Join, even. SPORES whitish or creamy-while in mass. SUbglobose, 6-8 micr. diam. TASTE mild or slightly and tardily acrid. ODOK not noticeable. Gregarious. Grassy places, lawn-, groves and w Is. Through- out the state. July and August. Cooke's illustrations of R. pectinata and /.'. consobrina var. SOroria remind one very much of this plant. Pech points, out thai it differs from these by its mild taste, adnate gills and grayish color under the cuiide. It is also ch.se to B. foetentula, wh sometimes lacks the odor. /,'. subfoetens Smith as known to Romell, also reminded me of this specie-. The color of /.'. pectina 138 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN long striations aud the medium size are the-best recognition marks iu the field. It differs, of course, from R. foetens by lack of a strong odor. Whether the margin is at first incurved is nowhere noted. 113. Russula sororia Fr. Epicrisis, 1S3G-3S (as subspecies of R. consobrina). Illustration: Cooke, 111., PL 1057. PILEUS 3-6 cm. broad, rather firm, convex then subexpanded, viscid when moist, margin substiiate when mature, pellicle some- what separable along margin, gray, olivaceous-brown or grayish- brown. FLESH white, unchanged. OILLS narrow, subdistant, dis- tinct, white for a time, then discolored, adnate, shorter ones inter- mingled, rarely forked, interspaces venose. STEM 2.5-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, white, not becoming cinereous, short, spongy-stuffed. SPORES v?Mte. TASTE acrid, ODOR none. Solitary. Woods in southern Michigan. August and September. Rare. This species used to be placed under R. consobrina. 114. Russula vesca Fr.-Bres. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1075. Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. vel., PL 72. Ibid, Fung. Trid., PL 128 (as R. lilacea var. carnicolor). Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 41 b. PILEUS 3-6 cm. broad, fleshy, firm, convex then expanded and de- pressed in the center, viscid, soon dry, more or less rugulose or wrinkled, reddish, pale livid-pink, or sordid flesh-red, becoming- paler, cuticle thin and disappearing, not quite reaching the edge of the pileus so that a narrow white exposed margin results, margin even and spreading. FLESH white. GILLS white, thin, at length stained lurid-brownish or rusty, close, moderately narrow, adnate, forked or anastomosing at base. STEM white, obscurely rivulose, hard and compact, subequal, solid, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, 1.5 cm. thick, often discolored by yellowish-rusty stains. SPORES white in mass, subglobose, minutely echinulate, 7-8 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Rare. Only a few doubtful collections have been made in southern CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS Michigan. The above description is taken from mj notes of the Swedish plant as known to Komell, and agree mostly with thai of Bresadola. Most modern mycologists consider thi/ FViesian "rugulose-reticulate" character of the stem as too uncertain to be practicable. The importan1 characters are: the hard consistei the wrinkled or veined rarely "cutefracta" surface of the cap, the cuticle in it reaching to the margin of the c;i|>, and the gills die colored in spots. The cuticle apparently ceasi - to gro\i so thai the surface of the expanding pileus may become somewhal areola te cracked and the margin uaked. 115. Russula subpunctata sp. nov. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, rigid, convex then expanded plane to i pressed, cuticle adnate and scarcely separable on margin, Bubviscid, soon dry, pah dullred to rosy-red, of ten white-spotted where cuticle disappears, minutely rivulose or subgranular, margin even, acute. FLESH compact, firm, rather thick on disk, abruptly thin on margin. GILLS adnate to subdecurrent, thin, slightly attenuate at both ends, not broad, (dose to subdistant, whitish then pah cream-colo red, few short or forked at base, pruinose, interveni STEM 2-4 cm. long, HO nun. thick, subequal or tapering down, spongy-stuffed, becoming cavernous, while or rosy-tinged, unchang- ing, attached a1 times to roots and forming mycorhiza. SPORES subglobose, rough-reticulate, 9-11x7-9 micr. (incl. apiculus), creamy- white in muss. CYSTIDIA abundant, subcylindrical, rough, with dark brown granular content. 90-110x8-12 micr. BASIDLA about 65x9 micr. Subhymeniwm markedly differentiated. TASTE quickly anil very aaid. < >I>< )\l none. Gregarious. <)n the ground in frondose woods. Ann Arbor. July-August. Enfrequent. Tlie appearance <»r this Russula is well shown in Patouillard'a figure of /.'. punctata Gill. (Tab. Analyt., No. 621) with which it agrees except in its very acrid taste. The gills of our plants have only rarely a red edge. The spore prinl is cream colored or al si lighl yellowish. Dr. McDougal found one group of specimens fom mycorhiza <>n roots of Tilia americana. Micro-chemical tests: <;. (Flesh slowly lighl blue; gills affected.) S. V. (Flesh and gills quickly deep blue. I' > I dia colored brown, i 140 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 116. Russula variata Banning — Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 105, 1906. Illustrations : Ibid, PI. 101, Fig. 1-5. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 151, p. 194, 1908 (as R. furcata). PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, fleshy, firm, convex then depressed to subinfundibuliforin, viscid, not striate, purplish or deep rose pink when young, later variegated with olive or dark umber or sometimes greenish with only a trace of purple, opaque and reticulate-wrinkled under lens, the thin pellicle slightly separable on the thin margin, with a subsilky or dull luster when dry. FLESH white, firm, cheesy, tinged grayish under pellicle. GILLS shining and persist- ently white, adnato-decurrent, thin, rather crowded, narrowed at both ends, not broad, subdichotomoiisly forked, interspaces venose. STEM 4-7 cm. long, 1-3 cm. thick, white, firm, solid, equal or sub- equal, sometimes tapering downward, even. SPORES white in mass, subglobose, 7-10 inicr. TASTE mild to tardily acrid or slightly astringent. CYSTIDIA very few and short. Subhymen- iitm not clearly differentiated. ODOR none. Gregarious. Under conifers at Marquette, in deciduous woods about Ann Arbor. July, August and September. Frequent. Superficially nearest to the descriptions of R. furcata Fr. and R. virescens Fr. The former species is rare in Europe, and most authors have consigned it to oblivion or consider it a variety of R. cyanoxantha. The plants which used to be referred to R. furcata in this country, have found a more appropriate resting place in R. variata. The figures of R. cutefracta Cke. (Cooke, 111., PL 1024 and 1040) show the color of the young and old plants much better than do Peck's figures, and if Cooke's species had pure white spores and white and dichotomously forked gills, they could be considered identical; however, these points are not clear. Peltereaux thinks R. cutefracta Cke. occurs in France and has ochraceous spores and that the cracked margin of the cap is a weather effect; this then could not be our species with white spores. When one finds single old plants with much green, it is quite difficult to distinguish them from R. virescens; they are to be separated by their dichotomously forked gills which are slightly decurrent and more persistently white, and by the slight acridity. The cuticle is sometimes cracked toward the margin as in R. virescens, but its margin is at first incurved while in R. virescens it is straight on the stem. Peck says CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 111 it has a good flavor after cooking, which destroys the Blight acrid taste. Micro-chemical tests: 77. t Doubtful. I Bresadola, Fungh. Mang. e. vel., PI. 71. (Doubtful.) PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, rigid, convex then expanded and • pres>rd in the center or subinfundibuliform, dark bluish-purpU lilac <>n margin, disk dingy whiU tiin/<i- streaked. FLESH white, com- pact, purplish in- lilac under cuticle. GILLS white, ;i few forked toward base, few shorter, moderately broad, not very distant, oar- rowed behind, intervenose. STEM 6-9 cm. long, 1-- cm. thick, white, sni>e<|ual, spongy-stuffed, cortex hard, sometimes cavernous and compressed, glabrous, even or obscurely wrinkled. SPORES white in mass. TASTE mild. ODOK none. Scattered or gregarious. Maple and birch, or mixed w Is of northern Michigan, oak and maple woods of the southern part Jnly-Angnst. Not infrequent. The above description applies to a definite form which occurs m Michigan and is quite constant. It does mn agree with the >pe. :ies understood by Komell, Ma ire and IVltereanx in Europe, whose typ- ical plant has creamy-white uills and spores. Our species ap- proaches R. azitrca Bres. in color, bu1 thai plant is rather fra( and is related to the /.'. emetioa group. Michael's figures show the colors of the cap when young and uui yet decolorized on the disk. It is more frequent northward and may be distinct from the Euro- pean plant. 142 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN 118. Russula atropurpurea Maire (ex. Kromb. non Pk.) Bull. Sco. Myc. de France, Vol. 26, p. 167, 1910. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1025 and 1087 (as R. rubra). PILEUS 5-14 cm. broad, rigid, medium to large size, convex then plane, soon depressed, rather firm, viscid, pellicle adnate and scarcely separable on the margin only, scarlet to dark crimson when fresh and young, becoming darker to purplish when mature or on drying, pruinose, disk often darker, sometimes blackish-red to livid olivaceus-purple, sometimes yellow spotted, margin even or only slightly striatulate in age. FLESH dark red under the pellicle, white elsewhere, not changing to ashy. GILLS white, dingy in age, rather narrow, close behind, subdistant in front, adnexed, few short, interspaces venose. STEM 4.7 cm. long, 1-3 cm. thick, subequal, medium stout, white with a dull lustre, pruinose, even, spongy- stuffed, apex floecose-punctate. SPORES white in mass, oval, 8-10 inicr. diani., strongly echinulate, nucleate, apiculus long and stout. TASTE acrid. ODOR none. Gregarious or solitary. On the ground, on much decayed logs or debris, sometimes at base of white pine or beech trees, in pine- beech woods. New Richmond. Sept. Frequent locally. Distinguished among the "ruber" group by the mode of color change while maturing, the white gills, spores and stem, and the acrid taste. In wet weather the cap is viscid, on drying its surface is distinctly pruinose. Except for the colors of the pileus it agrees with R. ruber Fr. in the sense of Peck. The stem is rarely inclined to* ashy in age but not distinctly so. According to Maire' s concep- tion the species is quite variable and includes plants whose stem readily turns ashy. SUBRIGIDAE. Pileus subrigid, rather compact; cuticle soon dry, pruinose or pruinose-velvety; margin obtuse. Gills broader in front, equal. Spore-mass never pure white. This group approaches the preceding by its rather compact and thick pileus, and the following by its equal gills. The pellicle is soon dry and pruinose or pruinose-velvety by which character the species are best recognized. Several aberrant species are, however, included, e. g., R. xerampelina with intermixed short gills and R. mariae with margin of pileus at first incurved. CLASSIFICATION OP A.6ARII I (.; 119. Russula mariae l'k. (EDIBLE X. V. State .Mus. Rep. 24, 1872. Illustrations: x. Y. State Bins. Bull. 75, Pig. i 8, 1904. Plate XV] 1 1 of this Report. PILEUS 3-9 cm. broad, firm, subhemispherical a1 first, then broadly convex to plane and depressed, dry, Bubviscid when wet, pruinose-velvety, dark crimson, reddish-purple or maroon-purple, even, substriate only when old, margin at Aral incurved. FLESH thick, thinner toward margin, compact, becoming softer, white, sometimes reddish under pellicle, GILLS narrowly adnate or al mosi subdecurrent, rather narrow, of nearly uniform width, whitt then dingy cream-color, close to subdistant, equal, bifurcate al b STEM 3-9 cm. long, 8 15 mm. thick, subequal or tapering downward, firm then fragile, spongy-stuffed, pruinose, rosy-red to dull purplish- red, especially in the middle, rarely white except a1 ends, white within and unchanging. SPORES globose, tuberculate-crystallate, 7.8 micr., creamy-whitish in mass, scarcely yellowish-tinged. CYS- TIDIA rather abnndant, lanceolate, 90 95s 12 mkr. BASIDIA 36 12 x9 micr. Subhymenbum of small cells, not sharply limited. TASTE mild or rarely very slightly acrid. ODOE none. Gregarious. On the ground in frondose woods. Southern Michi- gan. July-August. Infrequent. I have examined the type specimens and submitted drawings, pho- tographs and specimens to Peck. Bis plants average smaller and his figures and descriptions are deceptive as to size as compared with most of the specimens round in Michigan. With as /.'. marie is near ly always larger and has much of the appearance of Cooke's figure of I,'. expalh us i in., pi. L029), bu1 thai species is said to have a reri acrid taste. The pileus varies scarlet-red, reddish-purple, maroon or dark purple. The caps of the purple forms have the appearance of those of R. (/hi h Hi, /,'. purpurea and /.'. drimei of Cooke's pla but all of tlioe have a very acrid taste. The rd form- agree quite well with Gillet's and Michael's figures of R. linnaei, but Romell, Maire, Bresadola and others consider /,'. linnaei as ;i doubtful species. The stems of R. maria are nearly always somewhat col ored. The pruinosity of the cap and stem is due to minute tufts purplish or reddish hairs as seen under the mi< roscope. The pi was named by Dr. Peck in honor of Ids wife Mary. The inter].! lion of tin's species in my previous paper (Mich. Acad. Rep. i ! ~n. 1909 i was an error. !44 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 120. Russula aeruginea Lindb. (non Fr.) (Edible) Svampbok, 1902. Illustrations: Ibid, Fig. 52. Cooke, 111., PL 1044 (as R. heterophylla Fr.). (Doubtful.) Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II (as R. livida Pers.). Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 16, Fig. 2 (as R. graminicolor Quel.). PILEUS 5-8 cm. broad, moderately firm, then fragile, convex to expanded, subdepressed, dull greenish, dark green to smoky-green, paler on margin, pellicle adnate, subviscid when moist, soon dry with a dull luster and subpulverulent to pruinose-velvety, slightly separ- able on margin, even or substriate in age. FLESH thick on disk, thin on margin, white, sometimes cinereous to greenish under pel- licle. GILLS narrowly adnate or almost free, close to subdistant, rather narrow, slightly broader in front, entire or very few short ones, distinct, white at first then pale creamy-white, becoming dingy in age, bifurcate at base, intervenose. STEM 4-5 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, subequal or tapering downward, glabrous, white, spongy- stuffed, firm, even. SPORES snbglobose, creamy-white, G-9 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Gregarious or solitary. On the ground in coniferous or mixed woods of the Northern Peninsula. Marquette, Sault Ste. Marie. July- September. Infrequent. This species is considered identical with R. graminicolor Quel, by the French mycologists. The "shining-white gills" (candidae) of the Friesian description is probably an error. R. heterophylla Fr. is now 7 limited by most writers to a plant with pure white gills and spores and is rare. R. olivascens Fr., reported (Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11, p. 76, 1909), has been omitted as it appears too close to this species ; the specimens referred to it had a more yellowish tint to the spore-mass. 121. Russula xerampelina Fr. (Suspected) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., 1041 (as R. olivacca). Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 628 (as R. olivacea). Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 18, Fig. 4 (as R. olivacea). PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, firm, convex then piano-depressed, dry or very slightly viscid in wet weather, pellicle hardly separable, CLASSIFICATION OF AGARIl not striate on margin, surface glabrous or Bubpruinose, purplish red to purplish-olive, disk olivaceous, variegated. FLESH compact, whitish then dingy. GILLS creamy-white to creamj yellowish, tl sordid, rather close, adnexed, moderately broad throughout, thi< ish, often forked, Bhorter ones usually intermingled, interspa venose. STEM white <>r rosy-tinged, soon dingj olivaceous-yellow- ish where bandied, 5-7 cm. long, L. 5-2.5 mi. thick, firm, subventri- cose or equal, spongy-stuffed, even or obscurely wrinkled, changing where bruised to dirty ochraceous-broion. SPORES creamy-yellow- ish, globose, echinulate, 9-10 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR d able with ii(/< or \\ hen drying. Scattered. Semlock and coniferous or mixed woods ol the Northern Peninsula. July and August. This has usually been referred to R. olivacea Fr. in this country. In Europe, R. olivacea is a very much debated species. Fries' de scription requires truly yellow gills (luteis), and with this char- acter it has seldom been found. Romell has never seen such ;i planl . in Sweden and unites /.'. olivacea and R. xeva r mixed woods o( oorthern Michigan, -luly. Augusl and September. Frequent. The large size, globose young pilens, orange-red color and the changing flesh easily distinguish it. /.'. depallens Pr. in which ih«- flesh turns ashy lias qo1 with certainty been found. Ii is said to have whitish .^ills. and the color oi the pilens is dirty red to lawn. /,'. decolorans appears to prefer the regions of the pine and fir, both in this counl ry and in Europe. Var. rubrici ps Kauiv. Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. L3, p. 215, L911. The shape of the young and old pileus of ihis variety is well represented in Cooke's figure of R. decolorans, Plate 1079. The color of the pilens is. however, ruber-red (Sacc. colors) and persist ent, changing only in age or on drying as a result of the cinerescenl flesh. The pellicle is ruinate, scarcely separable excepl on the mar gin, vanishing on the disk and sometimes ochraceus-spotted where the pellicle lias disappeared. It is firm and the margin is nol striate or very slightly so in age. These characters ally it to the Rigidae. it is slightly viscid. FLESH is firm, while, tinged ashy in age, becoming dark cinereous on the sU m where bruised. The taste is mild and when fresh was taken for R. lepida. SPORES creamy-white in mass. It is smaller. a1 leasl in our specimi than the type. On the ground in beech and white pine woods. New Richmond, Allegan County. September. Apparently rare. 124. Russula flava Romell (Edible Lonnegren^s Nordisk Svampbok, 1895. Illustration: Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11, p. 55, Pig. •"•. PILEUS 5-8 cm. broad, rather fragile, convex, then piano* depressed, even or slightly striate in age, dry in dry weather, some what viscid when moist, peUicle separable, dull yellow (flavus. Sacc), color hardly fading, bul sometimes ashy, discolored in age FLESH white becoming cinereous with age. GILLS white at first, becoming yellowish, broadest towards front, narrowly adnate distinct, becoming slowly gray in age. STEM chalk white a1 I 14S THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN the flesh becoming ashy, equal or subequal, spongy-stuffed, ob- scurely reticulate-rivulose, rather fragile, 6-8 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick. SPORES yellowish, globose, echinulate, 8-9 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Solitary or scattered. In coniferous or mixed woods of northern Michigan. July, August and September. Frequent. This mild, dull or pale yellow, rather large Russula, with flesh, gills and stem becoming ashy when old, is quite easily recognized. This is R. constans Karst. which name was pre-empted. It differs from R. ochraleuca Fr. in the mild taste and unpolished pileus, etc. Its habit is very similar to that of R. decolorans, but it rarely reaches the same size and differs constantly by its yellow cap. 125. Russula obscura Romell (Edible) PILEUS 4-7 cm. broad, rather pliant, convex then piano-de- pressed, dull, dark blood-red, pileus sometimes blackish on disk, thin, the pellicle continuous and separable, hardly viscid when moist, subpruinose when dry, even or slightly striate in age. FLESH whitish, becoming ashy. GILLS white at first, then dingy straw-color, moderately broad, narrowly adnate, close, mostly forked at base, equal, interspaces sometimes venose. STEM white, becoming ashy or blackish, rarely tinged red, subequal, 4-6 cm. long, 10-15 mm. thick, spongy-stuffed, rigid, soon soft, obscurely wrinkled. SPORES pale ochraceous in mass. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Gregarious or scattered, in low woods of southern Michigan. July and August. It is found frequently around Stockholm. The examples pointed out by Romell did not seem to possess such a blackish stem as some of ours. This species does not remind me of R. decolorans, being a more slender and smaller plant. It might be confused with R. nigrescent ipes Pk., but that species is said to have white spores. Romell (Hymen. Lapland, 1911) suggests that a better name for this plant is R. vinosa Lindb. since the latter name was used by Lindbladt in his Svampbok prior to the use of R. obscura. CLASSIFICATION OF A.GARU 126. Russula albescens Beards. (Edible Mycologia, Vol. 6, p. 91, L91 l. [llustrations : Beardslee, Mycologia, Vol. 6, PI. 121, Fig. I. Plate x IX of this Report. IMLEl'S 1-10 cm. broad, firm, tx ming fragile, convex-plane, dull-red, variegated with yellowish, ochraceous or olivaceous purplish hues. ;ii first darker, fading, pellicle adnate, dry, scarcely separable and substriate on the margin, subglabrons, margin acute and at first straight. FLESH whitish, staining slowly red then black where wounded, becoming cinereous from age. GILLS nar- rowly adnate, broader in front, close t<> subdistant, medium broad, equal, rarely forked, white at first then pair rrcamif-nclmirrmis, in tervenose. STEM o-7 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. thick, subequal or tapering down, spongy-stuffed, glabrous, even, while, becoming cinereous in age, changing slowly to red then blackish whore bruised. 8P( >RES globose, pale ochraceous, 7-10 micr. CYSTIDLA few and short. subhymemum not differentiated. TASTE mild. ODOB none. Gregarious or scattered. On the ground in frondose woods. Ann Arbor. July-August. Infrequent. Remarkable among the Subrigidae for the changes which the flesh assumes on bruising. It approaches 7?. nigrescentipes I'k.. bu1 that species is said to have a shining red cap and crowded white -ills. and the stem turns blackish; n<> mention is made of any red stains preceding the black and since the change is Blow it could scarcely be overlooked. Our species has appeared from season t<> season but never in abundance. It is a firm plant when fresh, be- coming fragile only in age. If is apparently also related to B. depallem Pr. but Maire says "nobody knows this, even in Sweden." //. obscura "Rom. has a velvety pruinose pileus whose color is rather uniform, and whose flesh is of a differenl consistency. Micro-chemical tests: G. (Gills and flesh turn bine., s V. (Gills and flesh turn bluish very slowly.) F S. (Cystidia colored brown). As this report was ready for the press there appeared in print the above name applied by Beardslee to a species from Asheville, "X. C. which seems identical with ours. 150 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 127. Russula borealis Kauff. (Edible) Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11, p. 69, 1909. PILEUS 5-9 cm. broad, firm and rather compact, convex then piano-depressed, outline broadly elliptical, often with a sinus on one side, blood-red, disk darker or color uniform and not fading, pellicle somewhat separable, hardly viscid, margin even or ob- scurely striate. FLESH white, red under the cuticle, not very thick." GILLS ochraceous, subdistant or moderately close, medium broad, broader in front, narrowly adnate, rather distinct, edge often reddish anteriorly, equal, a few forked toward base, interspaces venose STEM white and tinged red in places, firm, spongy-stuffed, thickened below, 5-7 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick. SPORES deep ochraceous-yellow in mass. TASTE mild, sometimes slightly and tardily acrid. ODOR none. Solitary. In mixed woods of hemlock, yellow birch and hard maple, in the Northern Peninsula. Huron Mountains, Marquette and Munising. August. Russula alutacea is usually larger, stouter, the cap dull or sordid red, and with broader gills. Russula ochrophylla occurs in oak woods, has "buff spores, dusted" on yellow gills, and has violaceous- purple or purple-red cap. Peck saw our plant but did not refer it to either species. This species and R. alutacea show the futility of using the striations on the margin of the cap as an important character to distinguish the main groups. A true pellicle is present in both and is often quite easily separated especially on the margin, and this with the character of the gills connects them very closely with the Fragiles. R. linnaei, which is not well known in Europe, looks like it according to Cooke's figures, but is said to have white gills and spores. 128. Russula alutacea Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 1096 and 1097. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 597. Berkley, Outlines, PI. 13, Fig. 8 (reduced in size). Bresadola, Fungh. mange, e. vel., PI. 76. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 513. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 65 (as Bus- sulina alutacea). CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 151 Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 36 3 Pig. 2, L900 (mncb reduced In size). Gibson, Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, PI. 12, Pigs. 2, I. <;. p. L31, L903 I much reduced in size I. I'lLI'l's 8 i ~» cm. brond, . firm, convex then depressed, with dull colors, dark reddish-purple, sordid red, sometimes mixed with other shinies, the reddish color predominating, with somewhat separable pellicle, glabrous, somewhal viscid in wet weather, soon dry, pritinosi • ftubgranulosr, in even or somi ort- striate in age. FLESH white, thick. <;!U,s orhra the beginning, deeper ochraceous to tan-colored when mature, rather broad, thick, subdistant, broader in front, rounded adnexed, <>r tqval length. STEM 7-10 cm. long, 3-4 cm. thick, very firm, stout, solid, tinged red or entirely white, subequal or ventricose, almosl even. SPORES ochraceous-yellow to alutaceous, Bubglobose, 9-11 inter. TASTE mild. ODOR none or pleasant. Usually solitary and rather late. Oak and maple woods of south- ern Michigan. Nol very common. August and September. As limited above, m> bright or shining red forms are admitted from our territory. This species and B. mtegra have been the re ceptacle for a good many reddish species with ochraceous gills, and even experienced mycologists cannol agree on their identification. I have kept this name for a large, solitary, often Late plain, with firm or hard consistency and dull, dark red and purplish cap, with truly ochraceous gills and spores. B. Integra has cream-colored or at least paler spores and is more fragile and often grows in troops. The descriptions <>\' this and !'. orhrophglla ran close together. Cooke's illustration of /.'. alutacea fits our plants well. FRAOILES, Pileus thin, fragile, the viscid pellicle continuous and quite separable, margin connivent, nol incurved when young, usually strongly striate. The gills are of equal length, broader anteriorly, aarrowed behind. Section I. Taste acrid. Spores white in mass. 129. Russula emetica Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Pries, Sverig. Svamp., PI. 21. Cooke, 111.. PI. ni".". <;illet. Champignons de Prance, No 610. 152 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. vel., PL 68. Marshall, Mushroom Book, PI. 17, p. 68, 1905 (reduced). Gibson, Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, PI. 13, p. 139, 1903 (reduced). Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 36, Fig. 4, 1900 (reduced). Mcllvaine, American Fungi, PL 41, Fig. 2, 1900. PILEF/S 5-10 cm. broad, fleshy, soon fragile, convex to piano-de- pressed, rosy to blood -red. sometimes faded to white, pellicle separable, margin strongly tuhrreular-striate or even sulcate, viscid and shining. FLESH white, red under the cuticle. GILLS pure white, subdistant or close, distinct, rather broad, equal, broadest toward front, narrowly adnexed or free, interspaces venose. STEM 4-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, white or tinged red, subequal, spongy- stuffed, even. SPOKES white in mass, globose, echinulate, 7.5-10 micr. TASTE very acrid. ODOR none. Scattered or gregarious. On the ground or on debris of very rotten logs in woods. Throughout the state. July to October. Common. The mycelium has been found to be attached to oak tree roots where it forms mycorrhiza. The very acrid taste gives it a bad reputation and it is avoided by mushroom-eaters. Some think it is harmless when thoroughly cooked. There are variations of hab- itat. It grows quite constantly on the crumbling remains of wood or logs, where its white strings of mycelium are easily seen ; here the gills ore close. One form has been found growing in troops; such were found in a tamarack swamp in late October, growing on thick beds of sphagnum. They had developed somewhat differently in this habitat as was to be expected. The stems were white, long and stout, narrower above and obsoletely wrinkled. The gills were subdistant. The taste was sharp but not as excruciating as that of the type. The disk of the pileus was glabrous and very viscid. It was a beautiful plant, apparently appearing late; it might be re- ferred to as var. gregaria. 130. Russula rugulosa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Eep. 54, 1901. Illustration : Ibid, PL 72, Fig. 12-18. PILEUS 5-10 cm. or more broad, thin, fragile, convex then piano- depressed, dark rose-red, color sometimes thin, surface almost en- tirely rugulose, the rugae radiating somewhat, rather viscid, pellicle CLASSIFICATION OF AGARII separable, margin a1 length distinctly tubercular-striate. FLESH thin, white, red onder the pellicle. GILLS shining white, rather clos.\ aarrowly adnate, aot very broad, broadest in front, few forked, equal, interspaces venose. STEM white, snbequal, on changed, glabrous, Bpongy-stuffed, 6-7 cm. long, L-2 cm. thick. SPORES white in muss, globose, echinulate, v 9 micr. TASTE tardily Inn very acrid. /// tn»,ps. Hemlock ami mixed woods on the ground. Augusl and September. Northern Michigan. Differs from /.'. emetica in thai iis acrid taste develops Blowly, in the uneven and rather dull pileus and in the habit of appearing in troops <>n the ground. It was formerly referred t" R. emetica, and is close to it. 131. Russula fragilis Fr. Syst. Myc, L821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111.. PI. L091. Gillet, Champignons do France, No. G14. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt, No. 622. .Michael. Fuhrer f. Pilzfreunde, No. 13 (var.). Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 1!), Fig. 3. Hard, Mushrooms. Fig. 172, p. L92, 1008. PI LEI rS 2.5 5 cm. broad, very thin and fragile, convex then piano- depressed with a thin viscid pellicle, tubercular striate on the thin margin, glabrous, rather uniform rosy or pah red, sometii faded or bleached to white. FLESH white under the pellicle, thin. GILLS white, thin, close, crowded, adnexed, ventricose, moderately broad. STEM 2.3-5 cm. Long, .5 I cm. thick, white, spongy then hollow, equal, fragile. SPORES white in moss, subglobose, : I micr. TASTE promptly and very acrid. ODOB none. Scattered. On the ground in woods. Throughoul the July-August. Infrequent. This species, as limited here, is only distinguishable from R. emetica relatively; it is smaller, color paler, flesh thinner and d fragile and white under the cuticle. Maire >:ivs the ta8te is n quickly acrid on the tongue than />'. emetica, but do! as violent. Tt grows in somewhat dryer situations. Var. nivca is a white plant, otherwise the same. R. fallax Oke. used to be considered a \ of it. 154 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 132. Russula fallax Cke. Illustration : Cooke, 111., PL 1059. PILEFS 3-7 cm. broad, thin, fragile, color incarnate or pale rose, the dish pale olivaceous or livid, sometimes darker or purplish, soon plane or slightly depressed on disk, quite viscid, margin striate and becoming elevated, surface faintly rugnlose under lens. FLESH white. GILLS white, unchanged, subdistant, attached by a point, narrow, edge even. STEM 3-4 cm. long, G-10 cm. thick, pure white, cylindrical or compressed, equal, spongy-stuffed, soon hollow, longi- tudinallv-wrinkled under a lens. SPORES white in mass, sub- globose, 7.5 niicr. TASTE promptly and very acrid. Solitary or gregarious. In sphagnum bogs, low mossy ground in woods, etc., often attached to sphagnum. Distributed throughout the state. Not rare. July, August and September. This species differs in two important particulars from R. fragilis. The gills are subdistant and the pileus is livid or olivaceous in the center. It is very characteristic of the sphagnum flora of the state. It has often been referred to 7?. fragiUs as a variety. The pileus is not as lilac as shown in Cooke's figure. 133. Russula albidula Pk. Torr. Bot. Club, Bull. 25, 1898. PILEUS 2.5-5 cm. broad, white, broadly convex, glabrous, the pel- licle viscid and separable when fresh, the margin even. FLESH white, subfragile. GILLS white, rather crowded, adnexed, not broad, of equal length, some basifurcate, interspaces venose. STEM 2.5-4 cm. long, 8-12 mm. thick, white, equal, spongy-stuffed, even. SPORES white in mass, subglobose, 7-10 micr. TASTE acrid. ODOR none. Solitary. In oak woods. Ann Arbor. July and August. In dried specimens the pileus and gills are ochraceous to yellow- ish, and stem whitish. The taste and viscidity seem to be the only marked differences between this species and the other two white Russulas of Peck, 7?. albida and R. albella. All three are rather fragile, while R. lactea is a compact firm plant with thick, broad, distant gills. There is a white variety of R. emetica which is very acrid and fragile and whose striations on the margin of the cap are like those of that species. CLASSIFICATION OP AGARH Section II. Taste acrid. Spore-mass cream-color, yellowish, ochraceous to alutaceous. 134. Russula sanguinea IV. /.'. Epicrisis, L836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111.. PL L020 (as /.'. rosea). Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II (as /.'. rosacea). PILEUS '■'><> cm. broad, rather firm al ftrstf, subfragile, convex plane or depressed, rosy-red, tfiscid, margin acnte and thin, pellicle subadnate, easily separable on margin and tubercular-striate. FLESH rather thin, white, red under the pellicle. GILLS Blightly adnate, rinse to subdistant, equal, qo1 broad, creamy -White. STEM 4-6 cm. long, subequal or tapering down, often eccentric, whiU or tinged rosy-red, spongy-stuffed then cavernous, rather fragile, glab- rous, oven. SPORES creamy-white in mass. TASTE tardily bul truly acrid. • Iregarious. On the ground among grass in frondose woods. Ann Arbor. September-* October. Infrequent. Tlic plants referred here are I', rosaa a in the sense of Romell, and R. sanguinea according to most of the modern French mycologists. They arc distinguished by the cream color of the spores and gills. The uills are not decurrenl ;is they are supposed t<> be in />'. rosacea, lint the stem is often eccentric as that species is described by Fries. Bresadola, Ma ire, etc., conceive I', rosacea Vv. as a planl with pure white gills and spores. Our plant agrees with ;i species, common around Stockholm, whose gills are usually creamy-white, Ii was placed by Fries among the rigid forms bul is almost too fragile. It is not large and except for the color of the spores small forms mighl be mistaken for R. fragilis. 135. Russula veternosa Fr. Epicrisis, L836-38. Illustrations: Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. ve\., PI. 75. Cooke, ill.. PI. 1033. PILEUS 5-7.5 cm. broad, convex then expanded, with a somewhat separable pellicle, indistinctly striate on the margin, deep roj i like //. emetica), viscid when moist. FLESH white, red nnder cuticle, <:ild.s white at first, then straw-color or pah 156 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN narrow, adnate, close, broader in front, equal or few shorter, few forked, interspaces venose. STEM white, never red, equal or sub- equal, spongy-stuffed, somewhat slender, fragile, hollow, even, 1.5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick. SPORES pale yellowisli-ochraceous, sub- globose, echinulate, 8-9 micr. TASTE very acrid. ODOR none. Scattered or gregarious. Oak and maple woods of southern Mich- igan. July and August. This represents a group of red Russulas with acrid taste and gills varying pale ochraceous or somewhat yellowish in the different forms. I have limited the name to those with white stem and a rather firm and hardly striate pileus, although it may include sev- eral forms of which only the spore-color has so far been a dis- tinguishable character. The separable, viscid, distinct pellicle and rather fragile stem, relates it to the Fragiles. From R. tenuiceps it is separated by the less deep ochraceous spores and gills, the firmer consistency of pileus and gills, and the uniform red color and even margin of the pileus. 136. Russula tenuiceps Kauff. Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11, p. 81, 1909. Illustration : Plate XX of this Report. PILEUS 7-12 cm. broad, thin, fragile, convex to expanded, the somewhat viscid pellicle easily separable, margin at first connivent, striate, deep rosy-red or blood-red, sometimes white, spotted or tinged with orange blotches, sometimes uniform red, with or without minute rugae. FLESH white, red beneath the cuticle, very fragile at maturity. GILLS white, then yellow-ochraceous, crowded, nar- row, fragile, narrowly adnate to free, few forked, interspaces venose, equal. STEM fragile, white or rosy-tinged, spongy-stuffed, subequal or ventricose, obscurely rivulose, white within and un- changed, 5-9 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. thick. SPORES yellow-ochraceous, subglobose, 6-8 micr.. echinulate. TASTE acrid, sometimes tardily but very acrid. ODOR not marked. Gregarious. Mixed woods at Marquette; in oak and maple woods at Ann Arbor. July and August. Rather frequent. As in R. veternosa, it is probable that several forms are repre- sented here. The red Russulas are very troublesome, and we seem to have a considerable number of forms with acrid taste and yellow- ish to deep ochraceous gills, which cannot be easily kept separate. All efforts to refer- them to old species like R. sardonia, R. rugulosa, CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 1.-.7 R. rosacea, etc., failed repeatedly; the fragile flesh and ochrac is, almost alutaceous gills are too distinctive. The maturing <»r spores is sometinies slow and cam must be taken to ^-i ;i good spore prim in these red species. All the collections which I have referred here showed red on some or all of tin- >tems «.r each col- lection. Their edibility was not tested. 137. Russula palustris Pk. X. V. State Ma-. Rep. •">::. L900. PILEUS t-7.5 cm. broad, fragile, snbglobose or hemispheric, then convex or nearly plane, viscid, pellicle separable, obscurely tuber- cular-striate on margin, reddish-buff or purplish red es] tally on disk, glabrous. PLESH white, thin, tinged with the color <>r the pileus under the pellicle. GILLS narrowed behind, broader in front, cl«>se to subdistant, entire, whitish then yellowish, biter- venose. STEM 3-7 cm. Ion-. 6 I'.' mm. thick, equal, glabrous, spongy- stuffed tlion hollow, fragile, white or tinged red. SPORES bud- globose, />"/' yellow in mass, 7.r>-10 unci-. tastk tardily acrid. Gregarious or scattered. Tn low woods or swamps. Marquette, New Kichinond. Ann Arbor. August September, [nfrequent. Tho pileus is sometimes faintly glaucous. 138. Russula aurantialutea Iviuff. Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11, p. 81. 1000. PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, thin. Fragile, convex then piano-de- pressed, yellow (citron to luteus), or nitli orange shades inter- mingled, especially on the margin, slightly tubercular-striate, pel- licle viscid, shining and somewhat separable for some distance. FLESTT white, thin toward the margin, unchanged with age. GILLS pale yellow, close, or subdistant a1 the outer extremity, equal oi- a few shorter, narrowly adnate, seceding with age, broadest to- ward front, often forked ;it the base, rarely elsewhere, interspi venose. STEM t-8 cm. ion--. 1.5-2 cm. thick, white, flesh concolor and unchanged, subequal, glabrous, oven, spongy-stuffed. 8POR 5 ochraceous-yellow, subglobose, 8-9 micr. TASTE acrid in all its parts, often very acrid. ODOB nol noticeable Solitary or scattered. On debris or forest mould in hemlock or mixed woods of northern Michigan, in deciduous ^ Is in the south- ern part of the state. July. August and September. Earlier in southern Michigan. Infrequent 158 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN R. ochraleuca Fr. differs in having white to pallid gills and spores, . and a cinerescent stem; R. granulosa Cke. has white gills and spores and a granular cap and stein; R. fellea Fr. has ochraceous or straw- yellow flesh and the more firm pileus is either straw or gilvous color, and its gills exude watery drops: R. claroflava Grove has a cinere- scent stem and its gills are white then lemon yellow with an ochre tinge; R, ochracea Fr. has a mild taste, and the flesh of the cap, gins and stem is ochraceous; R. simillima Pk. has white spores and a pale ochraceous pileus and stem; and R. dccolorans Fr. has cin- erescent flesh and is stouter. Our species could be made on ecolog- ical variety of almost any of the above species, depending on the ffuess of the author who so interpreted it. Section III. Taste mild. Spore-mass white. 139. Russula albida Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 2, 1887 {R, albida). N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 50, 1897 (R. albella). Illustration: N. T. State Mus. Bull. 105, PL 90 (R. albida). PILEUS 3-6 cm. broad, thin, fragile, broadly convex to plane, slightly depressed in the center, white or whitish, even or slightly striate on the margin, not shining. FLESH white, fragile. GILLS white or whitish, thin, moderately close, entire, equal, not broad, broadest in front, rarely forked at base, adnate or subdecurrent. STEM 2.5-6 cm. long, white, subequal, glabrous, spongy-stuffed or solid. SPORES about 8 micr. diani., white. TASTE mild or slightly bitterish. Solitary. Hemlock or mixed woods in the Northern Peninsula. July and August. Peck's description of both R, albida and R. albella differs in minor particulars from our plants. The pileus of R. albida has a viscid, separable pellicle, while that of R. albella is dry. 7?. albida is said to have a "slightly bitterish or unpleasant taste," while our plants were sometimes bitterish, sometimes tardily and slightly acrid. R. albida is described with a stuffed or hollow stem; in one of my collections the stem was solid, in another it was spongy- stuffed. It is worth noting whether the spore prints are pure white or with yellow tinge; some of Peck's specimens of R. albida had spores with a faint yellowish tinge. In my specimens the whole plant is ochraceous when dried ; specimens seen at the N. Y. Botan- CLASSIFICATION OF AOAlUl Leal Gardens were white when drj . As these species occur so seldom ;iinl far apart, it is difflcull to obtain exacl data « ith regard to their characters. R.anomala Pk. and B. albidula differ in the acrid taste. 140. Russula subdepallens Pk. Edible Torr. Bot. Club Bull., Vol. 23, L896. PILEUS 5 1 I 'in. broad, fragile, convex then plane and depressed, margin elevated in age, bright rosy-red, ^hadin^ r into yellowisli Mutrlirs ;is if the red color were pu1 over the yellow, disk paler ill old specimens, disk dark-red in ven young plantH, with ;i thin, separable, viscid [>ellifU\ htlxrciilar-striattt <>n margin, obscurely wrinkled elsewhere. FLESH white, rosj ander the cuticle, becom- ing slightly cinereous, very fragile. l l-red tinted pur- plish, disk sometimes livid-blackish, 1 1 m * separable pellioU slightly viscid when moist, do1 striate or snbstriate in age, surface with a silky Bheen. FLUSH while, thin on margin, unchanged, purplish under the pellicle. (illd.s white, subdistanl <>r medium close, be coming flaccid, moderately broad, broad in front, narrowed behind, dry. equal, few forked near base, interspaces venose. STEM white, equal or thickened ;n apex, spongy within, unchanged, glabrous, even or obscurely rivulose, 3-5.5 cm. long, l cm. thick. SPORES white in mass, globose, echinulate, fi-7.5 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR aone. Usually solitary. In mixed woods of hemlock, maple and yellow birch in northern Michigan, duly and August. No1 uncommon. Its thin pilens is "flexible at maturity. The silky sheen and regu far pileus are quite characteristic. The cap has the color oi I looke's figures of R. queletii Fr., />'. drimeia Cke. and /.'. purpurea Gill. These three, including R. expallem Gill., have been placed together by some modern authors as one species, characterized by "a pruinose, violaceous, decolorate stem, and very sharp taste." The taste is said to be so peppery that even when the color is washed out by rains they can be recognized by this character. All of the four are violet or reddish on the stem. <>m- specimens all bad a white stem and an impeachable mild taste. Section IV. Taste mild: spore-mass cream-white, yellowish or ochraceous. 144. Russula integra Pr. (Edibli Kpicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations : Cooke, 111.. PI. L093 and L094. PILEUS 5-K) em. broad, firm, soon fragile, discoid, convex or campanulate then piano-depressed covered with first, then cream} 21 162 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN to buff-ochraceous, not strongly ochre, broad, distinct, equal, nearly free. STEM white, unchanged, never red, soon quite fragile, conic or short-clavate at first, then subequal or ventricose, spongy-stuffed, even. SPORES creamy-yellow to pale ochraceous. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Gregarious. In woods, probably throughout the state. Ann Arbor. July and August. Not common. This species is a sort of clearing house for various colored Russulas with broad, pale ochraceous gills and mild taste, es- pecially reddish forms. I have given Fries' description above, supplemented for the most part from notes of my own collections about Stockholm. Romell describes the cap as "brown, blackish- brown, reddish-brown, dark red, violaceous, yellow or greenish, either unicolorous or with whitish or yellowish spots." I saw only the dirty reddish-brown, dark dull red and sordid-buff forms at Stockholm. In favorable weather or situations they occur in troops and seem very common in Sweden. Peck says they are rare in New York state. The European mycologists do not agree among themselves as to this species, but there seems to be a fair unanimity that the "dusting" of the gills by the spores is too deceptive for practical use in identification. R. Integra is to be separated from R. alutacea by its gills being white at first, by the white fragile stem, the paler spores and more striate pileus ; under certaift condi- tions these two species are hardly distinguishable. The two plates of Cooke referred to, give the best idea of the species as here limited. The figures of this species with bright red caps, shown by various authors, illustrate segregated species for the most part. Maire (Soc. Myc. Bull. 2G, 1910) has named one form, R. romelii, and considers another to be R. melliolens Quel. As Fries pointed out long ago, it is easy to separate new species from the mass of plants usually referred here, and the more exact method with the microscope will doubtless produce many more. I have found this species rarely but then in quantity, as they usually cover quite an area from the same mycelium. 145. Russula amygdaloides sp. nov. (Edible) (See under R. barlae Quel., Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 13, p. 221, 1911.) PILEUS 4-8 cm. broad, thin, medium size, ovate at first with straight margin, then convex-plane or depressed, very viscid, fragile, pale rosy-flesh color tinged with yellow, sometimes peach color, sometimes dull citron-yellow, varying in color from young to old. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARH pellicle continuous and entirely separable, margin becoming strongly tuberculate-striate. FLESH thin, white, ool changing color, soft. GILLS bright ochraceous-yellow (flavus, B . white .-it first, rather narrow, broadest in front, narrowed and adnexed behind, snbdistant a1 maturity, dusted by the spores. STEW 1-8 cm. Long, L-2 cm. thick, subequal to ventricose, soft and fragile, Loosely stuffed then cavernous (but nol from grubs), wliite, rarely tinged with delicate pink, slightly wrinkled, subglabrous. SPORES subglobose, 7-9 micr., echinulate, nucleate, brighl ochre-yellow in mass. TASTE mild. ODOB Done CYSTIDIA very few. Sfwo- hymenium narrow, sharply differentiated from gill-trama. Solitary or scattered. In mixed \\ Ls of hemlock and beech, among beds of wliite pine needles at New Richmond ; an g grass, etc., in oak won. is al Ann Arbor. July-October. Frequent. This very fragile Bussula is known from the other members of the "Fragiles" group by its medium size, brighl yellow-ochraceous spores and gills, tbe hollow, often subventricose stein, the mild taste and the pinkish-yellow to peach-colored pileus. The stem is some- times enlarged at tbe apex, sometimes at tbe base, always fragile Very few of our Russulas have such bright-colored spores and gills. Tbe color of tbe cap varies rather rarely to a deeper red on the one hand or to ochraceous tan and straw color on the other. The flesh docs not change on bruising, and Hie odor is not noticeable even in age. It is very different from R. mtegra IV. It approaches B. nitida and is no doubt the plant usually referred to that species in this country. It differs in tbe lack of the nauseous, disagreeable odor which is known to be constant in R. nitida. I formerly refer red it to R. barlae Quel, which, however, is described as compact and firm. R. aurata Ft. has idlls with a chrome-yellow edge.' Micro-chemical tests: G. (Flesh turns blue quickly ; gills become greenish-blue.) S V. (Flesh and gills slowly pinkish then blue.) r S. (Cystidia colored brown.) 146. Russula roseipes Seer. — Bres. (Edible) Fung. Trid., Vol. I, 1881. Illustration: Ibid, PL 40. riLEUS 2.5-5 cm. broad, thin, fragile, convex then plano-de pressed, with a viscid, separable pellicle, margin tubercular-sti when mature, soon dry, rosy-red or flesh-red, disk tending I ' yellowish. FLESH while, thin, unchanged. GILLS won 164 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN ochraceous, subdistant, mostly equal, broadest in front, ventricose, narrowly adnate or almost free, few forked, interspaces venose. STEM wbite and rosy-sprinkled, stuffed then cavernous, equal or tapering upward, even, 2.5-5 cm. long, 5-12 mm. thick. SPORES ochraceous, globose, echinulate, 8-10 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR none or pleasant. Solitary or scattered. In mixed woods, but usually under coni- fers. Only found in the northern part of the state. July and August. A middle-sized to small plant, fragile, and with a rosy mealiness on the stem. This last is quite characteristic of the species. It occurs under spruces and balsams in moist places. It is quite dis- tinct from R. puellaris Fr. to which Fries, who had never seen Secretin's plant, referred it as a variety. 72. purpurina also has a rosy-sprinkled stem, but is very viscid and more brilliant shining red on the cap. Feck (Rep. 51, p. 307) says the stem is not rosy- sprinkled in his plants, but that the color resides in the stem; he does not seem to have had the typical plant. 147. Russula puellaris Fr. Monographia, 1863. Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PL 1065. Bresadola, Fung. Trid., Vol. I, PI. 64. Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 17, Fig. 2. PILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, very thin, convex then piano-depressed, viscid, tubercular-striate on the margin, livid-purplish or livid- brownish, then sometimes yellowish. FLESH white at first, -soon watery subtranslucent, fragile. GILLS pallid white to pale yellow, watery honey colored in age, equal, thin, subventricose, narrowed behind and adnexed, interspaces venose. STEM whitish, then watery honey-colored toward base, spongy-stuffed, soon cavernous, soft and fragile, subequal or subclavate at base, 4-5 cm. long, 7-10 mm. thick. SPORES subglobose, echinulate, pale yellow, 6-8 micr. TASTE mild or slightly acrid. ODOR none. Found in low, moist places in conifer or mixed woods of Europe. It has not yet been reported from Michigan with certainty. I have given Bresadola's description as that of a typical plant, which is verified by my notes of the Stockholm plants. I have not seen the typical Swedish plant in this country, and Peck's specimens were evidently not typical as he says no yellowish stains occur in the stem. The stem soon becomes soft and then develops this charac- CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS t eristic, translucent, light yellowish color. Several varieties occur in Michigan differing mainly from the above description In the red caps and oon-lutescenl stems; these are referred here for the prea ent. 148. Russula sphagnophila Kauff. Mich. Acad. Sci Rep. 11, p. 86, 1909. I'lLKl'S l' i.r> cm. broad, very fragile, convex, umbonate, margin at length elevated and disk depressed and purplish red or rosy red, the space between the umbo and the margin pale olive-brown, cov- ered by a viscous pellicle glabrous, margin slightly Btriate FLESH reddish under the cuticle and undes the Burface of the stem Fragile. GILLS while then pale ochraceous, narrow, adnato-decurrent, rather close, narrowed toward both ends, few forked here and there. STEM rosy-colored, usually ventricose or irregularly swollen. spongy-stuffed then cavernous, very fragile, rivulose-uneven, 1 -."> cm. long, T-lL* nun. thick. SPORES cream-color, globose, echinulate, 6-7 micr. TASTE mild. Scattered. On sphagnum, in swamps. Cold Spring Harbor. August and September. Rare. Whole plant very fragile, always with an umbo, subpellucid and rosy stem, and pale gills. The only other Russula with an umbo, known to me, is /,'. caerulea Pers. which differs in color and hab itat. The red color rubs off on paper when moist. In some points ii is near /'. rose&pes, in others it is nearest /,'. puellaris, and might perhaps be referred to the latter as a variety hut without settling anything as to its origin. 149. Russula chamseleontina FY. (Edibi Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, III.. PL L908. <;illet. Champignons de France, No. <"»<»<). Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL L8, Pig. 2. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, rather small, fragile, thin, piano depressed, with a viscid separable pellicle, margin even at ftrsl then Btriatulate, color varying for different pilei, mostly some -hade of red, purple, etc. fading to yellowish especially on disk. FLESB white, thin. GILLS thin, crowded or close, adnexed or almost free, eqnal, rather broad, Bometimes almosl narrow, tew forked, interspaces > 166 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN ochraceous or ochraceous-yellow. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 4-6 mm thick, white, spongy-stuffed then hollow, slender, equal or subequal to subventricose, sometimes subclavate, even or obscurely nvulose. SPORES ochraceous. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Scattered or gregarious. In coniferous or mixed woods. Solar reported only from northern Michigan. Like R. Integra this has to be considered at present a composite species from which several species have, from time to time, been segregated. According to von Post, a pupil of Fries, the master himself included many forms which do not fit into his own descrip- tion- and Romell follows the Swedish tradition and refers to R. chamaeleontina all small forms with mild taste and ochraceous gills not otherwise accounted for. -No subacrid forms are in- cluded" writes Romell. Specimens with the caps a uniform red, rose colored, purplish, lilac, etc., and accompanied with a yellowish tint, are always included; sometimes also, whitish, faded forms must be placed here. 150. Russula abietina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 54, 1901. Illustration: Ibid, PI. 72, Fig. 1-11. "PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, thin, fragile, convex becoming plane or slightly depressed in the center, covered with a viscid, separable pellicle, tubercular-striate on the thin margin, variable in color, purplish, greenish-purple or olive-green with a brown or blackish center, or sometimes purplish with a greenish center. FLESH white GILLS narrowed toward the stem, subdistant, equal, rounded behind and nearly free, ventricose, whitish becoming pale yellow. STEM 1-2.5 cm. long, equal or tapering upward, stuffed or hollow, white. SPORES bright yellowish-ochraceous, subglobose, 8-10 m'icr. TASTE mild." Its place of growth is only under Mlsm fir. It has been reported from Michigan, but the description given is that of Peck. The important characters seem to be the bright yellow tinged spores. It is separable from R. puellaris, "by the viscid cap, the gills rather widely separated from each other and nearly free, the stem never yellowish nor becoming yellow where wounded, and the spores hav- ing an ochraceous hue." CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 151. Russula lutea Fr. (Edibi Svsi. Myc, L821. Illustrations: Cooke, III.. PI. L082. Gillet, Champignons de Prance, No. 622. Patouillard, Tab. A_nalyt., No. 321. Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. vel., PI. T'.». Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, No. 61. Ki.k. -ii, Blatterpilze, PI. L8, Fig. 3. Plate XXII of this Report. PILEUS 3-6 cm. broad; small, thin, convex then piano-depressed, pellicle easily separable, viscid, margin even, becoming slightly striate in age, unicoloms, bright yellow <>r pale golden yellow. FLESH white, very thin, fragile. GILLS at length deep yellow- ochraceou8, subdistant, rather broad in front, narrowed behind and free, equal, interspaces often venose. STEM white, unchanged, snbeqnal, stuffed then hollow, soft, fragile, even or obscurely wrinkled, glabrous, 3-5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick. SPORES globose, echinnlate, yellow, s in micr. in diam. TASTE mild. ODOB none. Solitary, in coniferous and mixed woods of aortheni Michigan, in frondose woods in the south. July and August. Infrequent and few in number. Our plan! i-- the same ;is the one occurring aboul Stockholm. It agrees with the characters as given in Bymenomycetes Europaei, except that the gills are subdistant, not truly narrow bul relatively bro;nl in front. The Stockholm specimens had the thin margins of the pileus at length slightly striate, as is also the case with the Michigan plants. Peck says he has found it bu1 oner in New York. I have found it a number of times in Michigan. R. vitelline Fr. which is s;iid to resemble this species, is not known to Romell for Sweden, and lie refers all their forms to /.'. lutea. It may be that /.'. lutea and /,'. vitellina represent extremes of the species. Our plant described above and tli.it aboul Stockholm do nol agree with either of the descriptions, but is ;i compromise between the '\\<'. Our plants are not strongly striate Dor have they any marked odor like /,'. vitellina; on the other hand they have broader and a distant gills than is warranted by the description of /,'. int-n. \. cording to Fries, /.'. lutea is found in beech forests and /•'. > in coniferous woods. /.'. ftavia p% Pk. is -<^\>\ to be larger, with i row and close, pale yellow gills. HYGROPHOREAE Frail body soft, fleshy. Stem central, confluenl with the pileus. Gills with a waxy consistency, more <>r Less distant, thick, well- developed, with acute edge. This subfamily is well defined and set off from the others. The characteristics are no1 easily described In words, but the habit of the plants and the nature of the gills are sunn learned by field study. The gills, although acute <>u the edge, thicken toward the pileus, and are built up of a thick central layer (the trama), coated on both surfaces by a thick, waxy, hymenial layer of long basidia, which is more or less removable. Our species are included under two genera : Spores white. Hygrophorus. Spores blackish. GompMdius. Gomphidius Fr. (From the Greek, gomphos, a wooden boll or peg, referring t<» the shape of the young plants.) Black-spored to smoky-olive-spored; gills of a waxy or subgela- tinous consistency, decurrent, subdistanl to distant, forked, e acute: stem central, confluenl with the pileus; pileus fleshy, viscid; partial veil when present membranous glutinous; spores elongated- Bubfusiform ; cyst [dia abundant. Terrestrial and putrescent fungi, very infrequenl in thi> region, sharply distinct by the nature of its gills and spores. The genus appears to have some relationship with Hygrophorus on the one hand and with Pa xi II us on the other. In Europe, G. viscidus Vv. and G. glutinosis Pr. are a prominenl pari of the mushroom flora, al- though with us these two species seem to be entirely lacking, and no species can be saiil to be frequent. Peck has described five species from the United States: four of these came from tl era states and are smaller than the two common European Bpecies mentioned above. Nothing is known of the edibility of our spe< The genus is besl recognized by the smoky, decurrenl and usually distant gills, the viscid or glutinous cap, and the Bpotted stem, the young stage a viscid veil connects the margin of the pileus with 170 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN the stem; as the plant matures the veil collapses on the stem and in most cases causes the stem to appear viscid and at length spotted or blotched by the drying remnants of this veil. In our species this veil is scanty and it apparently disappears very early, and in most cases cannot be definitely seen. Our species occur in swampy ground or in tamarack bogs. Only three species have been found in the state. G. nigricans Pk. reported in the 8th Eep. Mich. Acad. Sci., is doubtful. G. rhodoxanthus (Schw.) is referred to Paxillus. Key to the Species (a) Pileus 2-5 cm. broad, obtuse or depressed; stem dry, becoming red- disb-black spotted, yellow at base. 152. G. maculatus Fr. (aa) Pileus 1-2.5 cm. broad, often umbonate; stem at first viscid from the veil, slender. (b) Stem yellow downwards. 154. G. flavipes Pk. (bb) Stem brick color to wine-reddish; not yellow at base. 153. G. vinicolor Pk. 152. Gomphidius maculatus Fr. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 3, Fig. 2. Plate XXIII of this Report. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, convex, obtuse, soon plane or depressed, with a viscid, separable pellicle, glabrous, brownish-incarnate to pale clay color, rugulose, spotted and shining when dry. FLESH thick, soft, white or faintly incarnate. GILLS decurrent, narrowed behind, thickish, subdistant to distant, distinct, subgelatinous to soft-waxy, dichotomously forked, at first whitish, then pale olivaceous-gray, final!// smoky, moderately broad. Stem 4-7 cm. long, apex 5-12 mm. thick, tapering downward, solid, firm, even, whitish above or with a tinge of incarnate, at first dotted with reddish scurf, glabrescent, becoming black-spotted or blackish in age or when handled, base yellow. VEIL none or very evanescent. SPOKES variable in size, cylindrical-subfusiform to elongated- elliptical, 15-23x6-7.5 micr., smooth, pale smoky-brownish under the microscope. CYSTIDIA abundant on sides and edge of gills, cylindrical, obtuse, variable, 100-135x15-25 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR none or slight. Gregarious, subcaespitose or scattered, under tamarack trees (Larix), in bogs, on moss or debris. Between Chelsea and Jack- son. October-Xoveinber. Pare or local. Apparently this species occurs only in restricted localities in the bogs. near inland lakes. This is the largest form so far found in CLASSIFICATION OF AGARU 171 tlit- state, although it varies in size and the smaller plants have less distant gills, smoother sinus and smaller Bpores. Probably because of the advance of cooler weather the plants mature Blowly and the spores have qo1 attained their full size in the small plants. The vi'iluw color is sometimes confined to the base, sometimes it extends halfway or more than halfway the length of the stem. The latter conditio!] may turn ou1 to represent <;. flavipes Pk. The plants turn blackish when dried, bu1 differ from G. nigricans Pk. in the absence of a partial veil. Ricken considers 0. gracilis Berk, to be identical, which is very probable. 0. furcatus Pk. differs chiefly, according to Peek's description, in the Lack of the yellow color a1 the base of the stem; it is said to occur under tamaracks nls... 153. Gomphidius vinicolor Pk. minor. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 51, 1898. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, convex then plane sometimes umbonate, glabrous, even, with a viscid or glutinous separable pellicle, wine red to rufous-cinnamon, fuscons in the renter, paler toward margin. FLESH thick, pale incarnate. GILLS decurrent, subtriangular, rather distant, distinct, thh-kish, broad in the middle, not or rarely forked, olive-brown to fuscous-brown, sprinkled by dark spores. STEM 3-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, slender, equal, even, solid, viscid from the evanescent veil, flexuous, brick color to vinaceous, concolor within, not yellow at base, silky-fibrillose. SI'OKKS elongated-ob long to snbfnsiform, 13-10x60.5 niicr., smooth, smoky-brown. CYS- TIDTA abundant, subcylindrical, obtuse. L20-135 x 16-18 micr. ODOR very slight birt disagreeable. Gregarious or solitary. On the ground in low, swampy w Is in region of hemlock and pine. New Richmond. September. Rar< This species is referred here as a minor form of Q. vinicolor Pk. from whose description it differs in the smaller size and smaller spores. My experience with (!. maculatus leads me to suspeci thai the spores of small plants do not mature readily, as is shown also by the less smoky gills. Peck gives the spores 1.7.5-20x6-7.5 micr. and the type plants were much larger. I have found our plant on several occasions and as it seems to be constant, it may be necessary to separate it. When dried, it becomes black. Sum.- considet I vinicolor Pk. identical with 0. gracilis B. & Br.; the In- scribed with the base of the stem vellow. 172 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 154. Gomphidius flavipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 54, 1901. Illustration: Ibid, PL I, Fig. 1-4. PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, convex or plane and sometimes uin- bonate, viscid, dingy pink or yellowish, tinged reddish, minutely tomentose on center, slightly fibrillose on the margin. GILLS decurrent, arcuate, subdistant to distant, scarcely forked, whitish then pale smoky-brownish. STEM 3-5 cm. long, 3-7 mm. thick, equal or tapering down, solid, slightly fibrillose, whitish at apex, elsewhere yellow within and without. SPORES elongated-fusi- form, 20-30x6-7.5 micr., smooth, smoky-brown to brownish black. CYSTIDIA present. Solitary or gregarious. On the ground in mixed woods. Harbor Springs. September. Rare. Only one collection has been made of what seems to be this plant. The spores were clearly immature and had not yet attained the size given by Peck. Hygrophorus Fr. (From the Greek hugros, moist; and phero, to bear.) White-spored. Consistency of the gills waxy; of pileus and stem waxy-fleshy or fleshy. Hymen ophore continuous with the trama of pileus and stem. Stem central. Gills variously attached, soft, not membranous, edge acute. Hymenium loosely adherent to the trama of the gills. Trama of gills various: parallel, divergent or inter- woven. Putrescent, soft, terrestrial mushrooms, growing in woods, meadows, etc., and uniformly harmless. They are medium or small in size and often brightly colored. The gills are usually distant or subdistant, characters which ordinarily distinguish them from the species of Clitocybe for which those with decurrent gills might be mistaken. The genus corresponds to Gomphidius and Paxillus of the ochre-spored group, but is distinguished from them by the gills not easily separating from the trama of the pileus. The PILEUS varies from conical to convex at first, in most cases becoming plane at maturity, with or without an umbo and some- times umbilicate. In a great many species the expanded pileus is obversely subcorneal, pulling the gills into an ascending position, CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 17; bo that they appear decurrent, even in those cases where they were merely adnate or adnexed a1 first. ^^' i i h age, the margin of t in- [(ileus heroines recurved or split The surface is viw id or glotino in many cases, others are hygrophanons, bu1 those of one subgenus include some with n dry pileus; n small Dumber have minute squamules over the surface or on the disk. A greal variety of col ors is present ; white, yellow, orange, red, green, ashy, brown, etc. Borne have ;i striate margin, and others are even and glabrous. The FLESH is usually soft, mid somewhat waxy or watery, often per- meated by differentiated lactiferous hyphae or crystals of oral of lime. The GILLS are peculiar in structure, and furnish the main characters by which we separate the genus. Their edges are acute, inn they gradually thicken towards their attachment with the pileus, so as to bo narrowly triangular in cross-section. The hymenial layer becomes soft when mature and rubs oil' from the trama proper of the gills, Leaving the skeleton of trama behind. They are mostly subdistant to distant or very distant, and this character, along with the waxy consistency and their shape in tion. constitutes a set of marks by which, after a little experience, one can tell the genus. As Mcllvaine says. "There is an indescrib- able, w.itny. waxy, translucent appearance about the gills, which catches the eye of the expert, and is soon learned by the novice." Their attachment varies from adnexed to adnate and decurrent. They arc 1 usually white, hut may he similar in color to that of the pileus. The interspaces are often veined iu a marked fashion. The STEM is central and similar in texture to the pileus. often very fragile or watery. It is either solid or if it is stuffed becomes quickly hollow. It often splits longitudinally with considerable ease. In the subgenus Limacium, the plant when young is some- times enveloped by a slimy universal veil which breaks op into glutinous patches, scales or flocci on the stem or pileus, or bj a partial floccose veil which is connected to the margin of the pileus ami t<> the stem; as the plant expands or dries this partial veil breaks up into a floCCOSe annulus <"' more often in the form of scabrous <"■ punctate flocci :n the apex of the stem. The plants of the other two subgenera do not possess either ( .f these veils, hut those species which are viscid develop this character from the cut- ide of the pileus or stem which is gelatinous and which disso into a slimy substance in moist weather, as in //. psittioinus. The SPORES may he subglobose, oval, oblong, cylindrical or ellipti Pries (Hymen. Europ), speaks of them as "globose" only, and Patouillard says they are ovoid. DeSeynes l ^nn. 9 Ser. 5, 1 (1864) Tab. in. Fig. :;. | figures the H. 174 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN ceraceus &s obovate with an obscure constriction in the middle, and says they vary characteristically in this genus to reniforni, irreg- ular, etc. I am quite certain that the spores are often quite irreg- ular, angular, etc., when immature, but have a regular outline when mature, although they often tend to be slightly thicker at one end in a number of species. In most species they appear granular- punctate, and usually have a transparent spot on one side, as if perforated. Between most of our species there is not much dif- ference in spore-size, but sufficient difference to be of diagnostic value. The spores are white in mass, and hyaline under the micro- scope. The BASIDIA are quite characteristic within the genus; they are long and slender, tapering to a narrow stalk. They are said to be often 2-spored. CYSTIDIA are not present in the subgenus Limacium, but occur in some of the species of the other subgenera. The ODOR is not marked in any of our species. Several European species are said to have a characteristic odor ; for example: in H. cossus Fr. it is disagreeable, like that of a kind of moth; in H. nitratus Fr. it is strongly alkaline; in H. agathosmus Fr., like oil of bitter almonds. The TASTE is usually mild, and most of them are to be classed among our best edible mushrooms. The HABITAT varies. They grow on the ground, usually in moist or wet situations, in woods, copses, fields and pastures, although in our climate they develop mostly in shaded places. Some appear in early summer, and others are found only in late fall — some species never develop till after the frosts appear. H. hypothejus (Eicken, Blatterpilze) is said to occur only after the first frost. H. speciosus is found, often in good condition, as late as December first. The genus is divided into three subgenera, fundamentally limited by the structure of the gill-trama: I. Limacium (Hygrophorus proper). II. Camarophyllus. III. Hygrocybe. These three subgenera are raised by some authors to the rank of genera, and from a scientific standpoint should be so considered. But for practical purposes the old arrangement seems better. The key includes all species which are likely to be found within the limits of state. CLASSIFICATION OP A.GARK 17.-, /v y to the - s '/'' . //. ' sordidus Pk. (dd) Pileus small, scarcely viscid, subumbilicate, thin, tough- ish. 170. II. ni reus Fr. ihh) I'ileus not entirely white. (c) Apex of stem decorated with yellowish granules or yellow glandular dots, (d) Pileus. whitish, covered by yellowish or brownish gluten. 159. II. paludoaus Pk. (dd) Pileus white, with numerous golden yellow granules on margin. 155. //. ehryaodon Fr. (cc) Apex of stem white-scaly-dotted or slightly Aoccose. (d) Disk of pileus pinkish or pale reddish-brown. 157. II laurae Morg. (dd) Disk of pileus yellowish or reddish-yellow. 158. II flavodiscus Frost, (aa) Pileus and stem nol viscid nor glutinous. (b) Plant stout. Pileus .3-7 cm. broad, dry. white. 169. II. gineus Fr. (See also //. pratenaia var. pallid* (bb) Plant slender; pileus 1-3 cm. broad, whitish. 171. I! l'k. i AA) Plant yellow, bright green, olivaceous, orange or shades of th< colors, (a i Pileus glutinous or viscid when moist, (b) Pileus at first olivaceous or green, (c) Pileus 3-5 cm. broad, color at length orange-yellow to tawny; gills yellow. 161. if. hypothejus Fr. (cc) Pileus 4-8 cm. broad; gills -white-incarnate. 168. II olivaceoalbus Fr. (ccc) Pileus 1-2.5 cm. broad, parrot green at first; gills yellow or greenish. 184. //. psitticinua Fr. (bb) Pileus orange-yellow, yellow, yellowish or I (c) Becoming blackish in age or when bruised; p mical; g free. 180. IF. conicua Fr. (cc) Not becoming black when bruised, fd) Gills emarginate-adnexed; pileus 2-6 cm. broad, cltr goiden-ydiow. 178. H. chlorophantu Fr (dd) Gills broadly adnata to decurrent (e) Pileus 3-8 cm. broad, yellow in ace; in tamars in late fall. 160. if spe< fOMM Pk 17 6 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN (ee) Pileus 1-3 cm. broad. (f) Tough; pileus tawny-yellowish, not fading in age. 182. H. lactus Fr. (ff) Fragile; pileus wax-yellow to yellow. (g) Gills truly decurrent; pileus and stem fading to whit- ish in age. 181. H. nitidus B. & C. (gg) Gills adnate-decurrent; pileus not fading. 172. H. ceraceus Fr. (aa) Pileus not viscid nor glutinous. (b) Golden-orange-yellow; fragile; pileus and stem markedly fading; gills adnexed, deep orange-yellow. 179. H. marginatus Pk. (bb) Pale yellow; pileus 6-12 mm. broad; stem darker. H. parvulus Pk. (AAA) Plant vermillion, scarlet, pink, flesh-color, rufous or shades of these, (a) Pileus viscid or glutinous. (b) Stem stout; pileus rather large, compact, firm, (c) Gills not becoming reddish-spotted. (d) Pileus scarlet, crimson or orange; stem viscid, in tamarack swamps. 160. H. speciosus Pk. (dd) Pileus tinged flesh color; stem dry. 164. H. pudorinus Fr. (cc) Gills becoming reddish-spotted. 163. H. Russula (Fr.). (bb) Stem medium or slender; pileus fragile. (c) Pileus 1-2 cm., pinkish-flesh-color; stem slender and viscous. 183. H. peckii Atk. (cc) Pileus 3-7 cm., scarlet or vermillion; stem moist, not viscid? (d) Gills arcuate-adnate; base of stem yellow or orange. 176. H. coccineus Fr. (dd) Gills slightly adnexed; base of stem white; spores larger. 177. H. puniceus Fr. (aa) Pileus not viscid nor glutinous. (b) Pileus 1-3 cm. broad, subglabrous to minutely scaly, vermillion to reddish-yellow. 175. H. miniatus Fr. H. cantherellus Schw. (bb) Pileus 3-7 cm. broad, flesh-color to tawny-reddish, glabrous. 168. H. pratensis Fr. (bbb) Pileus 3-10 cm. broad, salmon-rufous to testaceus; hoary when young; gills decurrent. 167. H. leporinus Fr. (AAAA) Plant neither white, yellow, orange nor bright red. (a) Pileus and stem glutinous or viscid. [See also (aa) and (aaa)] (b) Gills pure white; pileus grayish-brown, cinereous or fuliginous, (c) Stem hollow, fuliginous. 185. H. unquinosus Fr. (cc) Stem solid, white or whitish. H. fuUgineus Frost, (bb) Gills not pure white, or at least changing in age, adnate-de- current. (c) Pileus purplish-red, virgate with darker fibrils; stem and gills concolor. H. capreolarius Bres. (cc) Pileus some shade of brown. [See also (ccc)] (d) Stem hollow, slender; plant fragile; pileus olive-brown, 1-2 cm. broad. H. davisii Pk. (dd) Stem solid, plant firm, larger, (e) Growing in sphagnum swamps; pileus white, covered with yellowish-brown gluten. H. paludosus Pk. (ee) In grassy woods; pileus smoky-olive, 3-6 cm. broad; spores 12 x 8 micr. H. limacinus Fr. (ccc) Pileus dark brownish olivaceous. 162. H. olivaceoalbus Fr. (aa) Pileus with a gelatinous, subviscid pellicle; stem dry. (b) Pileus violaceous to smoky-lilac, hygrophanous, fading to gray ish; stem stuffed to hollow. 174. H. pallidus Pk. (bb) Pileus livid-rufescens to brownish, hygrophanous; stem stuffed to hollow; gills decurrent. 173. H. colemanniamts Blox. (bbb) Pileus grayish-brown or blackish-brown; stem solid, (c) Spores 6-8 micr. long. 166. E. fusco-albus var. (cc) Spores 10-12 micr. long. H. morrisii Pk. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 177 (aaa) Pileus and stem not viscid nor glutinous (slightly vis. id In //. amygdalinus) . (b) Odur markedly noticeable. (c) Stem solid; pileus grayish-brown ; gills adnate decurrent; odur of almonds. H. amygdalinus Pk. (cc) Stem stuffed tiien hollow; pileus hygrophanous, (dl ('.ills d. 'current ; pileus sooty brown i n ; por< BUb globose, 5-6 mlcr.; odor "peculiar." //. peckianus II (dd) Gills Binuate-adnexed ; pileus yellowish-brown (moist), odor offensive. //. mephiticiu Pk. (bb) Odor not marked; stem solid. (C) Plant stout; pileus smoky or hlackisli. rlrgate with flbl spores 8-9x5 mlcr. //. carpinus FY. (CC) Plant slender; pileus Krayish lirown to blackish lirown. glab- rous; spores 10-12x6-7 mlcr. //. nigridiu* Pk. (Peck in his monograph, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 116, L907, of New York species mentions the following as very rare: //. virgatulua Pk., //. burnhami Pk., //. metapodiua Ft., II. httsitlin.su* Pk., //. sub- rufescens Pk., //. immutabilis Pk., //. laricinus Pk., //. luridua B. & c. //. minutulus Pk. Peck has described also //. serotinus Pk., //. ruber Pk., //. albipes Pk., from Massachusetts; II. elegantulus Pk. from Maryland and //. sphoerosporus Pk. from fowa.) SUBGENUS LIMACIl 1/ : Provided with a glutinous universal veil or a floccose cortina or both. Trama of gills of divergent hyphae. Section I. Universales Provided with both a universal veil and a floccose cortina : the lat ter is connate to the inner surface <>\' the runner along the stem, sometimes forming a slight annulus at the apes of the stem, or a floccose-downy edge on the incurved margin of the pileus. stem viscid, Bubglabrous to floccose-fibrillose, shining or glistening-spot hi/ when dry, apex scabrous-dotted or Bubglabrous. This section is intended to include only those with a universal veil, h corresponds to the subgenus Myxacium of the genus Cor tinarius. This veil surrounds the very young button as a thick gelatinous layer, which becomes attenuated on the Btem as this elongates and dissolves into a hyaline, or, in some Bpecies, into n somewhat colored gluten in wet weather. The apex of the stem is glandular or scabrous-dotted in those species in which the margin of the pileus is at firsl inrolled, but in those in which the margin of the pileus is merely incurved and continuous with the cortina, the apex of the stem is Bubglabrous and not floccose dotted. //. is an example of the latter group. 23 178 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 155. Hygrophorus chrysodon Fr. (Edible) Sy'st. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 112, p. 110, 1900. Cooke, 111., PI. 885. Eicken, Bliitterpilze, PL G, Fig. 4. ''PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, convex then expanded, viscid (moist), shining (dry), white, concolorous except for the numerous golden granules on the margin, or sometimes over entire surface, margin involute at first. FLESH white, rather thick. GILLS decurrent, distant, white or yellow-powdered on the edge, interspaces venose. STEM 4-7 cm. long, 6-10 mm. thick, soft, equal, stuffed, white, apex decorated by yellowish granules, sometimes in the form of an im- perfect ring. SPOKES oval-elliptical, smooth, 7-10x4-6 micr., white. "Gregarious. In late summer or autumn. On the ground in open woods." Not yet reported from Michigan. 156. Hygrophorus eburneus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms, PL 34, Fig. 113, p. Ill, 1900. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 6, PL 131. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 164, p. 207, 1908. Marshall, Mushroom Book, PI. 30, p. 84, 1905. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 54, PL 77, Figs. 13-14, 1902. (As H. laurae var. unicolor.) Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 94, PL 88, Figs. 8-11, 1905. (As H. laurae var. decipiens.) Cooke, 111., PL 886. Eicken, Bliitterpilze, PL 6, Fig. 5. PILEUS 2-7 cm. broad, convex-expanded, pure white when fresh, glutinous, shining, even, glabrous, margin at first involute and floccose-pubescent. FLESH white, rather thick and firm. GILLS adnate to decurrent, subdistant, moderately broad behind, narrowed in front, subvenose, white, often dingy yellowish in age, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM 6-15 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick, elongated, subeqnal, tapering or fusiform, often flexuous, glutinous, shining- spotted when dry, persistently stuffed or becoming hollow, glab- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS L70 rous, apes with white dota or squamules, aol annulate, white often becoming dingy in age. ODOB and TASTE mild. SPORES cylin drical-elliptic, smooth, 6-8x4-5.5 micr. BASIDIA Blender, t-spored, tO l-\7 micr. Gregarious or subcaespitose in woods, thickets, etc., often among grass. October-November. Frequent. Ann Arbor and probablj i liroughou i the State. Var. unicolor Pk. This is s;iii| in differ by ii> solid stem and change of color on drying, li was referred by Peck to //" laurou as a variety, [f ii is distinct :it all it appears i<» !>«• better to attach ii in //. i hnni< us. Gillel says the si cm of //. < burru us is Bolid or hoi low. There is so much variation in this reaped in our plants some having ;i persistenl pith and appearing solid, and others becoming hollow — that ii seems t<> me besl to merge the variety in the Bpecies. Berkeley notes thai sometimes the English plants turn "fox-red In parts" when they decay. Var. decipiens l'k. is closely related t<» the preceding variety, i>ut is caespitose and the gills are said to remain white. It w;is also attached to //. laurae by Peck. All these have a uniform white color when young or fresh, and are provided with a hyaline glutinous, universal veil which makes the cap and stem slippery and difficull to pull up or to handle The shining pileus when dry reminds one of Tricholoma resplendi ns, hut the pileus averages smaller than in that species, and the Btem is glutinous. Eygrophorus rubropunctus Pk. is also said to be :i white plant, hut differs from the preceding by its stem being floo- COSe-toinentose helow the glutinous anuulus. and studded at the apes with drops of moisture which in diving form glandular red dots; its Mem is short hut thick; ami the spores measure 7.5 L0x5-6 mice. It has not been detected by me in Michigan. These white forms are all closely allied, and may he considered variations of one species. 157. Hygrophorus laurae Mori;. I'.miui Cincinnati Boc. Nat. Hist.. Vol. 6, L883. Illustrations: [bid, PL 9. Peck, X. V. State Bins. Hull. 54, 1*1. 77. 1902. Bard, Mushrooms, Pig. L70, p. 21 I. L908. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PI. 27, Pig. L0. PILEUS 3-10 fin. broad, convex-expanded or depressed on disk, 180 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN unibonate, more or less irregular, pinkish-brown or reddish on disk, white on margin, glutinous when fresh, glabrous, eveu, margin at first involute. FLESH thickish, white. GILLS adnate to decur- rent, subdistant, rather narrow, white or tinged with cream -flesh- color, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM 3-8 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, equal or tapering downward, solid, glutinous, white or yel- lowish-white, upper half often squamulose-scabrous, the apex dotted with scabrous points. SPOKES elliptical, smooth, apiculate, 7 9x 4-5.5 micr,, white in mass. BAS1DIA slender, about 38xG micr. ODOR and TASTE mild. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground in frondose woods, thickets, etc., among fallen leaves. Detroit, Ann Arbor, New Richmond. August-November. Frequent. This species usually has a cap which is wider than the length of the stem, while //. eburneus usually has an elongated stem and nar- row pileus. There is some discrepancy in the spore-measurements as given by Morgan and Peck. The latter author gives them as 6-7.5 micr. long. Such discrepancy usually points to different species studied by the different authors, but in the genus Hygro- phorus, as in some other white-spored genera, the spores often ma- ture slowly, and it is often not easy to distinguish mature from immature plants, so that the best of observers may disagree. H. laurae is said to stain one's angers as if with sumach. (S. Davis. Rhodora, 13, p. 63, 1911.) 158. Hygrophorus flavodiscus Frost (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 35, 1884. Illustrations: Peck, N. Y. Shite Mus. Mem., Vol. 3, PL 50. Fig. 1-6. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 167, p. 210, 1908. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 4, PL 56, Fig. 11. PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, convex or nearly plane, glutinous when fresh, pale yellow or reddish-yellow on disk, white elsewhere, glab- rous, even, margin at first involute. FLESH white. GILLS adnate to decurrent, subdistant, white sometimes with a slight flesh-colored tint, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, nearly equal, solid, very glutinous, apex with white scabrous points, white or yellowish below. Spores elliptical, inequilateral. 6-7.5x4-5 micr., white. Gregarious. On the ground in hemlock and beech woods. New Richmond. September. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS L81 This is close to Hit- preceding, and may be a form of ii peculiar to conifer woods. Peck thinks it belongs nearest to //. fuligim in whose company he has found it. According to tiiis author, there are ao scabrous points a1 the apex of the Btem. in my Bpecimemi they were present, m least in the younger stages. The species was first published by Peck who obtained the name from Frost's manu scripl description. The pileus has a thick fleshy disk, its margin is at first inrolled and is densely white-floccose on the side nexl the stein. The gills are soinet imes iniei\ enose ; ;it first they are simply adnate, bu1 on the expansion of the pileus become decurrent. This change from the young t<» the old gills has caused some discrep- ancies in the descriptions by diflfereul authors of this and the pre ceding species. The layer of glutinous tissue is very thick on the cap, thin on the stem. 159. Hygrophorus paludosus Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bull., Vol. 29, L902. "PILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, convex', obtuse, whitish, covered with a thick yellowish or brownish gluten. FLESH white. GILLS adnate or slightly decurrent, subdistant, whitish, stained with greenish- yellow when old. STEM .*> 10 em. long. Mi mm. thick, subequal, long mid slender, flexuous, often curved at the base, solid, glutino white with yellow glandular dots at the top, streaked with brownish tihers or shreds of the dried gluten when dry. SPORES broadly elliptical, 8-10 x 5-7 micr., white. ODOR earthy. TASTE slightly acrid." Growing among peal mosses. Greenville. September. Reported by Longyear. The yellowish dots at the apex of the stem are said to become black on drying, and there are yellowish stains ,n the base of the stem. The plant seems rare, as it has m>( been reported since its discovery. It needs further study to show its relationship. 160. Hygrophorus speciosus Pk. (Edibli N. V. State Mus. Rep. 29, L878. Illustrations: Peck. \. v. State Mus. Mem. I. PI. 51, Fig. 21 l '.too. and Rep. 29, PI. 2, Fig. l 5, L878 Hard. Mushrooms. Fig. L68, p. 211, L908. Fries, [cones, PI. L66 {Hygrophorus aureus Fr 182 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Bresadola, Fungi Tricl., Vol. I, PI. 9 (Hygrophorus bresa- dolac Quel.). Plate XXIV of this Report. PILEUS 2-8 cm. broad, oval, subconic or flattened convex when young, broadly convex and at length almost plane when mature, or varying subcampanulate and umbonate, umbo usually subob- solete, glutinous when fresh, bright red or orange-vermillion when young or in full vigor, becoming paler with age or after freezing, often snbvirgate, even or slightly rugulose from the drying gluten, margin at first incurved then decurved or spreading. FLESH white or tinged orange under the separable pellicle, soft, rather thick. GILLS decurrent, distant, moderately broad in middle, acuminate at ends, arcuate, thick, intervenose, white or tinged yel- lowish, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM stout, 3-10 cm. long, 8-20 mm. thick, variable in length, equal or irregularly subcom- pressed, soft and spongy within, not hollow, straight or flexuous, hyaline-tchite, floccose-fibrillose to the apical, obsolete annulus, al- most glabrous at times, variegated with glistening spots from the drying of the gluten, sometimes ochraceous-stained when old, apex subglabrous to silky, base usually deeply imbedded in substratum or subrooting. UNIVERSAL VEIL of hyaline gluten. SPOPvES 8-9.5x5-0 micr., broadly elliptical, smooth, white in mass. BA- SIDIA slender, 50-00x0-8 micr., 4-spored, sterigmata long and prominent. ODOR and TASTE mild. In troops, etc., solitary or caespitose. In tamarack swamps. Ann Arbor. October-November. Frequent locally, appearing every fall in the same places. This is the American form of Hygrophorus aureus of Europe. The illustrations of European authors as well as those of Peck, indicate a smaller average size and a pileus markedly umbonate. In our region as well as in the Adirondack Mountains I have seen such plants occur with the rest, but the majority are broadly convex with or without an obsolete umbo and as a rule are larger than the European form. Sometimes vestiges of a distinct floccose annulus occur, but more often this cannot be seen; on the other hand, the stem is usually covered by a white, floccose-fibrillose, appressed sheath which becomes dingy ochraceons or pale sordid reddish on drying, especially where gluten has dropped from the margin of the cap on the stem. Plants in the same patch vary greatly in the size of the pileus and the stem. The stem of the young plant is at first large and stout as compared with the flat or convex, narrow young pileus. The partial veil is floccose-fibrillose. The margin of CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS the pileus is merely incurved &i first, 1 1 < • i inrolled ae it is said to !>•• in //. glutinifer Fr. The color of the pileus of the typical American planl is a brighter red than thai in Europe. This, however, is nol unusual, ;is the reverse is true in Imanita muscaria. The pileus usually becomes pallid yellowish after exposure to sun and wind, or after beihg frozen. In the Adirondack Mountains I collected ;i color variety growing with the species, which differed from it ;it every stage of its developmenl by its cadmium-yellow pileus. Hygroph orus coloratus Pk. is Baid to differ from //. speciosus by having .1 stuffed i>r hollow stem ;iuil a partial, floccose, white veil. As tin- latter is sometimes noticeable in the Michigan plants, and because of the sof 1 structure of the interior of the stem in our plants, I doubl whether //. coloratus is more than a variety of the species. 161. Hygrophorus hypothejus Fr. (Edibli Syst. Myc, L821. [llustrations : Cooke, 111.. Plate 891. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 510. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 337. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 5, Fig. .~>. "PILEUS •">-•"> cm. broad, convex-expanded, ;it length depressed iii center, obtuse, glutinous, olive-brown, virgate with radial fibrils, even, becoming \><\\<\ or citron-golden-yellow, tawny after tin dis- appearance of the olive-brown superficial gluten. FLESH pale yellowish with a yellow periphery, thin. i incurved and slightly Hoccose. FLESL1 compact or somewhat soft, white, thick. GILLS adnate to decur- rent, subdistant, rather broad in middle, attenuate a1 both ends, iridic slightly yellowish in age, waxy, interspaces sometimes veined, trama of divergenl hyphae. STEM stout, 6-10 cm. long, 15-30 mm. thick, short, solid, dry, equal or attenuated downwards, white, glabrous or obscurely floccose-inealy ;ii apex, even. SPORES ellip- tical, s ill. 6 s x i :, micr. ODOR and TASTE mild. Gregarious. On the ground among leaves in frondose woods of maple, oak, etc. September-November. Ann Arbor, New Richmond. Frequent locally. This is the Largest and finest of the genus. Small individuals may he confused with Tricholoma resplendens, but due regard to broader pileus, shinier stem and the waxy i;ills which are de- currenl in expanded plants, will distinguish it at once. Microscopically the divergenl hyphae of the gills, as well as the basidia, are a certain distinction. It has been met with for a series of years, every autumn, and is consistently a large white plant, SO l hat it can hardly he referred to //. pudorfntlS. When young, a Qoccose cortina is present. The universal veil is entirelj lacking. It is edible, ami vies with any mushroom in its abundant flesh ami pleasant flavor. The pileus is sometimes quite obscured by adhering leaves or dirt. 166. Hygrophorus fusco-albus Fr. var. occindentalis var. nov. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, III.. Plate 899. Plate X.W'III of this Report. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, convex-expanded, al length plane or de pressed, viscid when moist, lirirf grayish-brown to brotonish-ashy, sometimes blackish on disk, glabrous, even, becoming fragile, mar- gin at first involute and floccose-downy. FLESB white, rather thin. 188 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN rather soft. GILLS adnate to decurrent, subdistant to close, rather narrow, creamy-white, interspaces venose, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM slender, rarely stout, 3-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick (rarely 10-12 mm.), equal or tapering downward, dry, solid, straight, or curved at base, sometimes flexuous, rather fragile, apex fioccose- scabrous, floccose-prumose elsewhere, glabrescent, white or pallid. SPORES elliptical, smooth, 6-8x3.5-4.5 micr., white. BASIDIA slender, 36-38 x 6-7 micr., 4-spored. ODOR and TASTE mild. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground in oak woods. Ann Arbor, Detroit. October. Infrequent. This plant has been found in several places in successive years. It is well-marked, but differs in some respects from the published descriptions and figures of H. fusco-albus. It appears that there is no unanimity among European mycologists as to this species. It was first figured by Lasch. Ricken figures it as a stout plant with a viscid stem and says the stem is glutinous-peronate. This departs widely from the description of Fries, Gillet, Massee and others. Cooke's figure more nearly depicts our plant. Fries says the gills are broad, but in our specimens they were always rather narrow. Peck (N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 116) has included it under H. fusco-albus, in the sense of Fries, in his monograph. The spores of our plant are slightly smaller than given by Peck, and much smaller than those given by Cooke and Massee. In view of these discrepancies and differences, it has seemed best to bestow on our plant at least a varietal position. It seems to come halfway be- tween H. fusco-albus and H. licido-albus. The partial floccose veil disappears early except on the involute edge of the pileus. The stem is delicately floccose and entirely dry when fresh or young. 167. Hygrophoius Jeporinrs Fr. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustration: Cooke, 111., PI. 930. PILEUS 3-10 cm. broad, at first oval-campanula te, at length ex- panded-plane, obtuse, often gibbous or irregular, opaque, rufous- testaceous to fulvous-rufescent, variegated with a white, hoary, silk- iness when young, especially on margin, provided with a subviscid, separable, thin pellicle, becoming subfibrillose or subvirgate. FLESH thick, compact on disk, abruptly thin on margin, firm, pal- lid, tinged rufescent to rufous-fulvous. GILLS avcnate-decurrent, rigid, thick, subdistant, distinct, attenuate at both ends, frrrugi- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 180 nous-fulvous to gilrous, pruinose, trama divergent. STEM 3-8 cm. broad, Bubequal or tapering downward, attenuated at base, often curved, rigid, 8 16 nun. thick above, at first wiili an appressed, glancous silkiness, glabrescent, innately fibrous and Bhining, solid } ru it scent wiiliin and without. SPORES narrowly elliptic-lam late to ovate, smooth, 7-9 s I micr., white. BASIDIA verj Blender, aboul 'in \ l mill'. < »l >< >lv i •. TASTE mild. Scattered or gregarious. On the ground among fallen leaves in frondose \\ Is. October. Ann Arbor. Rare. I have referred this large, well marked plant to Hi" above species on the strength <>f Cooke's figure, but with Bome hesitancy. It agrees well with thai illustration. //. /' /mi-inns is usually placed under the subgenus Camarophyllus, bul the divergent gill trama of our plant indicates plainly its position in my grouping. The spore- measurements do not agree with those given by others. M Bays they arc subglobose, 5-6 micr.; Ricken describes them ;is cylindric elliptical, like ours, bul smaller, 5 t'» \ l micr., which appi imates somewhat closely. Berkeley says spines of //. leporinus are umber-colored; this is manifestly an error. The rather rigid hahit and color suggesl a large and deeply colored Clitocybe lac- cata, l>ut otherwise they have nothing in common. The whole plant is more or less salmon-rufescenl in color. The trama of the gills is composed of slender, diverging, compact hyphae, 5-7 micr. in diameter. The trama of the pileus is also pseudo-prosenchymal mis. i. e.. of narrow, compact hyphae. The species is variable in size and stout even when young. It is not found till late fall. It may turn out to be distinct. si BGENl 8 C IMAROPHYLLl 8. Veil none Trama of gills of interwoven hyphae. Pileus and stein usually >}v\. Stem gla brous or fibrillose, nol scabrous punctate at the apex. Although this subgenus was separated by Fries from the sub genus Hygrocybe <>n account of its "firm, non-viscid" pileus, he nevertheless, placed under it a number of thin, \ischl species like //. fornicatus, II. niveus, etc. In view of the fact that such typical species of this group as //. pratensis and If. virgineus have a L r iil trama of interwoven hyphae, and typical species of the subgenus Bygrocybe have a gill-trama of parallel hyphae, it seems that we have here a fundamental ami natural separation of the two groups, as was insisted on by Fayod (Ann. d. Sci. Nat., 7 Ser., Vol. '••. p. 305). Thus, despite the statement of Peck and Earle, the dry char- acter of the pileUS cannot be retained to characterize I his snbgenUS. 190 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 168. Hygrophorus pratensis Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Cooke, 111:, PL 917 and 932. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 7, Fig. 2. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 345. Swanton, Fungi, PL 9, Fig. 11-12, 1909. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PL 27, Fig. 1. Peek, X. Y. State Mus. Rep. IS. Bot. ed., PL 28, Fig. 11-17, 1896. PILEUS 2-7 em. broad, disk compact, convex, subexpanded, often turbinate, obtuse or uinbonate, glabrous, even, reddish-fulvous or pale tawny, moist when fresh, not viscid, margin thin. FLESH white or tinged like pileus. GILLS decurrent, distant, thick, whit- ish, yellowish or tinged like pileus, intervenose, very broad in the middle, trama of interwoven hyphae. STEM short, 4-7 cm. long, 7-12 mm. thick, equal or narrowed downwards, glabrous, even, per- sistently stuffed, white or tinged like the pileus. SPORES 6-8 x 1 :,..-» micr., broadly elliptical or elliptic-ovate, smooth, white. BASIDIA slender, 40-42x5-6 micr. ODOR and TASTKmild. ^ Solitary, gregarious or caespitose. On the ground, woods, thick- ets, grassy places, etc. Marquette, Houghton, Bay View, New Rich- mond, Ann Arbor, etc. Most common apparently in the northern part of the State; mostly in frondose woods. July-October. Fre- quent. Var. pallidus. Plant whitish (Detroit). Var. cinereus. Plant cinereous or stem whitish. Otherwise like the typical form. The dry surface of the pileus often becomes rimulose in expanded plants from the cracking of the cuticle. Such a condition is shown in Hard's Fig. 163, Plate 24, op. page 204; in other respects that illustration does not show the characteristic top-shaped pileus of the plant, nor the short stubby stem. It is distinguishable by its glabrous cap and stem, its top-shaped pileus and the compact flesh of the center of the cap. It grows more often in exposed, grassy places than our other Hygrophori. CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS mi 169. Hygrophorus virgineus l'r. var. (Edible Syst Myc, 1821. [llustrations : Sard, Mushrooms, Fig. IT."., p. 219, 1908. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. I. PI. 52, Fig. 8 12, II Mcllvaine, American Mushrooms, PI. -7. Fig 6, |>. I I''.. 1900. Cooke, III.. PL 892. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. ■"-"•I. PILE1 S - 5 tin. broad, convex, <>ii dcp . dry, "I' scurely pruinose, even white, margin thin. FLESB thick in center of cap, white. < > I LLS decurrent, close to subdistant, thickish, white or al Length tinged cream flesh color, scarcely ever forked or reined, trama of interwoven hyphae. STEM Bhort, 2 I cm. long, 6-10 nun. thick, equal or tapering either way, solid, white within and with- out, glabrous, even. SPORES narrowly ovate or elliptic-ovate, si th, 6-8x3.5-4 micr. ODOB and TASTE mild. Solitary or gregarious. On sandy ground, in mixed, open woods of pine, beech and maple. New Richmond, Detroit. September- October. Found infrequently. This species, it is sai 10-12 s6-7 micr. < >ur plant is probably a distinct variety if not a species. It has also closer gills than the type. It is hard to distinguish from the pallid variety of //. pratensis except for its narrower spores, and lew ambonate or turbinate pileus, which is commonly pure white. 170. Hygrophorus niveus l'r. (Edibli Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Michael, Piihrer f. Pilzfreunde, 111. No. - Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 7. Fig. 3. Cooke, 111.. PI. 900. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, convex or campanulate al first, then plane, umbilicatc, hygrophanous-white, glabrous, slightly viscid, st tin i uhi i r when moist. FLESH thin, white. GILLS decurrent, distant, narrow, white, thin, subvenose, trama of interwoi 192 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN hyphae STEM 2-8 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, stuffed then usually hollow, equal or tapering downward, white, glabrous. SPORES broadly elliptical, smooth, 7-8x5-0 micr. CYSTIDIA none. BASIDIA 40-45x5-6 micr., slender. ODOR none. Gregarious. On moist ground in low woods or on mosses in swamps. Ann Arbor, New Richmond, Marquette. Throughout the State. August- September. Infrequent. Most of our collections were composed of small plants, with slender steins often only 2 mm. thick. The pileus varies from truly convex to campanulate in the same patch. In some localities the pileus was tinged a slight cream-color, but otherwise the plant was the same. The umbilicus is sometimes obsolete. The pileus has a thin subviscid pellicle. This species, with us, differs from H. borealis in its more slender habit and its pileus, which is very thm and umbilicate on the disk. It is rather tough, and when moist the pileus is slightly viscid. 171. Hygrophorus borealis Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 2G, 1874. PILEUS 1-3.5 cm. broad, convex then subexpanded, obtuse, moist, glabrous, even, white. FLESH thickish on disk, thin elsewhere, coneolor. GILLS decurrent, arcuate, distant, intervenose, white. STEM slender, 2-5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, firm, equal or tapering downward, straight or flexuous. stnffed, white, glabrous. SPORES 7-9x5-0 micr., broadly elliptical. ODOR none. TASTE mild. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On moist ground in swamps or woods* of birch, maple, hemlock, etc. Marquette, New Richmond, Ann Arbor. August-October. Infrequently found, but probably common in our northern woods. This is a slightly larger and firmer species than the preceding. Its pileus is rarely striate and is not viscid. It is, however, closely related to II. niveus. No data are at hand to determine what may be the structure of the gill-trama. Var. subborealis, var. now A plant has been found which simu- lates H. borealis, whose spores are markedly larger. If these prove to be constant, it deserves to be considered a separate species. The full description follows: PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, convex, broadly umbonate, obtuse or sometimes depressed-umbilicate, thick on disk, firm, watery white, sub-hygrophanous, not shining, glabrous, even, the thin margin at first slightly incurved, at length spreading. FLESH white. GILLS CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 1'...; decurrent, distant, veined, forked, concolor, trama of interwoven hyphae. STEM ■". I cm. Long, I 7 mm. thick, tapering downward, dull white staffed then hollow, glabrous or innately Bilkj abrilli SPORES cylindric-clliptical, smooth, LO 12 (rarer) L3) \ t-5.5 micr. BASIDIA slender, 15-50x0-7 inicr., with Bterigmata aboul 6 micr. long. ODOR aone, TASTE mild. Ann Arbor, NVu Richmond. August-October. 172. Hygrophorus ceraceus I'r. (Edible Syst. .M.vc. L821. [llustrations : Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfrennde I, No. 33. Bard, Mushrooms, Pig. 171, p. 218. Cooke. II!.. PI. 904 (B). Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PL 27, Pig. 2. PILEUS II cm. broad, convex-capmanulate, obtnsi md fragile, viscous, pale ceraceus to lemon-yellow, sometimes ti] orange, not pallesoent, pellucid-striate, glabrous. PLESE concolor, fragile. GILLS broadly adnate to subdecurrent, broad behind to subtriangular, thickish, subdistant, pale yellowish or whitish, trama of interwoven hyphae. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 2 I mm. thick, equal, terete or compressed, hollow, glabrous, slightly vis. •id. soon dry, shining-undulate, waxy-yellow, sometimes tinged orange. SPORES 6-8x4 micr., short-elliptic, smooth. CYSTIDIA aone. Gregarious. Oil moist ground, in woods of the aorthern and western pari of the State. July-September. Frequent. This little species is usually placed under the suit:;. -mis \\\ grocybe, bu1 the interwoveu hyphae of the gills bar it. It is dia tinguished from //. mtidus, a very similar species, by the color of the cap not fading as in that species; and from //. chlorophantts by the broadly adnate or subdecurreul gills. It seems to prefer the region of conifer woods, although it is no1 aecessarily found only among conifers. 173. Hygrophorus colemannianus Bl<>\. Outlines of British Fungolo£jy, i.erkeley, 1SU0. Illustrations: Cooke, Ml.. PL 903. Bresadola, Fun- Trid., Vol. 2, PL 125. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 7. Pig. 5. Flate XXIX of this Report. 25 194 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN PILEUS 1.54 cm. broad* convex with obtuse umbo, finally tur- binate and plane to depressed, hygrophanous, with, a thin, separable, subviscid pellicle, even or at length pellucid-striate, glabrous, livid rufescent then brownish- flesh color, margin soon spreading. FLESH thin except disk, rather fragile, concolor. GILLS decur- rent from the first, distant, not broad, acuminate at ends, very veiny, whitish, tinged grayish-brown, trama of interwoven hyphae. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick, equal or subequal, elastic, in- nately fibrillose-striatulate, apex naked, stuffed or at length hollow, whitish. SPORES broadly elliptical, smooth, 6-9x5-6 micr., white. BASIDIA slender, 40 x micr., 4-sp'ored. < JYSTIDIA none. ODOR none. TASTE mild. Gregarious or solitary. On the ground in mossy or grassy moist places, in low woods or edge of swamps. Ann Arbor, New Rich- mond. Infrequent. Bresadola gives a good figure, though our plants average smaller than his. It has the shape of H. pratensis but is hygrophanous and thinner, and must not be confused with the gray variety of that species. It prefers springy or moist places. The entire lack of odor separates it from //. foetens Phil, and H. peckianus Howe. 174. Hygrophorus pallidus Pk. Torrey Pot. Club, Pull. 29, p. 69, 1902. Illustration: Plate XXIX of lliis Report. PILEUS 2-(! cm. broad, couvex-campanulate, then expanded- plane to subdepressed, subturbinate, hygrophanous^, glabrous, smoky-violaceous or smoky-lilac when fresh and moist, fading to pale gray, with a thin gelatinous pellicle, subviscid when moist, soon dry and shining, even. FLESH white, rather thin. GILLS arcuate- adnate to decurrent, distant, not broad, intervenose, colored like the pileus when moist, at length whitish or grayish-wdiite, trama of interwoven hyphae. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 2-8 mm. thick, slender or stout, equal or narrowed downwards, slightly fibrillose or glabrous. apex naked, at first stuffed by a large soft pith which disappears, \ at length hollow and easily splitting, white or pale silvery-gray. SPORES ovate-subglolnose, smooth.. 5-6.5x4-5 micr. BASIDIA short, 30x6-7 micr. ODOR none. TASTE mild. Gregarious or solitary. On moist ground in low woods or swamps. Ann Arbor, Marquette. Xegaunee, New Richmond. Rather rare. CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS A beautiful Qygrophorus when fresh and moist, bul ven variable in the degree of color and viscidity. The deep color and the vis cidity of the pileus disappear quickly on exposure to the wind, caus- ing ii to appear like quite a different plant Hie gelatinous cuticle can, however, be demonstrated in all conditions by means of the microscope. [Examples of our specimens were seen bi Simon Davis, wIid collected the type specimens which were oai I l»\ Peck. Hygrophorus submoluceous Pk. is verj close to it, according to the description, differing only in its solid stem; Peck has, ho* ever, referred ii i<> the subgenus Limacium. I suspecl that //. <■<" i a!' a > a - B. & < '. is the same plant. si BGENl S HYGROCYBE. Veil none. Trama of gills of parallel hyphae. Entire fungus thin, watery-succulent, fragile. Pileus vis ciil when moist, shining when dry, rarely floccose-scaly. Stem hol- low, aot scabrous-punctate at apex. .Most specimens of iliis subgenus arc brightly colored, air soft, ami grow in moist or wet plates. As no data arc at hand concerning the gill-trama of several species, these have been included tem porarily under the subgenus Hygrocybe. 175. Hygrophorus miniatus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, L821. Illustrations: Hard. Mushrooms, Fig. 171, p. 215. Marshall, Mushroom Book, PI. X. p. 60, 1903. Peck, X. Y. stale .Mas. Rep. is. PL 28, Pig. I L0, 1894. White. Conn. State Xat. Hist. Surv.. Cull. L5, PL L8, 1910. Cooke. III.. PL !>L'I i.\ i. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 8, Pig. !». I'l LEI rs L-3 cm. broad, convex snhexpamlod, at length umb lu •■ never viscid, vermillion, reddish-yellow or yellow, fading, minutely tomentose, at length minutely scaly, sometimes glabrous, c\cn. fragile. PLESB thin, yellowish to pale. GILLS adnate to Btibde current, subdistant, orange-red or yellow, at length paler, thickish, traraa of parallel hyphae. STEM 2-7 cm. Ion--. 3-5 mm. thick, equal, almost cylindrical, orange-red or yellow, smiled. ;it last hollow, dry, glabrous. SPORES variabh . broadly elliptical, 7-9.5 \ 5-6 micr. ODOB .'ind TASTE mild. Var. CantherMlus Schw. (Hygrophorus Cantherellus 8chw.) Stem longer and more slender, pileus narrower, -ills a little n deeiirrent, spores the same. 196 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Illustrations of the variety: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 165, p. 208, 1908. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2,' PI. 27, Fig. 9. Marshall, Mushroom Book, PL X. p. 60, 1903. Peck, N. Y. Stale Mus. Pep. 54, PL 76, Fig. 8-20, 1901. The var. Ccmtherellus is much more common with us than the type, but it intergrades so much that it is often difficult to decide on the identity. The characters usually given for its separation, viz., the decurrent gills, minutely scaly pileus and slender stem, do not always hold good, so that it can hardly be an autonomous species. Numerous collections show all possible combinations, although the commonest type in Michigan is the plant with narrow pileus and a stem 2-3 mm. thick and 5-7 cm. long. A number of color forms of both have been named as varieties: (a) with red or orange cap and yellow stem; (b) with yellow pileus and red stem; (c) with both stem and pileus pale yellow. Var. sphagnophilus Pk. is more marked, grows in sphagnum bogs, is very fragile and the white base of the stem is imbedded and attached to the moss. The spores of the whole series are rather variable, even in the same collection, but fall within the limits given above. Massee and Cooke give the spore lengths a little large for our plants. The color varies greatly and fades in age. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground in moist conifer or frondose woods or on mosses. Throughout the State. June-Octo- ber. Quite common. 176. Hygrophorus coccineus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc., 1821. Illustrations: Swanton, Fungi, PL 9, Fig. 1-6. Cooke, 111., PL 920. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PL 27, Fig. 7. Plate XXX of this Report. PILEUS 2-7 cm. broad, campanulate or sometimes convex, scarcely expanded, obtuse, subviscid, cherry red or ~blood-red, fad- ing, glabrous, even. FLESH thin, fragile, concolor. GILLS arcuate-adnate, somtimes with decurrent tooth, subdistant to dis- tant, orange-red to yellow, at length glaucous, thickish, intervenose, traina of parallel hyphae. STEM 4-7 cm. long, 3-9 mm. thick, vary- ing much in thickness, subequal or tapering downward, often com- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 1-7 pressed and furrowed) hollow, blood or cherry red, orangt or yellow nt base, often undulate-uneven, naked. SPORES broadly elliptical, 7-9x5-6 micr. BASIDIA 10-50x6-7 micr. ODOR and TASTE none Gregarious. <>n the ground, in low meadows or moist woods, thickets, clearings, etc., of conifer or hardwood regions. Marquette, Boughton, Detroit. Throughout the State July-October, infre- quent; more frequenl in the northern pari of the State. Among ilif largest <>f the bright-colored species of this ;_r i • • 1 1 j ► . approaching //. puniceus in size in spite of the notes of some au« thorsthat it is smaller. It is variable in size, has a firm appearance, I'm is rather brittle This is one ot our most beautiful mushrooms when well developed, h is easily confused with //. puniceus, from which it is to be separated by its spores, the yellow base of the Btem, the more distinctly adnate gills and tin- entirely glabrous Sinn. European authors disagree as to the spore sizes of //. i '■in< us and //. puniceus, bu1 two species which agree in the other characters with the published descriptions and figures, and the spores of which are consistently of the two types given under these two species, are round in Michigan. They vary somewhat in size in each case, but the narrower and longer spore of //. puniceus is well-marked. 177. Hygrophorus puniceus Fr. (Edibli Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Peck, N. V. State Mus. Mem. I. PI. 52, Pig. 1-5, 1900. Michael, Fuhrer P. PilzfreUnde, Vol. I. No. 34. Cooke, 111.. PI. 922. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PI. 27, Pig. 5. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 8, Pig. 2. PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, campanulate, obtuse, expanded at length and then wavy or lobed, bright red or scarlet, viscid, fading, gla- brous. FLESH fragile, white, yellow under the thin separable pel- licle. GILLS narrowly adncxed, thick, distant, yellow to scarlet, intervenose, trama of parallel hyphae. STEM 5 S cm. Long, 5-12 nun. thick, ventricose, unequal or tapering, hollow, yellow, or scarlet and yellow, white at the base, dry, fibriUosestriate. SPORES cylindrical-elliptical, smooth. 9-12s I 5 micr. BASIDIA 10 I micr. ODOR none, TASTE mild. 198 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Gregarious or solitary. On the ground, in moist places, bare ground, woods, thickets, etc. August-October. Ann Arbor, Detroit. Infrequent. This species is similar to the preceding in general appearance. It is separable from it by its large spores, the slightly adnexed gills and the white base of the stem ; it has also a more viscid cap and a somewhat fibrillose stem. It also differs from H. chlorapanous in its red colors and dry stem. Var. flavescens Kauff. (8th Eep. Mich. Acad, of Sci., 190G.) PILEUS smaller, 2-6 cm. broad, "luteus" yellow, varying to orange tints in places, then citron yellow, fragile, convex-campanu- late, expanded, glabrous, even, viscid, sometimes wavy. GILLS adnexed, rather broad, close to sub-distant, pale yellow or white, subveiny. STEM 4-7 cm. long, 3-G mm. thick, hollow, compressed, sulphur or citron-yellow, base white, moist, pellucid-shining, gla- brous, sometimes pellucid-striate. SPOKES smaller, -i-T.") x 4-5, elliptical. Gregarious, in wet places, moss, etc., in cedar swamps or low woods, in northern Michigan. Rather frequent. The viscidity of the pileus is not very marked. It has much the habit and coloring of H. chlorophaiwus, but the stem is never viscid and varies in color to a distinct citron-yellow with white base, and is usually compressed. It is a distinct species as shown by its spores. 178. Hygrophorus chlorophanus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Gillet, Champignons de France, Xo. 329. Fries, Icones, PI. 167, Fig. 4. Cooke, 111., PI. 909. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, PL 51, Fig. 13-20, 1900. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PI. 27, Fig. 3. PILEUS 2-5 em. broad, convex or campanulate, then nearly plane, obtuse, viscid, citron, sulphur or golden yellow, glabrous, sometimes pellucid-striate on margin. FLESH fragile, not becom- ing black when bruised. GILLS adnexed, rentrieose, becoming emarginate, thin, subdistant, rather broad, pale citron-yellow, trama of parallel hyphae. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 4-8 mm. or less in thickness, equal or nearly so, sulphur or pale citron-yellow, unieolorous, hoi- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS low, rarely compressed, viscid, glabrous, even. SPORES narrowly elliptical, 6 8 \ I 5 micr., smooth. Gregarious. Low, moist places in woods. Throughoul the Btate. .1 une-September. < lommon. Known by its anicolorbus viscid Btem, and the adnexed, rather broad ^ills. The stem often dries quickly when exposed i<» the wind. Var. flavescens of the preceding Bpecies Is almost as closely allied to this Bpecies, but its stem is fundamentally distinct. 179. Hygrophorus marginatus Pk. (Si spe rED X. V. State -Mus. Rep. 28, L876. Illustrations: Bard, Mushrooms, Fig. IT::, p. 217, L908 Plate XXXI of this Report PILEUS 1-1 cm. broad, fragile, irregularly convex or campanu- late, gibbous ;ii times. ;it length plane, obtuse or broadly umbonate, hygrophanous, glabrous, varying golden yellow to orange or varie- gated with olivaceous (moist), fading and pale yellowish (dry), striatulate or rimose on margin. FLESH thin, fragile, concolor. GILLS arcuate adnate, becoming emarginate, Bubdistant, ventricose, rather broad, deep yellow or orange, color persisting, intervenose. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick, fragile, hollow, dry, often flexu- ous or irregularly compressed, glabrous, yellow or tinged orange, fading to straw-color. SPORES broadly elliptical, smooth. 7*- \ 1-.") micr. (rarely longer). ODOR and TASTE nol marked. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground in low. moist pla< in swamps of conifers or in frondose woods. Ann Arbor, Saull Ste. Marie, Marquette, Boughton, Huron Mountains. July-August. In frequent. The striking characteristic of this Bpecies is the orange-yellow mils which retain their color even after drying, while the pilens and stem fmle considerably; this is shown well in Hard's figure. The edge of the ^ills is sometimes more deeply colored. Tin- whole plant is very fragile, and it is difficult to -jet good herbarium •*]»■< i mens. The plants found in the Northern Peninsula were mostly variegated with olive, while those in the frondose woods of the south lacked this character, which, however, soon disappears a- the pileUS fades. Xone of IMV s| icci mens Were vi8Cid. It is a well marked species. The stem- are sometimes more elongated. 200 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 180. Hygrophorus conicus Fr. (Suspected) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 1G6, p. 209, 1908. White, Conn. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 3, PI. 13, p. 34, 1905. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 48. Eicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 8, Fig. 4. Cooke, 111., PI. 908. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PL 27, Fig. 8. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 332. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad and high, conical, unexpanded, subacute at apex, often splitting-expanded, or lobed on margin, viscid when moist, shining when dry, glabrous, yellow, orange or orange-red, subvirgate, often stained black in age. FLESH concolor, very thin, becoming black when bruised or old. GILLS almost free, ventri- cose, broad, almost triangular at times, thick, rather close to sub- distant, pallid to sulphur-yellow, when old black stained, trama of parallel hyphae. STEM 3-9 cm. long, 2-6 mm. thick, subcylindrieal, soft, dry, fibrillose-striate, usually twisted, hollow, citron to golden yellow, becoming black stained with age, splitting longitudinally. SPOKES broadly elliptical, 8-10 x :><;.:> micr., smooth. CYSTIDIA none. BASIDIA 35-38x8 micr., slender. Gregarious or solitary. In low, moist, conifer or frondose woods, grassy places, etc. Throughout the State. May to October. (Earliest record May 8; latest October 15.) Very common. Easily recognized by its conical pileus and the blackening flesh. The whole plant usually turns black in drying. It is not unusual to find olive tints in the pileus, and the shades of yellow or orange to red vary much as the plant matures or ages. After having be- come rain-soaked, the whole plant is sometimes black. 181. Hygrophorus nitidus B. & C. (Non. Fr.) Centuries of N. Amer. Fungi (Exsicatti), see also Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 23, 1870. Illustrations: Peck, X. Y. State Mus. Bull. 91, PL 88, Fig. 1-7, 1905. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PL 27, Fig. 0. PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, fragile, convex, umbilicate, viscid when CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 201 moist, wow-yellow to lemon-yellow, whitish when dry, pellueid- striatulate and Bhining when moist, glabrous. GILLS arcuate, de- current, distant, pale yellow, intervenose. STEW :: 7 cm. Long, 2 i mm. thick', sleuth r, Fragile, hollow . equal or narrowed downwards, sometimes fiexuous, viscid at first, wax-yellow, al length whitish. SPORES elliptical, 6 7 \ 3 I micr. < >l>< >K and TASTE not marked. Gregarious or subcaespitose. mm. thick, tough, glabrous, very viscid, equal, tawny, undulate-uneven. SPORES elliptical, 6-7 x I micr. BASIDLA 30x5-6 micr. <>I>m|; and TASTE not marked." Gregarious. In meadows, pastures, cedar swamps, etc. Lewis ton. Houghton. July-August. I have given Ricken's description. Doubtless it is often confused with //. peckii. The dry state of the latter seems to imitate it. and differs only in its fragility, the vnl> umbilicate ]>ileus. and gills which are at first whitish. 202 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 183. Hygrophorus peckii Atk. Jour, of MycoL, Vol. 8. 1902. PILEUS 1-2 cm. lu-oad, fragile, convex-plane, broadly umbilicate or depressed, glutinous when moist, color varying pale yellowish- flesh color, pinkish or vinaeeous-huff, rarely tinged greenish, gla- brous, pellucid-striatulate when moist, fading somewhat on drying. GILLS arcuated ecur rent, distant, rather broad, whitish to pale flesh color, trama of parallel hyphae. STEM 3-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, slender, equal, very viscid, shining, concolor, rarely greenish at apex, hollow, terete, even. SPORES broadly elliptical, 6-8 x 5 micr. ODOR present or absent; taste mild. Gregarious or solitary. On the ground, moss, etc., of low, wet woods or swamps of cedar and balsam in northern Michigan, maple and oak woods of the southern part of the State. Isle Roy- ale, Marquette, New Richmond, Ann Arbor, etc. July-August, rarely September. Frequent. This is much more common apparently than //. lactus, and may represent an American variety of that species. It differs from H. psitticinus by the form of the pileus; in that species it is obtuse or umbonate, and the green color persists longer and is practically always present in the young plant, while in H. peckii the green tinge is rare. Both these species are very slippery on the stem and cap when fresh or young. 184. Hygrophorus psitticinus Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 8, Fig. 6. Michael, Fuhrer f. Pilzfreunde, No. 65. Swanton, Fungi, PI. 9, Fig. 7-8, 1909. Cooke, 111., PL 910. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 346. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PI. 27, Fig. 4. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, cdmpanulate, then convex-expanded or plane, umbonate or obtuse, glutinous and slippery, at first parrot- green, at length varying livid-reddish, pinkish-flesh color or dingy citron-yellowish, pellucid -striate. FLESH thin, subconcolor. GILLS adnate, ventricose. thick, snbdistant. greenish or incarnate- reddish to yellowish, intervenose. trama of parallel hyphae. STEM CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 203 1-7 cm. Long, 2-5 mm. thick, equal, toughish, even, very viscid when fresh, glabrous, undulate-uneven, subpellucid, green above, usually tinged reddish-orange, flesh-colored or yellowish elsewhere, hollow. SPORES shorl elliptical, smooth 6-7.5x4-5 micr. BA8IDIA Blender, •">•; l'> \ 5-6 micr. Gregarious or subcaespitose. <>n the ground in low, moss^ woods or swamps, or in grassy places. Marquette, Houghton, New Rich- mond, Detroit, Ann Arbor. Throughoul the State. July-October. Rather frequent. This striking species is one of the few brighl green mushrooms. As in the case of Stropharia aeruginosa and Pholiota aeruginosa, it is always a delight to come across tlds beautiful Little plant. The green color soon fades out when exposed to the wind and light, whereas those individuals which are protected by leaves, etc., retain this color for some time. There is uo cortina in the young stage, and the gluten is derived from the cuticle of the pileus and stem ; otherwise, except for the structure of the gill-trama, it might be confused with the subgenus Limacium. [ts colors are sufficiently characteristic in the early stage to prevent anyone from confusing it with other Hygrophori. 185. Hygrophorus unquinosus Fr. Svst. Mvc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke. 111.. PI. 924. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 350. I'll. Ill's 2-5 cm. broad, fragile, hemispherical-campanulate, then subexpanded, obtuse, gray <»• smoky brown, [ 3-8 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick, Bubequal or variously thickened, hollow, compressed, viscid-slippery, glabrous, lead-gray. SPORES elliptical, 7-8x4-5 micr. BASIDIA 30-35 1 5-6 micr. Trama of gills parallel. ODOB none when young. TASTE mild. Gregarious or subcaespitose. <>n the ground or moss of low woods or swamps. Detroit. Marquette, Boughton. July-September. Rather rare. This species must not lie confused with //. fuligineits Which be longs to the Bubgenus Limacium, and has ;i solid stem and ;i veil. AGARICEjE Context of fruit-body fleshy, putrescent, thai of pileua Bometimes membranous, of stem sometimes cartilaginous or horny; neither leathery, nor vesiculosa Stem central, eccentric, lateral or hik- ing. Gills well-developed, acute on edge. Spores with a hyaline or colored I'pispore; their deposil in mass on white paper yields a series of "prints" of various shades of white, pink, ochraceo brown, purple or black. This scries is arbitrarily divided into Ave ;ni [ficial groups as follows : i hi l'.l.i.k s|.ur, .I. i Melanosporae) : Spore-prinl black. (b) Purple-brown-spored. i imaurosporae) : Spore-prinl dark purple or purple-brown. (c) Rusty-spored or ochre-spored. (Ochrosporae) : Spore-prinl rusty-yellow, rusty-brown, ochraceous or cinnamon- brown. (di Pink-spored. (Rhodosporae) : Spore-prinl flesh-colored, rosy or pale pink, (e) White-spored. (Leucosporae) : Spore-print white. The spore-prim is in many eases indispensable in determining the proper group to which the mushroom belongs. It is obtained easily by cutting off the stem just below the gills and Laying the cap. with gills down, on a piece of white paper and covering it over night with a dish to prevent premature drying. Mushrooms which have been kept on ice do not seem to deposit spores thereafter, nevertheless it is well to avoid too warm a place, else the specimen may putrefy. The color oi the spores may often be detected at the time of collecting by the deposit already made on the ground be neath it or on other mushrooms when growing in a duster. In ma- ture specimens the gills usually become colored by the color of the spores, but when young the gills are generally white; in some species, however, the gills are themselves colored, e. g., Clitocybe illudens and Mycena leijana. After some experience, it is usually possible to determine the group to which a species belongs by means of the microscope. The delicate tint of the color for each group is then discernible in the epispore of each mature spore. This method is especially useful in cases where it is a question of the presence of the purple tint of the purple-brown-spored plants; the spore mass or gills often appear entirely dark brown to the naked eye in species Whose separate spores have a purple tint under the mil scope. 206 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN MELANOSPORAE Coprinus Pers. (PROP. L. H. PENNINGTON) (From the Greek, Icopros, (lung.) Spores dark brown or black;. gills free or slightly attached, at first closely in contact laterally, separated in many cases by pro- jecting cystidia, soon deliquescing, or drying quickly to a black line upon the lower side of pileus. Many small species develop at night and almost entirely disappear by morning. The flesh of the pileus is thin, in the smaller species often membranaceous or apparently lacking entirely. A universal veil is present in a majority of the species. The stem is fleshy to fibrous. Most of the species grow upon dung or richly manured ground, several upon wood or veg- etable debris, and a few upon lawns, sand, or even upon walls in cellars. The spores of the dung inhabiting species usually germinate read- ily to produce a fine white or colorless mycelium upon which sporo- phores will often appear within 7-10 days after the spores are sown. G. radiatus, various forms of G. ephemeras, G. patouUlardi, G. semi- lanatus, G. narcoticus and several similar kinds are readily grown in pure cultures in the laboratory. G. sclerotif/enous grows from rather small black sclerotia in dung or in a mixture of soil and dung. Some of the wood inhabiting species, G. laniger and G. rad- ians are often found growing from dense masses of fine yellow my- celial threads, called ozonium. 'Others, e. g. G. quadrifidus, grow from tough course black fibres, termed rhizomorphs. 'The pileus is scaly from the breaking up of the cuticle into rather large squamose scales in the Comati; into tine innate fibrils in the Atramentarii ; smooth but covered at first with floccose. mealy or granular scales. which wholly or partly disappear in the Picacei and Tomentosi; or pruinose with minute hairs in forms of G. ephemeras and G. radi- atus. The stem is stuffed or hollow, fleshy or fleshy-fibrous, often very fragile. It differs in texture from the trama of the pileus and usually separates easily from it. The gills are white at first. In some species they become purplish then black, in others they become brown or smoky, then black. They are free or slightly at- tached, or adnate in a few species. The universal veil is usually seen as scales, fibrils or granules at CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 207 the base of the stem or upon the pileus. In a tew instances LI forms a movable ring upon the stem in C. comatus, C. bulbUosus and frequently in C. sterquilvnus : In the lasl Darned Bpecies tin- veil may form a distinct volva ai the base of the sicni. The taste is mild ami the odor is usually pleasant. A few species, as C quad- rifidus and V. narcoticus, have ti strong disagreeable odor. None of the species of Coprinus are considered poisonous and manj are highly esteemed by the myeophagist. The spores are very dark brown or sooty black in mass. By transmitted lighl they vary from lighl brown t<> very dark brown « »r smoky black. There is a wide variation in the size and Bhape of the spores. Some species may be identified by the spores alone as C. insigniSy C. boudieri and some forms of C. ephemcrus, etc. The genus can be divided into two fairly distinct groups (see Massee, Ann. Bot., Vol. 10, p. 123, 1890) according to the size of the plant and the thickness of tlesh or cuticle covering the gills; these groups can be further subdivided into sections as follows: A. Pelliculosi : I . I 'oinati 1 1. Atramentarii ill. Picacei IV. Tomentosi V. Micacei VI. Glabrati (No species reported) B. Veliformes: VIL Cyclodei VIII. Lanulati IX. Furfurelli X. Hemerobii Key to the Species i.\i Plants large, usually ever 3 cm. broad; pileus fleshy or sub-fleatay. i a i Pileus with cuticle torn into distinct scales nr almost smooth. (In Cuticle torn Into distinct scales; ring or volva present. (c) Spores over 20 micr. long; volva usually evident. 188. C. sterguilinus Fr. (cc) Spores less than 20 micr. long; movable ring usually | upon stem id i Pileus cylindrical; spores 15-17 micr. long. 1S6. C. comatu* Ft. (dd) Pilous ovate; spores less than 15 micr. long. IS". C. ovatits Fr. i lib I Pileus smooth or with innate fibrils. (c) Spores smooth, plants usually densely caespitose. 180. C. atramentarius Fr. (cc) Spores distinctly warted. 190. C. insignia Pk. (aai Cuticle not torn Into scales: veil breaking up Into superficial patches, scales, or granules. 208 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN (b) Veil felt-like, breaking up into areolate patches. (c) Rhizomorph or ozonium not evident; plants densely caespitose. 192. C. ebulbosus Pk. (cc) Rhizomorph or ozonium present. (d) Plants growing from rhizomorph; 5-8 cm. broad. 191. C. quadrifidus Pk. (dd) Plants growing from fine yellow ozonium; 1-3 cm. broad. 193. C. laniger Pk. (bb) Veil not as above. (c) Veil of fibrillose scales or a dense coat of white mealy vesicles, (d) Spores less than 10 micr. long, (e) Gills broad; growing upon sand. 199. G. arenatus Pk. •(ee) Gills narrow. (f) Disk livid; upon rotten wood in forest. 197. G. lago- pides Karst. (ff) Disk buff; upon cellar walls. 198. C. jonesii Pk. (dd) Spores more than 10 micr. long, (e) Gills attached, (f) Disk obtuse; reddish or reddish brown. 202. G. domes- ticus Fr. (ff) Disk narrow, not colored; veil often composed of mealy vesicles. 200. C. niveus Fr. (ee) Gills free. (f) Pileus at first cylindrical. 196. C. tomentosus Fr. (ff) Pileus not cylindrical. (g) Veil more or less mealy; plants small, not in troops, (h) Spores 11-13 micr. long. 201. G. semilanatus Pk. (hh) Spores 15-17 micr. long. 200. C. niveus Fr. (gg) Veil never mealy; plants large; in troops upon dung heaps, (h) Stem not rooting. 194. G. fimetarius Fr. (hh) Stem rooting. 195.- C. fimetarius var. macrorhizus Fr. (cc) Veil of small granules or rnicaceus particles, (d) Spores less than 10 micr. long. (e) Plants not growing from ozonium; densely caespitose. 203. C. rnicaceus Fr. (ee) Plants from ozonium or at least with radiating mycelium at base of stem, single or caespitose. 204. G. radians Fr. (dd) Spores 10-12 micr. long. 209. G. rnicaceus var. conicus Pk. (AA) Pileus thin, plicate; if subfleshy then less than 3 cm. broad when expanded, (a) Veil present as superficial scales or granules. (b) Ring present upon the stem. 205. G. bulbilosus Pat. (bb) Ring absent. (c) Pileus covered with a dense white floccose or mealy coat, (d) Spores 12 micr. or more long. (e) Spores 12-13 micr. long. 201. G. semilanatus Pk. (ee) Spores 15-16 micr. long. 200. G. niveus Fr. (dd) Spores less than 12 micr. long. (e) Plants growing from black sclerotia in dung. 207. C. sclerotigenous E. & E. (ee) Not growing from sclerotia. (f) Plants growing upon plant stems. 209. C. brassicae Pk. (ff) Plants growing upon dung or soil. (g) Odor strong; spores 10-11 micr. long. 208. C. nar- coticus Fr. (gg) Little or no odor; spores 6-8 micr. long. 206. G. stercorarius. (cc) Pileus with a few rnicaceus particles or granules, (d) Spores ovate triangular or pentagonal, compressed. 210. G. patoiiilla?-di Quel, (dd) Spores elliptical. 211. C. radiatus Fr. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 209 (aa) No veil present. (b) Spores angular. (c) Spores key-stone shaped; plants growing upon ground In woods. 214. C boudieri Quel, (cc) Spores not key-stone Bhaped; plants upon dung. 213. O. ephemerus Fr. form, (bb) Spores not angular. ii'i Plants growing upon dung or recently manured ground. 213. c. ephemerus Fr. (cct Not growing upon dung. (d) Crowing among grass; spores broadly ovate, compressed 215. 0. plicatilia Fr. (dd) Growing in woods; spores gibbous-ovate. 213. 0. sii ticus l'k. PELLICl LOSI. Pileua covered with a distincl fleshy or mem- branous cuticle. do1 splitting along the lines of the gills bn1 be coming lacerate and revolute. Plants usually large. Section I. Comati. Ring formed from the free margin of the volva : cuticle torn into scales. 186. Coprinus comatus Fr. (Edible (The Shaggy Mane) Fries, Epicr., p. I'll'. Illustrations: Cooke, III.. PL 658. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 1. PI. 3, Pig. 3. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. ."-l-.'JS. Bard, Mushrooms, Figs. 269, 270. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 171. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt, No. 1 18. PILEUS 7-10 cm. high, cylindrical, then more ox less expanded, at firsl even, the cuticle becoming torn into broad adpressed scales, pale ochraceous, becoming darker in age, interstices whitish. (JILLS ii]) to li' nun. broad, almost free, white, crowded, then pint ish, at length black. STEM LO-15 cm. long, L2 17 nun. thick. sul> equal, Blightly attenuated upwards, white, even, hollow, more or less bulbous, hull) solid, ring movable. SPORES almost black, ellip tical, 13-18 x7-8 micr. Gregarious. In lawns and fields, very common in autumn, occa sional in spring. The Shaggy Mane is probably more generally used for food than any other Coprinus. By many people, however, it is not consid- ered equal in quality to Coprinus micaceus. 27 210 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 187. Coprinus ovatus Fr. (Edible) Fries, Epicr., p. 242. Illustrations: Schaeffer, Icon., Tab. 7. Cooke, 111., PL 059. PILEUS about 5 cm. across when expanded, at first ovate and covered with an even pale ochraceous cuticle, which becomes broken into large concentric scales, the apical portion remaining intact like a cap, margin striate. FLESH, thin, white. GILLS about 4 mm. broad, free, distant from the stem, whitish then black. STEM 6-10 cm. long, 10 mm. thick, attenuated upwards, flocculose or fibrillose, white, hollow, the lower portion bulbous, solid, rooting, ring evanescent. SPORES smoky black. 11-12x7-8 micr. This plant, which is often considered as a smaller form of Cop- rinus comatus Fr., was found but once growing upon a lawn at Palmyra, Mich. It differs from Coprinus comatus Fr. in that it has a smaller ovate pileus and smaller spores. In the specimens found the pileus was about 3 cm. high ami the spores ll : 13x7 mm. But for its much smaller spores the plant might easily be taken for a form of Coprinus sterquilinus growing in soil. In shape and color the spores of Coprinus comatus, C. ovatus and C. sterquilinus are very similar. In size, however, there is much variation, the meas- urements running from 11 microns in C. ovatus to 26 microns in C. sterquilinus. 188. Coprinus sterquilinus Fr. (Edible) Fries, Epicr., p. 242. Illustrations : Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 437. Gillet, Champignons de France, PI. 130 (as C. oblectus Fr.). Cooke, 111., PI. 660. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 3, PL 49, Fig. 3. Plate XXXII of this Report. PI LEUS 5-6 cm. broad when expanded, at first short cylindrical, conical then expanded, white tinged with brown or fuscous at disk, cuticle at first villous or silky, later torn into squarrose scales especially at disk. FLESH thin, white, sulcate half way to disk. (JILLS free, white then purplish, soon becoming black. STEM 10- 15 cm. high, slightly attenuated upward, subhbrillose, white slowly becoming discolored when braised, often entirely black with spores. n CLASSll'MCATIOX OF AGARICS -Ml hollow, base solid, thickened] peronate, tin- sheath <>r rolva with a free margin. SPORES L8-25 micr., smoky black. in old manure, straw, or in manured ground. June. This planl has been reported as <'<>i>ri>nis stenocoleus Lindb. Ii is also Coprinus macrosporus Pk. When growing in manured ground, the volva is nol as evidenl as when the planl grows in "Id manure or straw. From plates and descriptions it appears thai this plant lias also been called <'<>in'nius oolectus Fr. In the her- barium of tin' New fork Botanical Garden a specimen from Kew labeled Coprinus oolectus Fr. is very plainly Coprinus sterquilinus Fr. Moreover in a collection of many individuals, specimens maj lie picked oiil which I'll ihe description of C. 8t < ri/ii i I i n us , ('. shun cnit us. C. obleotus and C. macrosporus respectively, it is verj prob- able that these Dames are all synonyms. The plants are frequently found in dune upon old manure which has been lying ou1 in the open over winter or in heavily manured ground. The young unexpanded plants resemble rather small short specimens of C. comatus Fr. Undoubtedly G. sterquilinus Fr. is frequently taken for C. comatus or C. ovatus. In fact the writer has had typical specimens of G. 8t( rqniliii us pointed 0U1 to him by a mushroom collector as "the shaggy mane mushroom, very good to eat." The gills sometimes remain perfectly white for several hours and then change rapidly through a purplish color to a smoky black. The flesh is thin and. as the pilens expands, it often becomes revolnto and in bright sunshine it dries in this condition. Sometimes the stem becomes dark when bruised <>!• when dried. Usually, however. it remains white unless it becomes covered with spores. This mushroom is edible and has a more pronounced ••mushroom" flavor than the ordinary Coprinus. Mcllvaine says. "Coprinus macrosporus is an excellent species, higher in flavor than any other Coprinus." 212 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Section II. Atramcntarii. Ring imperfect, not volvate, squarh- ules of pileus minute, innate. 189. Coprinus atramentarius Fr. (Edible) Fries, Epicr., p. 243. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 622. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 172. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 39-42. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 271-272. Murrill, Mycolgia, Vol. 1, PL 3, Fig. 4. riLEUS 5-8 cm. broad when expanded, ovate then expanded, firm, often lobed and plicate, grayish, silky fibrous, or minutely mealy, apex brownish, often minutely squamulose. FLESH thin. GILLS crowded, broad, ventricose, free, white then black, often with a purplish tinge. STEM 10-15 cm. high by 1-2 cm. thick, white, silky shining, hollow, ring basal, very evanescent. SPORES 11-12x5.5-6 micr. CYSTIDIA numerous, large, subcyliudrical. Common, gregarious or densely caespitose, about stumps or on rich soil, but not upon dung. Both the smooth and the scaly, or squamulose, forms are found. These characters often seem to depend upon weather conditions, the smooth form being found under moist atmospheric conditions and the scaly form under dry atmospheric conditions. Its close broad gills make it very thick and meaty in the unex- panded condition. For this reason some people consider this species the most desirable Coprinus for the table. 190. Coprinus insignis Pk. Teck, X. Y. State Mus. Rep. 20, p. GO, 1874. Illustration: Plate XXXIII of this Report. PILEUS 5-7.5 cm. broad, ovate then campanulate, thin, sulcate- striate to the disk, grayish brown, glabrous or with a few innate fibrils, disk sometimes cracking into small areas or scales. GILLS free, ascending, crowded. STEM 10-14 cm. high, 10 mm. thick, hollow, slightly fibrillose, striate, white. SPORES 10x7 micr., rough. About trees in woods. This plant was found but twice in low woods at Ann Arbor, It resembles C. atramentarius in some respects but differs very decid- edly in the distinctly warted spores. CLASSIFICATION OF AOAKICS 213 Section III. Picacei. Universal veil flocculose, a1 ftrsl contin- uous, then torn into superficial areolate patches by the expansion of the pileus. 191. Coprinus quadrifidus Pk. X. V. State -Mus. Rep. 50, p. 100, 1897. Illustration: Plate XXXIV of this Report. PILEUS 5-8 cm. broad, oval then campanulate, finally more or less expanded, thin, margin becoming revolute; covered ;c ftrsl with ;i ftoccose-tomentose veil, which sunn breaks into evanescent flakes or scales and reveals the finely striate surface of the pileus; whit- ish, becoming gray or grayish brown with age; margin often wavy or irregular. GILLS broad, thin, crowded, free, at fust whitish. then dark purplish brown, tinally black, STEM 7-10 cm. long by 6-8 mm. thick, equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, white, floccose-squamose, sometimes with an evanescenl ring ;it tin- base. SPORES 7.5-10 x I •". mice Gregarious or caespitose a] r near decaying stumps or Logs, growing from an abundanl rhizomorph. Ann Arbor, Bay View. Although nothing is said in the original description aboul the rhizomorph, some few strands may lie seen at the base <>r the stem in some of the type specimens. The writer has found this plain growing in New York from richly developed rhizomorph upon the roots and trunk of dead basswood. 192. Coprinus ebulbosus Pk. Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. 22, 1895. illustrations: Bard, Mushrooms, Fig. 274. Plates XXXV ami WW I of this Report. PILEUS 5-7 cm. broad, thin, campanulate, somewhal striate, grayish brown, margin .it Length revolute, Lacerated, cuticle break- ing into broad superficial persistenl whitish scales. GILLS nar- row, thin, crowded, five, slate colored becoming black. STIPE 7 L5 (an. Long, H>1.", mm. thick, equal, hollow, while. SPORES 7.W> \ 5 micr.. ellipl ical. Caespitose near or upon decaying trees or slump-. 214 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 193. Coprinus laniger Pk. Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. 22, 491, 1895. Illustration: Plate XXXVII of this Report. FILEUS 12-25 mm. broad, thin, conical or campanulate, pallid, tawny or grayish-ochraceous, sulcate-striate, covered with tawny, tomentose or floccose scales, which wholly or partly disappear. GILLS crowded, whitish, then brownish black. STEM 2.5 cm. long, 24 mm. thick, slightly thickened at base, hollow, white, pruinose. SPORES 7-10x1 niicr., oblong-elliptical. Caespitose or gregarious upon or near decaying wood. Unfor- tunately the type specimens of this species have been lost. The plants referred to this species are found growing from a more or less profusely developed yellow ozonium upon various kinds of de- caying wood. The three species G. laniger, G. ebulbosus and G. quadrifidus, seem to be distinct forms in a perplexing group of brown- spored wood-inhabiting Coprini, which are as yet very imperfectly known. G. laniger is. smaller than either of the others and we have always found it associated with the fine strands of yellow ozonium. It resembles G. radians, but it has a thicker veil, which breaks into evident patches instead of minute particles as in G. radians. G. quadrifidus and G. ebulbosus are not readily distinguished and may both prove to be the species which have been known as G. floe- culosus (DC) Fr. or G. (Agarieus) doniesticus Bolt. Section IV. Tomentosi. Universal veil a loose villose web which becomes torn into distinct floccose scales. 194. Coprinus fimetarius Fr. Fries, Epicr., p. 245. Illustration : Plate XXXVIII of this Report. PILEUS 2.5-5 cm. across, clavate then conico-expanded, vsoon split and revolute, grayish, apex tinged with brown, at first covered with white floccose scales, then naked, rimose-sulcate; disk even, flesh thin. GILLS free, lanceolate, becoming linear and wavy, very early becoming black with spores and rapidly deliquescing. STEM 12-15 cm. long, 4-G mm. thick, hollow, thickened at the solid base, CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 216 white, squamulose. SPORES L2-14x7-8 micr. CYSTIDIA large and numerous. Solitary or in troops. Common upon dung heaps. The clavate caps already dark with spores may be found emerging late in the afternoon or in the evening. In the morning there will be little remaining excepl a small mass of inky fluid at the apices of the stems. 195. Coprinus fimetarius var. macrorhiza IV. Fries. 1 1\ in. Eur., p. 32 I. Illustrations: Cooke, III.. PL 670. Massee, Ann. Bot., Vol. L0, PI. X. Fig. 1. Bard, Mushrooms, Pig. -~~>. Gillet, Champignons de Prance, No. 178. PILEUS ai first with feathery squamules which become more or less squarrose, especially at the disk where they often form a crown. STEM short, villous, often sub-bulbous ami with a more or less elongated base. The type ami this variety are very common, the latter being rather more frequently found than the former. In moist weather they mav he found in almost any dung heap, a fresh troop appear ing each evening ami disappearing early the following day. There seems to he considerable variation in size, Length of root and char- acter of scales. Iii the typical form the root is usually reduced to a rather indefinite mass of hyphae, while the scales are more or less squarrose over the entire surface. In the variety the veil is more silky ami closely appressed to the pileus, Inter becoming squarrose at the disk forming a crown of scales. 196. Coprinus tomentosus IV. Fries, Epicr., p. 246. Illustration : Bulliard, t. L38. PILEUS 2.5-4 cm. long, sub-membranaceous, cylindrical, narrowly conical, then expanding ami splitting, striate, floccose-toraentose, pale gray, the floccose veil becoming torn into more <"• less persist cut Hakes or patches upon the expanded pileus. KF.s L2 13x7-8 micr.. elliptical. 216 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Solitary or gregarious upon duug or various kinds of debris. This is one of the earliest species of Coprinus to appear in the sprint The long cylindrical or narrowly conical pileus distinguishes this plant from the various forms of C. fimetwrius, which usually appear a little later in the season. This may be the C. lagopus of various authors. 197. Coprinus lagopides Karst. Karsten, Hatts., 1, 535. Illustrations: Massee, Ann. Bot., Vol. 10. PL 10, Figs. 20-22. PILEUS 4-7 cm. broad, very thin, companulate, sulcate, grayish, disk livid, ornamented with free white scales joined by hairs. GILLS subcrowded, narrow, remote, black. STEM up to 17 cm high, white, floccose, hollow, equal. SPORES Q-S x 5-6 micr., apic- ulate. Upon very rotten wood in forest. Found once at Bay View. We have found this plant in New York also. 198. Coprinus jonesii Pk. Peck, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 22, p. 20G, 1895. PILEUS 2.5-5 cm. broad, at first blunt, or truncate, becoming campanulate or broadly convex, submembranaceous, grayish, buff at apex, covered at first with white or tawny-cinereous floccose scales which wholly or partly disappear with age, striate, margin revolute and splitting. GILLS crowded, linear, free, whitish be- coming black. STEM 5-9 cm. long. 4-7 mm. thick, equal' or shghtly tapering upward, minutely floccose, hollow, white. SPORES 7.5-8.5 x micr., broadly elliptical. Fragile, sometimes caespitose. Found upon the wall in a cellar at Ann Arbor. Peck says "This species is closely related to C fimetarius of which it might easily be considered a variety but it is easily distinguished by the truncate apex of the young pileus, the differently colored pileus and smaller spores." It grew on what appeared like nncracked hard and dry plaster of the wall CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 217 199. Coprinus arenatus Pk. Peck, N. Y. Stat.- Mus. Rep. 16, p. L07, L892. PILEUS 2.5-5 cm. broad, thin, a1 firsl broadly ovate or sub- hemispherical, soon convex or campanulate, adorned with small white tomentose scales, striate on the margin, whitish or grayish- white, becoming grayish brown with age, reddish brown in dried plant. GILLS crowded, broad, free, grayish-white, soon purplish- brown, finally Mack, furnished with numerous cystidia. STEM l\ .")."> cm. long, 2 I mm. thick, equal, glabrous, hollow, white. SPORES 7.5-9x6-7.5 micr., broadly ovate or subglobose, purplish brown by transmitted light. Solitary or gregarious in sandy soil, Ann Arbor. The mycelium binds the sand together in balls at the base of the stem. 200. Coprinus niveus Fr. Pries, Epicr., p. 2 Hi. Illustration: Cooke, 111.. PI. 673 B. PILEUS 1.5-2.5 cm. across, elliptical then campanulate and ex- panded, submembranaceous, almost persistently covered with snow-white floccose down. GILLS slightly attached, narrow, be- coming blackish. STEM t-8 cm. high, subequal or slightly attenu- ated upwards, villose, white, hollow. SPORES 16x11-13 micr. This planl is frequently found upon dung heaps, streel sweepings or in recently manured ground. Upon the pileus the veil is of a mealy nature but the tomentose character shows a1 the margin of the pileus and upon the stem. The spores are somewhat flattened, measuring L5-17x ll to 13x8-10 micr. The plant referred to this species is C. stercorarius (Bull.) Fr. and has been distributed under that name in Sydow Mycotheca Marihoa. No. 2101. 201. Coprinus semilanatus Pk. N. V. State Mus. Rep. 24, p. 71, L872. Illustrations: N. Y. State Museum Report 24, PI. I. Fig. 15 18. PILEUS 2-2,5 cm. broad, convex then expanded and revolute, sometimes split, submembranaceous, finely and obscurely rimose 218 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN striate, farinaceo-atomaceous, white, then pale grayish-brown, GILLS narrow, close, free. STEM 10-15 cm. high, slightly tapering upward, fragile, hollow, white, the lower half clothed with loose cottony flocci which rub off easily, upper half smooth or slightly farinaceous. SPOKES 12.5 micr., broadly elliptical. Rich ground and dung. This plant is frequently found on cow dung in woods and shaded pastures. It resembles G. riiveus Fr. but differs from it in its smaller size, free gills and constantly smaller spores. The spores in both species are broadly elliptical and somewhat flattened. This fungus grows readily from spores in laboratory cultures. 202. Coprinus domesticus Fr. Fries, Epicr.. p. 251. Illustrations: Cooke. 111.. PI. 081. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 176. Plate XXXVIII of this Eeport. PILEUS, 3-5 cm. across, thin, ovate, then canipanulate, obtuse, furfuraceous, squamulose. pale grayish-white, disk brown or red- dish brown, undulate, sulcate, splitting. GILLS adnexed, crowded, narrow at first, reddish white then blackish brown. STEM 5-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, slightly attenuated upwards, subsilky, white, hollow. SPORES 11-10 x7-8 micr. Usually caespitose, on various kinds of vegetable debris, some- times in gardens where rubbish has been plowed under. Section Y. Micacei. Pileus at first covered with more or less micaceous squainules or granules, which soon wholly or partly dis- appear. 203. Coprinus micaceus Fr. (Edible) Fries, Epicr., p. 217. Illustrations: Cooke, 111.. PI. 073. Atkinson, Mushrooms, p. 44, Figs. 43, 44. Murrill, Mycologia. Vol. 1, PI. 3, Fig. 5. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 273. Plates XXXIX and XL of this Report. PILEUS 4-0 cm. across, submembranaceous, elliptical then cam- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 219 panulate, coarsely striate, disk even, margin usually more or Lesa repand, ochraceous-tan, disk darker, when young densely covered wiili minute glistening particles which usually s i disappear. GILLS sub-crowded, lanceolate, adnexed, whitish, then brown, fin- ally nearly black. STEM 5-7 em. long, 1-6 mm. thick, equal, even, hollow, Bilkj whit.-. SPORES 7-8 x 1-5 oiicr., dark brown in mass. Very common, generally densely caespitose aboul slump- or trees, or growing from decaying wood buried In the earth, i nder favorable conditions this Coprinus maj !><■ found from early spring until hue autumn, li often appears a1 intervals of one to two weeks in the same place fur a considerable length of time and it may be found year after year in the same place. It has ;i g I flavor ami is considered by many the bes1 Coprinus for ill.- table. c. micaceus var. conicus Pk. (No1 published.) This variety differs from the type in having a distinctly conical pileus, darker colored, larger spores, 10-12 micr. long. It was found once at Palmyra, .Michigan. 204. Coprinus radians (Desm) Fr. Fries, Epicr., p. 248. Illustrations: Cooke, 111.. PL <'>"<; a. Lloyd. Mycological Xotes, Vol. 1, p. 1 16, Fig. 69. Massee, Ann. Bot, Vol. L0, PI. X. Figs. 6-8. PILEUS 2-5 cm. across, ovate, conical or campauulat«\ yellowish- fulvOUS, soon becoming paler especially at the margin, striate to disk, covered with small brown granules which air more numerous at the disk. GILLS rather narrow, attached, pale then brownish black. STEM 3-6 cm. long. 2-3 mm. thick, equal or Blightly swollen at base, hollow, white, smooth or minutely mealy at first, more or less evident yellow or white strands of mycelium radiating from the base. SPORES 7\ I micr.. elliptical, brownish black. Rather common, single or sub-caespitose, upon wood, rubbish, etc.. or even in humus, sometimes growing from dense masses ol yellow ozonium. This is the plant illustrated by Lloyd and determined by Patouil lard as c. radians (Desm.) Fr. It is also C. pulchrifolius Pk. It is possible also that it may be r. granulosus Clements. C. radians 220 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN as figured by Cooke and Massee always has yellowish brown my- celium radiating from the base of the stem. Saccardo, Syll., Vol. 5, p. 1092, says that in Italy this plant grows upon Ozonium stuposum Fr. The writer has sometimes found our plant growing from masses of yellow ozonium, upon decaying maple, black locust and black ash logs. It appeared once in our laboratory cultures upon mycelium which was white at first then gradually became yellowish brown. This is not the only Coprinus, however, which grows from a yellow ozonium. G. radians resembles G. laniger from which it may be separated by the much smaller scales upon the pileus. VELIFORMES. Pileus very thin, plicate-sulcate, splitting along the lines of the gills. Plants usually small. Section VII. Cyclodei. Stem with a movable ring. Plants small. 205. Coprinus bulbilosus Pat. Patouillard, Tab. Anal. Fung.. GO. Illustrations: Ibid, Fig. G58. Plate XL of this Eeport. PILEUS 8-10 mm. across, convex, margin striate, at first incurved then expanding, gray, disk tinged yellow, covered with white meal. GILLS narrow, gray. STEM 2-3 cm. long, slender, white, base bulbous, ring loose, at some distance from base, white. SPORES 8-9 x 7-8 x 4 niicr., compressed, oval to subglobose. On horse dung. Readily grown in cultures from spores. Sac- cardo, Sylloge, says "spores angular." In our specimens the spores are slightly angular as seen in one plane. Section VIII. Lanulati. Pileus covered with a downy or cottony layer which often has the appearance of a dense coat of soft mealy vesicles. 206. Coprinus stercorarius Fr. Fries, Epicr., p. 251. Illustration: Cooke, 111., PI. 685 A. PILEUS 1-25 cm. high, ovate then companulate, sometimes ex- panded and rolling up at the margin, very thin, margin striate, densely covered with a white glistening meal. GILLS adnexed, CLASSIFICATION OF AUAHU J.'l 2-3 nun. broad, Bub-ventricose. STEM 7 il' cm. Long, ;it firsl ovatelj bulbous then elongated and equally attenuated upwards from the base, hollow, while, al firsl mealy. SPOKES black, 6-8x3 L5 micr. The specimens referred to this species are Bmaller than the di- mensions given in the description. Otherwise thej agree with the description in the sense of Saccardo. Massee, British Fungus Flora, Vol. 1. p. 326, gives the spore measurements as II L5x8-9. Pound but once upon cow dung in woods uear Ann Arbor. 207. Coprinus sclerotigenus E. & E. Ellis & Everhart, Microscope, L890. Illnstraiions : Microscope, L890, Fig. .Massee. Ann. Bot, Vol. L0, PL XI, Pigs. 26-28. Plate XL1 of this Report. PILEUS .5-1.2 cm. high and broad, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, then campanulate (a1 firsl covered with a white mealy veil which later becomes dark and sometimes almost entirely disappears). STEM 2.5-10 cm. high, slender, subequal, usually straight above and more or less flexuous below where it is downy. GILLS adnexed. SPORES obliquely elliptical, 8-10x5-6 micr. Springing from an irregularly subglobose, rngulose, selerotium which is Mack outside, white inside. On sheep's dung. Although nothing is said in the original description about a veil, the type specimens at the New York Botanical Garden still show some of the mealy white covering of the pileus. This planl was firsl found at Ann ArbOT and later in other localities. It was always found growing from selerotia in dung which had apparently been upon the ground for some time, often over winter. These selerotia were repeatedly grown from spores in the laboratory and, after a certain amount of drying out, sporophores grew from the selerotia. \'>y alternately moistening ami drying the selerotia sev- eral crops of sporohores were produced. This planl may be identical with C. tuberosus Quel. 222 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 208. Coprinus narcoticus Fr. Fries, Epicr., p. 250. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL GSO b. Plate XLI of this Report. PILEUS 1-2 cm. across, foetid, very thin, cylindric-clavate then expanded, at length revolute, covered at first with recurved, white rloecose scales, then naked, grayish white, hyaline, striate. GILLS free hut nearly reaching the stem, white then black. STEM 3-5 cm. long, 2 mm. thick, fragile, at first covered with white down, then almost glabrous, hollow. SPOKES 11x5-0 inicr., elliptical. On dung, caespitose. ODOR strong and disagreeable. Not com- mon. 209. Coprinus brassicae Pk. Peck, N. Y. State Museum Rep. 43, 1878. Illustrations: Peck, X. V. State Mus. Rep. 43, PI. 2, Fig. 9-14. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 4, PL 5G, Fig. 4. PILEUS 8-10 mm. broad, at first ovate or conical, then broadly convex, squamulose, finely striate to the disk, white becoming gray- ish-brown, membranaceous, margin generally splitting and becom- ing recurved. GILLS narrow, crowded, reaching the stipe, brown with a ferruginous tint. STEM 16-20 mm. long, slender, glabrous, hollow, slightly thickened at the base, white. SPORES 7.5x5 micr., elliptical, brown. On decaying stems of cabbage and other vegetable debris. Occasional upon vegetable debris of various kinds. Palmyra, Ann Arbor. We have found this fungus upon corn stalks, weed stalks and dead grass. It seems very probable that this is the plant figured and de- scribed as ('. tigrinellus, Boudier, Table 139, and C. friesii Quel. (Patouillard, PL 44(i. i CLASSIFICATION OP A.GARH Section IX. Furfurclli. Pileus with micaceous particles or mealy granules. 210. Coprinus patouillardi Quel. Quelet, Assoc. Fr., 1884, p. I. illustration : Plate XL 1 1 of this Report. PILEUS l '■'< cm. broad, ovate, oblong, then conico-campanulate mill finally revolute, at firsl finely striate then deeply plicate, very thin, white or ashy with pulverulent particles, yellowish to brown hi the center. GILLS aarrow, free bu1 close to Btem, white 1 1 m *n smoky brown. STEM 2.5-5 cm. long, L-2 mm. thick, fragile, smooth or slightly tomentose or pulverulenl ;ii base, white. SPORES 8-7 x 1.5 micr., ovate-triangular to pentagonal. Common on dung, usually appearing with C. radiatus or ;i little later. There seems to be considerable variation in tliis plant both in regard t<> size ami color. In young stages, especially in dry weather, the pileus is densely covered with dead white to gray particles, which gradually become In-own as the pileus develops. The shape of the spore is characteristic ami the variation in size less than in many other Ooprini. In young stages it is readily dis- tinguished from C. radiatus by its longer, more cylindrical shape ami l>y its thicker white veil. 211. Coprinus radiatus Fr. Pries, Epicr., p. 251 . Illustration: ("nuke. III.. PI. 682 a. PILEUS 2-15 mm. wide, at first ovate or short cylindrical, then campanulate, finally nearly or quite plane ami slightly depressed at the center, very thin, deeply plicate; pileus with a few brown granular flecks or scales, slightly pruinose with a lew gland-tipped hairs, pale in-own or yellowish brown, darker at disk, becoming gray. GILLS narrow, distant, tree. STEM - <"> cm. high, 1.5 mm. thick, slender, fragile, hollow, white, becoming darker with age, slightly pruinose with -Ian. hilar hairs. SP< >RES L0-13 \ s LO micr., regularly elliptical, very dark. Very common upon dung. This is probably our most common dung-inhabiting Coprinus. It may he found :it almost any time during the summer season upon dung in pastures. It' fresh horse 224 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN dung be placed in a damp chamber, troops of this fungus will ap- pear within 10-14 days. Larger specimens appear at first; succes- sive plants appear smaller and smaller until they are often only one or two millimeters in diameter and one or two centimeters high. Just as there is much variation in the size of the fungus there is wide variation in the size of the spores. Occasionally the speci- mens are found with small spores 7-10x5-8 micr., as given by Sac- cardo (Sylloge, Vol. 5, p. 1101). Usually, however, they average as large as given in our description. Specimens of this plant have been distributed in exsiccati under the name of G. ephemeras and G. plicatilis. The plant figured by Buller as G. plicatiloides (Re- searches in Fungi) is evidently G. radiatus. Section X. Hcmerohii. Pileus always glabrous or slightly prui- nose with minute hairs. No universal veil. A few scurfy particles may be found by the breaking of the cuticle or trama when the pileus becomes plicate. 212. Coprinus ephemerus Fr. Fries, Epicr., p. 252. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 685 f. Plates XLII and XLIII of this Report. PILEUS 1-2 cm. across, ovate, then campanulate, finally ex- panded, often splitting and revolute, margin sometimes uneven, striate, plicate when expanded, very thin, disk even or slightly ele- vated. Yellowish brown to reddish bay at the disk, at first slightly pruinose with minute hairs. GILLS linear, slightly adnexed or barely reaching the stem, usually white at margin. STEM 3-6 cm. high, 1-2 mm. thick, equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, white. SPORES 15-17 x 7-8 micr., black in mass. Common upon dung or freshly manured ground. In an examination of different exsiccati, we have found abundant evidence of the truth of Saccardo's statement that many different species have been confused under the name of G. ephemerus. We have found well-marked specimens of G. radiatus, G. plicatilis, and G. spraguei all under the name of G. ephemerus. Even as we have limited this species, there are many distinct forms which may be readily distinguished. We have grown several of these varieties from spores and have found them to be constant and, even in young stages, the differences are often apparent to the naked eye. One CLASSIFICATION <>F AOARKS 225 com n inn form has Bhorter spores ill L3 micr.), which are distinctly angular when viewed in one plane. The deep bay disk and peculiar pruinose character of the plants make h possible to identify this form almost as soon as the buttons appear, see plates X LI I, X LI 1 1. A less common form resembles in the young stages very small speci- mens of C. micaceus. The spores arc elliptical, 11 L3 micr. long. Wc have grown another larger and Lighter colored form writh two spored basidia. 213 Coprinus silvaticus Pk. Peck, X. Y. State Mus. Rep. 24, p. 71, L872. Illustrations: [bid, PI. I. Pig. 1<> 1 I. PILEUS L2-30 mm. broad, convex, membranaceous, plicate-striate on margin, dark brown, disk very thin, lleshy. GILLS Bub-distant, narrow, adnexed, brownish then black. STEM 5 cm. high, 1 mm. thick, slender, fragile, smooth, hollow, white. SPORES L2.5 micr. lunjj, uihbous-ovate. On ground in woods. This plant was found once ;it Ann Arbor and once at Bay View. The gibbous spores are very characteristic. 214. Coprinus boudieri Quel. Qnelet, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., 1S7T. Peck, X. Y. State -Mus. Rep. 26, p. <;<>, as c. n debris and on the ground in woods in extensive gregarious and caespitosc (lusters of numerous individuals. Throughoul the Stale. Mav-October. Common. This species is well named: the thousands of plants which often cover the ground and debris around stumps are an attractive sighl when fresh. It sometimes appears in greenhouses according to Atkinson. The microscopic structure of the hymenium is similar to that of the Coprini, and some authors (vide Ricken) refer it to that genus. 217. Psathyrella crenata (Laseli.) IV. Hymen. Europ., L874. [llustration : Cooke, 111.. PL 847. "PILEUS 2-3.5 cm. broad, hemispherical, hygrophanous, rufe -rent or ochraceous, then pallid, atomate, 8ulcate-plicate, margin at length crenate. PLESH membranous. GILLS adnate, subventri- cose, yellowish-fuscous than Mack. STEM 6-7 cm. long, L-2 mm. thick', slender, glabrous, whitish, striate and mealy at apOJ 228 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN The description is adopted from Fries. Our plants had a more convex pileus, at first dark gray then rufescent or ochraceous; the gills were rather narrow, sub-distant, edge white-fimbriate; stem fragile, stuffed-hollow ; the spores elliptic-oblong, 10-12.5 x 6-7 micr., smooth, purplish-black under microscope. CYSTIDIA few or none. The crenate folds of the margin of the cap included two to three striae. It agrees well with Cooke's figure. Panceolus Fr. (From the Greek, panaiolus, meaning all-variegated.) Black-spored. Gills grayish-black, dotted by the spores, ascend- ing, more or less attached but seceding. Stem central, polished, subrigid. Pileus not striate, rather firm but not very fleshy. Veil woven-submembranous or subsilky. Dung-inhabiting, slender-stemmed, slightly persistent but putre- scent mushrooms, whose otherwise glabrous pileus is either ap- pendiculate or slightly white-silky on the margin by the collapsing of the more or less evanescent veil. Often ring-marked on the stem by the spores falling on the remnants of the veil. It is a rather small genus, and the rarer species are not well known. Peck has described five species, of which P. epimyces is to be looked for under Stropharia. The spores are opaque, black, smocfth and usual- ly lemon-shaped or elliptical; they remain aggregated in tiny clusters on the gills as these mature and so produce the dotted- variegated appearance of the gills. Later the gills become entirely gray-black to black. 218. Panceolus solidipes Pk. (Edible) X. Y. State Mus. Eep. 23, 1872. Illustrations:- Ibid, PL 4, Fig. 1-5. Hard, Mushrooms, PL 41, Fig. 278, p. 343. White, Conn. State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., No. 3, PL 27, p. 53. Plate XLIY of this Report. PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, large, firm, at first hemispherical then broadly convex, obtuse, moist, glabrous, ivhite when fresh, even, at length rimose-scaly and yellowish, especially on disk. FLESH rather thick, white, watery near the gills. GILLS ascending, nar- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 229 rowly initiate, broad, ventricose, close, white at first, then ashy to black, variegated by the spores, edge white-fiocculose. STEM Long ami rather stout. 8-20 cm. Long, 5-15 mm. thick, equal, firm, solid, fibrous, glabrous, white within and without, apex striate and beaded with drops, Btraighl or curved at base, sometimes twisted. SPORES broadly elliptical, abruptly narrowed a1 base, smooth, L5-18x9-ll micr., black. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills, broadly Lanceolate, •".i»::.~> micr. Long, subobtuse. BASIDLA Bhort- clavate, aboul 33x14 micr., L-spored. ODOR and TASTE slight. Edible. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On manure piles rich in Btraw, on dung and on richly manured lawns. Ann Arbor. May-July. Spaa modic. This is our largesl Panceolus and an excellenl Bpecies for the tahlc It is probably to be found throughoul the southern part of the State: it lias only appeared during a few seasons hut then in abundance. The large size, white color when Fresh, the solid stem and the marked striations on the upper portion of the stem are its distinguishing characters. The striations sometimes extend the whole length of the stem. Tts flavor when cooked is quite agree- able. It is often a noble plant and our illustration does not do it justice. ■ 219. Panoeolus retirugis Fr. (Suspected) Epicrisis, L838. Illustrations: Gillet, Champignons de Prance, No. 509. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 3. PI. L0, Pig. 7. Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 11. Pig. L5, p. L5, L900. Hard. Mushrooms, PI. L0, Pig. l'TC. p. 340, L908. Reddick, End. Geol. & Nat. Bist. Resour. Rep. 32, Pig. ".». p. 1231, L907. PILEUS 1 •"'• cm. broad, rather titan, at firsl elliptic-oval, then campanulate-hemispherical, obtuse, glabrous, dark smoky when young nmi wet, becoming paler, or in dry weather grayish, pale (day color or creamy-white, shining-micaceous when dry, surface usually reticulate-veined <>» dish-, sometimes even, margin connected with stem in young stage by " floccose-submembranous, ring-likt veil, veil soon broken and margin markedly appendiculate in es panded pileus. PLESE rather thin, equal. <;ild.s adnate-seced- ing, broad, ventricose, close, white then variegate-spotted by the 230 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN black spores, edge white-flocculose. STEM 5-1G cm. long, 2-6 mm. thick, equal, cylindrical, sometimes flexuous, whitish, rufescent or tinged purplish within and without, darker below, hollow, often covered with frost-like bloom, sometimes minutely rinmlose, bulbil- late. SPORES broadly oval-elliptical, ventricose, 15-18 x 9-11 micr., smooth, black. Sterile cells on edge of gills, narrow, subcapitate. Gregarious or scattered on dunghills, manured lawns, fields, road-sides, etc., in woods or in the open. Throughout the State. May-October. Very common. The most widely distributed of our species. In favorable weather it occurs abundantly where stock is pastured. In dry weather it is smaller and paler. In the woods or in drizzly weather the stems are large and the colors are very different. Some disagreement ex- ists as to the size of the spores, which are variable in dimension but rather constant in shape. Ricken describes and figures a form which is scarcely our plant, and Cooke's figure is not convincing. It is not poisonous but is rather unattractive and usually avoided when collecting for the table. The older name is P. carbonarius. It is possible that this runs into P. campanulatus Fr. and is often con- fused with it. 220. Panoeolus campanulatus Fr. (Suspected) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustration: Ricken, Bli'itterpilze, PI. 69, Fig. 8. "PILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, brownish-gray or yellowish-gray, per- sistently conic-campanulate, never expanded, glabrous, often some- what silky-shining, neither hygrophanous nor viscid, margin some- what appendiculate by the rather persistent veil. FLESH thin, concolor. GILLS adnate, ventricose-ascending, broad, close, varie- gated gray to black by the spores, edge white-flocculose. STEM 7-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, straight, rigid-fragile, equal, reddish- brown, pulverulent-pruinose, apex striate, black-dotted and beaded with drops in wet weather. SPORES lemon-shaped, 15-18x10-13 micr., smooth, opaque, black." The description is adopted from Ricken. According to Godfrin (Bull. Soc. Myc. de France, 19, p. 45) this species differs from P. retirugis in the structure of the cuticle. In the latter species the surface cells of the pileus are four or five layers thick, gradually passing into the longer, tramal cells below; while in P. campanu- CLASSIFICATION Ol' ACAK1CS 231 lotus there are only one or two rows of abruptly differentiated cells with Large, clavate, ered cystidia-like cells intermingled. The species has qo1 been aniformly conceived by differenl authors and needs further comparison, h is said to be very common in Europe :iihI is widely reported in this country. The majority of authors give the same spore-size ;is Ricken. 221. Panoeolus papillionaceus Fr. (SUSPECTED Epicrisis, L836-38. Illustration ; Ricken, Biatterpilze, PI. 69, Pig. ::. "PILEUS 2 l mi. broad, subhemispherical, '// length expanded, never viscid nor hygrophanous, "/ length rimose-scaly <>>■ areolate, pallid <>>• sordid irhitisli to smoky-gray or brownish-pallid, margin with evanescent, pallid veil. FLESH slightly thick, white. <;iu,s broadly adnate, often very broad, ventricose, close, variegated gray- blackish from the spores, at length black. STEM 6-8 cm. long, 2-5 nun. thick, CartUaginOUS-tOUghish, rigid, hollow, somewhat attenu- ated, whitish, with brownish hast', apex striate and w hite-pruinose. SPORES lemon-shaped, 15-18x9-11 micr., smooth, black." The description is adopted from Ricken. The spores are some what more narrow according to most authors. This species seems in be in frequent with us. Small forms occur which may he referred here, in which the pileus is less than a centimeter broad and the spores are smaller. The species is not too well known. Its main character seems to be the whitish stem hut do doubl the forms with such a stem need segregation as shown by some of my collections. 222. Panoeolus sp. PILEUS t-2.5 cm. broad, campanulate, obtuse, not expanded. 1-1.5 cm. high, hygrophanous, bibulous, smoky gray when moist, livid buff when dry, glabrous, dull and subpruinose, ;it length coarse ly crenate-wavy when dry; veil absent or fugacious. FLESH thickish, rather linn. COnCOlor I moist i, then pallid. GILLS rounded behind, adnate-seceding, not broadly attached, ventric* crowded, gray then variegated black, edge white-flocculose. STEM 5-7 cm. long, Blender, l-i' mm. thick, equal, rigid fragile, flexuous or straight, hollow, livid smoky-gray, concolor within, pruinose, gla- brescent, base white-mycelioid. SPORES elliptical, ventricose, 9 l" 232 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN x 6 niicr., smooth, obtusely pointed, black. Sterile cells on edge of gills, linear, subcapitate, 30-40 x 4-5 niicr. ODOR none. Gregarious. On horse dung and soil, in woods pastured by horses. Ann Arbor. October. This is close to P. sphinctrinus Fr. in most of its characters, but differs in its much smaller spores and in the lack of a persistent, appendiculate veil. The surface portion of the pileus has the same structure that is given by Godfrin (1. c.) for P. sphinctrinus. AMAUROSPORAE Psalliota Fr. (From the Greek, Psallion, a ring or collar.) Purple-brown-spored. Stem fleshy, separable from the pileus, provided with a persistent or evanescent annulus. Gills free, usually pink or pinkish in the young stage. Fleshy, mostly compact and large mushrooms, growing on the ground in woods among fallen leaves, etc., or on lawns, pastures, open ground or cultivated fields. They correspond to Lepiota of the white-spored group. They are all edible, the larger ones being among the best known and most widely used of edible mushrooms. Several species have been cultivated a long time and are of con- siderable commercial importance, especially in Europe. (See re- marks under P. campestris.) The PILEUS is glabrous, fibrillose or fibrillose-scaly, either white or whitish or dark colored by the color of the fibrils on its surface; these fibrils compose a thin layer on the very young cap, and as the cap expands are broken up, except at the slow-growing center, into fibrillose scales. The young cap of these species is therefore much more uniformly colored than later in the expanded stage. The sur- face of the whitish species is often stained somewhat with yellowish of rufescent hues when bruised or in age. The size varies; most spe- cies may become quite large, P. subrufescens reaching a size of 20 cm. across the cap ; a few are quite small. The surface is dry, or it may be slightly viscid as in P. cretacella. The GILLS are free, as in Lepiota. When the button is quite small it is white, but in some species, e. g. P. campestris, becomes pink quickly. This character has been used to separate the species, but is a difficult point for be- ginners to determine. As the spores begin to take on color, the pur- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 233 plish-brown lines appear and when old, most gills :i j»i »«*ii i- blackish- brown because of the dense layer of spores. The STEM is either almost iiiiilill'eieii! iated within and is then solid, or has a distinct pith which soon disappears and Leaves it hollow, often in the form of a narrow tubule. 1 1 is fleshy and when fresh has no cartilaginous cortex; it is, however, of different texture from thai of the pileus and easily separates from it. The VEIL is single or double. When double the substance of the under layer is similar to that of the pileus and the base of the stem and is probably a part of a universal cuticle. Sometimes it is very voluminous and forms a large pendulous annulus, as in P. placomyces and P. subrufescens. Usually it is quite thick and persistent. The lower layer breaks off soonest, ceases expansion and cracks into radial patches which remain on the under Bide of the annulus; sometimes, as in /'. abruptibulbd) it is very evane- scent. The genus may be divided into two sections based on the structure Of the veil. The Friesian grouping is entirely artificial, and the difference in the color of the young gills, used by some as a basis for grouping, seems too variable a criterion for the purpose. K( .// to the Species (A) Plants large; pileus normally much more than 4 cm. broad. (See P. campestris. » (a) Growing in forests, thickets, groves, etc. (b) Pileus white, not fibrillose-scaly, usually glabrous. (c) Pileus turning yellowish on disk when nibbed; stem with small, abrupt bulb. 22»1. P. nhru ptibulbd Pk. (cc) Pileus firm. Chalky-white, not stained yellow; without abrupt bulb. 223. /'. cretacella Atk. (bbi Pileus with fibrils or flbrillose scales <>n the Burface. (c) Flesh turning pink to blood-red where broken; fibrils brown- ish-gray. 231. P. haemorrhodaria Fr. (cc) Flesh not or scarcely changing color. (i!i Annulus single,, not covered on under side with floccose patches; fibrils brown. 230. /'. silvatiCQ Fr. (dd) Annulus double, as shown by the patches on under surface. (e) Disk of pileus blackish, fibrils brown; odor not marked. 227. P. placomyces Pk. (ee) Disk reddish-brown, fibrils tawny; odor of almonds; la: 228. P. subrufescens Pk. (aa) Growing in fields, open places, cultivated grounds or lawns, not scaly, (b) Annulus as a broad band with spreadin : gills very nar- row as compared to the thick flesh; in cities. 22 t. P. rodmotli Pk. (hb) Annulus different. (c) I 'ileus large, surface stained yellowish on disk" when brui annulus double. 225. P. arvensis Fr. (cc) Pileus medium, surface unchanged; annulus lacerated, sin:; gills bright pink. 229. P. vu pi ttris Fr. 234 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN (AA) Pileus 1-5 cm. broad. (a) Flesh of stem soon blood-red; in hot-bouses. 235. P. echinata Fr. (aa) Flesh whitish, not turning red. (b) Fibrils of pileus grayish-brown or brown; gills at first gray. 232. P. mieromegetha Pk. (bb) Not markedly fibrillose. (c) Pileus creamy-white, with yellowish stains. 233. P. comtula Fr. (cc) Pileus with pinkish to reddish-brown hues, slightly fibrillose. 234. P. diminutive Pk. Section I. Bivclarcs. Annulus double, with thick flocculose patches on under side. 223. Psalliota cretacella Atk. (Edible) Jour, of Mycology, Vol. 8, 1902. PILEUS 4-7 cm. broad, convex to expanded, thin, glabrous, white, sometimes inclined to be slightly viscid in wet weather, even. FLESH white, sometimes with a tinge of • pink. GILLS free, crowded, narrow 7 , 34 mm. broad, narrowed behind, white at first, then sloivly pink, later dark grayish-brow n, not becoming blackish. STEM 5-8 cm. long, 0-10 mm. thick, tapering from the enlarged base, white, glabrous above the annulus, chalky-white below and covered with minute, white, powdery scales often arranged in irregular concentric rings below, solid, but center less dense. AN- NULUS double, persistent, white, smooth above, the lower surface with very fine floccose scales similar to those on the stem from which the annulus was separated. SPORES 4-5 x 3 inicr. ODOR and TASTE of almonds as in P. arvensis. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the leaf-mold, debris, etc., in coniferous regions. Marquette. Bay View. August-September. In- frequent. The description is adapted from that of Atkinson. P. cretacella is closely related to P. cretaceus Fr. which differs, according to Fries' description, in the hollow stem, the blackish-fuscous gills when mature and in that the pileus becomes at length scaly. Our plants have a glabrous chalky-white pileus and solid stem. Rickeu gives spores of P. cretaceus as 8-9 x 5-6 micr. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 224. Psalliota rodmani l'k. EDIBL] N. Y. State MEus. Rep. 36, L884. Illustrations : Peck, N. V. .Mus. Rep. IS. IM. !». Fig. I 6, L896. Marshall. The Mushroom Book, PL 25, op. p. T<;. L905. Atkinson. Mushrooms, Pig. 17. p. L9, L900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 250, p. 309, L908. Plate XLV of this Report. PILEUS l L0 cm. broad, (more often medium Bize), at ftrsl de- pressed-hemispherica] to broadly convex, al length Bubexpanded to plane, firm, dry, glabrous, Bubsilky, white or whitish, cream color !«• Bubochraceous in age, the margin a1 firsl Incurved and surpassing the i, r ills. FLESH thick, compact, white nut changed by bruising. GILLS fret' hut oearly of quite reaching the stem, abruptly rounded behind, narrow, width <>itt one-third the thickness of pileus, crowd- ed, at fust dull pink, then purplish-brown, finally blackish-brown, edge '-nt ire STEW short, 2-5 cm. Long, 1-2.5 cm. thick, .stout, equal, solid, glabrous below, apex slightly scurfy, white within ami with- out, provided at tin- middle or In loir with (i band-like, double, white ANXI'LI'S. with somewhat spreading edges, sometimes narrow and merely grooved, or somewhat lacerated. SPORES minute. 5-6.5 x 4-4.5 inicr.. broadly elliptical or broadly oval, smooth, purplish- brown, blackish-brown in mass. BASIDIA 30-36x8 micr., L-spored. ODOR and TASTE agreeable. Solitary on the ground especially along city pavements, or eaespitose on lawns or grassy places. Throughoul the state. Ann Arbor, Detroit, Holland. Houghton, etc. May-October. Not infre- quent. A well-marked species, whose margined, hand like annulus. nar- row gills, solid stem and squatty hahit characterize it sufficiently. The young skills are white for a much Longer time than in /'. campestris. The pileus may become yellowish-tinged bu1 the flesh is not changed by bruising excepl that it becomes slightly rufescent in the stem. Peck says the annulus is rather thick at times; in our specimens it was thin and almost membranous. Sometimes it occurs on lawns in dense, eaespitose clusters of ."til to ion individuals; such a growth was observed in Ann Arbor by myself, and the same condition has been reported to me by I>r. L. L. Hubbard at Houghton. it apparently prefers city conditions, as it is almost exclusively round there, it is edible and much prized by those acquainted with it. 236 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN 225. Psalliota arvensis Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836. Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. atl. o gift. Swamp, PI. 4. Cooke, 111., PI. 523. Gillet, Champignons tie France, No. 571 (as Pratella). Berkeley, Outlines, PI. 10, Fig. 1. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 61. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 62, Fig. 2. Hard, Mushrooms, PI. 34 and Fig. 252, p. 312. Swanton, Fungi, etc., PL 38, Fig. 13, op. p. 111. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Kep. 48, PL 8. • Plate XLVI of this Report. PILEUS 5-20 cm. broad, large, subhemispherical at first, then convex-expanded, disk plane, firm, even, glabrous, almost shin- ing, or with appressed, small, fibrillose scales, dry, white or tinged yellowish-ochraceous on disk, especially when rubbed, sometimes rimose-areolate. FLESH thick, white, at length yellowish-tinged. GILLS free, crowded, rather broad, at first whitish then slowly grayish-pink, finally blackish-brown, edge entire. STEM 5-20 cm. long, 10-30 mm. thick, stout, white, yellowish stained where bruised, silky-shining above the annulus, stuffed by a loose pith, then hollow, equal-cylindrical above the abrupt, small and short bulb, glabrous) ANNULUS thick, rather large, double, the lower layer radially cracked into rather large oehraceous-tinged patches. SPORES 6-7 x 4-4.5 micr., elliptical, smooth, purplish-brown, blackish-brown in mass. ODOR of anise or of bemsaldehyde. On the ground, cultivated fields, pastures, on grassy mounds in woods, in the north on lawns; scattered-gregarious or solitary. Throughout the State, more frequent in the Northern Peninsula. July-October. Infrequent in the south part of State. The "field mushroom" or "ploughed land mushroom" is not limit- ed to cultivated fields. It was found in several cities along Lake Superior on lawns. It is much prized by the inhabitants for the table. It is larger than P. campestris, and can be distinguished by the tendency of the center of the cap and base of stem to turn yellow- ish-ochraceous when rubbed or bruised. The gills, although pink for a brief time at one stage, are white much longer than in the other species. Also there is often a slight but distinct odor of oil of bitter almonds when the flesh is crushed. It is curious to note the various spore-measurements given by authors. Ours agree practically with CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 237 the size given by Bresadola, Ricken and Massee. <>n the other hand, Carsten, W. Smith, Bchroeter, Baccardo and Peck give them !> (or 11) x 6 micr. and as our suspects from other remarks abont the plain, s c other species is probably at times mistaken for if. Ricken, whose figure is cumbered, through an error, for thai of p. cretaceuSj emphasizes the point thai in Ins plants the flesh of the siciu becomes blackish in age. This lias imi been observed in our region and the dried specimens do aol show it. Cts edibility is qoI in be quesl ioned. 226. Psalliota abruptibulba I'k. Edibli X. Y. State .Mns. Bull. 94, 1905 (as Agaricus). X. Y. State .Mus. Mem. 1. L900 (as Agaricus abntplii.s). Illustrations: [bid, PL :»'.». Pig. 8 l I. L900. Bard, Mushrooms, Fig. 254, p. 313, L908. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. L9-20, 1900 (as P. silvicola). Marshall, Mushrooms, PL 26, op. p. IT. 1905. Plate XLVI1 of this Report. PILEUS 7-15 cm. broad, convex then ewpanded-plane, brittle, dry, glabrous or covered with white appressed silky fibrils, sometimes obscurely appressed scaly, white or creamy -white, often with dingy yellowish stains on disk, silky-shining. FLESH moderately thick. turning yellowish when bruised, especially under the cuticle. GILLS tree, remote, crowded, narrow, soon pink, then dark brown, edge entire. STEM 8 L5 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, cylindrical or tapering upward from a small, subabrupt bulb, relatively slender at times, creamy-white, yellowish when bruised, stuffed then hollow, subglabrous. AXXi'U's broad, double, smooth above, cracking be- low into thick, sometimes evanescent, yellowish patches. SPORES 5 6 x •'!- 1 micr.. elliptical, smooth, purple-brown. ODOR and TASTE agreeable. Scattered or subcaespitose on the ground among fallen leaves in frondose or mixed woods. Throughoul the State. July-October. Fairly common. The species is known by its haliitat in woods, its lint rap at ma- turity which is shining-whitish, the rather slender, abruptly-bulbous Stem and the tendency for the tlesh of the cap and stem to become yellowish where bruised. It differs from /'. arvensis in its very different stature; from /'. placomyces in the absence of any brown- ish or rufous fibrils on the cap. and from /'. sylvaticus Fr. by its 238 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN bulbous stem. Peck first referred it to P. arvensis as a variety, later he called it Agaricus abruptus; but as this name was pre- empted it was changed to abruptibulba. Sometimes the veil ap- pears to be single, but this is merely accidental. Mcllvaine says "it has a strong, spicy, mushroom odor and taste and makes a highly flavored dish. It is delicious with meats; the very best mushroom for catsup." Since it occurs in the woods, it must be carefully distinguished from the deadly, white Amanitas. 227. Psalliota placomyces Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Pep. 29, 1878. Illustrations : N. Y.. State Mus. Rep. 48, PI. 9, Fig. 7-12. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 21-23, pp. 23-21, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 255, 257, pp. 314-316, 1908. Clements, Minn. Mushrooms, Fig. 42. p. 74, 1910. P1LEUS 5-12 cm. broad, at first broadly ovate, convex-expanded, finally quite -plane, sometimes subumbonate, not striate, squamu- lose, whitish, except where dotted with the brown scales which are more dense toward the center, forming a blackish-brown disk,*in age the surface may be entirely brown. FLESH white or tinged yellowish under cuticle, rather thin except disk. GILLS free, crowded, thin, white at first, soon pink then blackish-brown, edge entire. STEM rather long, 7-12 cm. long, tapering upward or clavatc-bulbous, 4-8 mm. thick, stuffed then hollow, whitish, the bulb sometimes yellowish-stained, glabrous. ANNULUS large, superior, double, the under layer cracking radially and leaving patches, finally darkened by the spores. SPOPES 5-6x3.5-4 micr. (rarely few longer), elliptical-oval, nucleate, smooth, purplish- brown, blackish-brown in mass. ODOR not marked. Solitary or scattered, sometimes a few caespitose, on the ground in frondose, hemlock or mixed woods, rarely on lawns. Ann Arbor, Lansing, Xew Richmond, probably throughout the State. July- September. Infrequent, during some seasons rare. A beautiful plant when one comes across it at its best, with its artistically decorated cap and symmetrical stature. It differs clearly from all others. It is edible although the flesh is thinner than in the preceding species. It is known by the minute brown scales on the flattened cap, the clavate-bulbous stem and the large, flabby annulus. During some seasons, it seems to be absent even under favorable weather conditions. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 239 228. Psalliota subrufescens Pk. (Edibli X. v. State -Miis. Rep. hi. L893. Illustrations : N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 18, PL 7, L896. Plates XLVIII, XLIX, L, of this Report. I'll. Ill's 8 18 cm. broad, large, a1 first hemispherical then convex, finally plane, becoming \\.i\\ and split on the margin, silky-fibrUlo8t at fust, the fibrillose surface soon breaking up to form very numer- ous, oppressed, pale tawny fibrillose scales, disk reddish-brown and not scaly, sometimes rimose, not striate. FLESH white, unchange- able, rather thin, soft, Fragile at maturity. GILLS free, qoI very remote, narrow, crowded, ai lirst white, then pinkish, finally black- ish-brown, edge ;ii fust minutely white-fimbriate. STEM 7-15 cm. long, tapering upward, L-1.5 cm. thick a1 apex, twice as thick below, white and almosl glabrous above the annulus, floccose fibrillose to subscaly toward base, stuffed by soft white pith then hollow, the bulb varying clavate to more or less abrupt. ANNULUS very voluminous, reflexed, double, rather distant from the apex of the stem, smooth ami white above, with soft, floccose, pale lawny scales below, becoming dark from spores. SPORES 6-7.5 x t-5 micr., ellip- tical, smooth, dark purple brown, blackish-brown in mass. STERILE (MILLS on edge of uills numerous, subcylindrical, very narrow, hyaline. ODOR when crushed, strong of almonds. TASTE of green nuts. Gaespitose, on masses of decaying fallen Leaves in frondose woods and in richly manured hothouse beds, lit is also cultivated for the market, i Ann Arbor, Detroit. August-October. Rather rare. Our Largest Psalliota. probably at times surpassing the size giyen above. The original description was made by Peck from old ma- terial, and Later I L8th Rep.) he points out that the cap is coated with fibrils which at length give it the scaly character. Peek's de scription of this species is. therefore, misleading, and probably his specimens did not show the full development of the scales shown in our photographs. Some of OUr specimens were sent to Dr. Peck who I renounced them /'. subrufescens Pk. Noi f our other Psalliotas could he easily confused with /'. subrufescens when it appears in the w is. Of the European species, p. augusta Pr. and /'. perrara Lies, approach it in size. These are at once distinct, according to Ricken's descriptions, by their paler caps and Larger spores. The 240 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN spores of P. augusta are 12-14 x 6-7 micr., per Kicken ; of P. perrara, 8-10x5 micr., per Bresadola. P. silvatica Fr. differs in the smaller size, the simple annulus and differently colored pileus. P. subru- fescens sometimes appears in hot-house beds and has been reduced to cultivation, where its characters seem to be somewhat changed, so that Peck has made a lengthy comparison between it and P. cam- pestris, to which the wild form has no close resemblance. Section II. Univelares. Annulus simple, not with thick floccose- patches on under side. 229. Psalliota campestris Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: (Selected, very numerous.) Fries, Sverig. atl. o. gift. Swamp., PL 5. Cooke, 111., PL 52G. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 573 (As Pratella). Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. GO. Bresadola, I. Fung. mang. e. velenos, PL 53. Marshall, The Mushroom Book, PL 23, op. 71 and PL 24, op. 75, 1905. Gibson, Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, PL 5, p. 83 and PL 6, p. SO. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. I, PL 3, Fig. 1. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 248 and 249, p. 307, 1908. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Figs. 1-8, pp. 2-8, 1900. Atkinson, Bot. Gaz., Vol. 43, p. 264 et. al., PL 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 (showing all stages of development). • PILEUS 4-7 cm. broad (occasionally larger, especially when cultivated), at first flattened hemispherical then convex-expanded or nearly plane, firm, even, glabrous or at length minutely floccose- silky or delicately fibrillose-scaly, dry, white (scaly forms are brownish, etc.), the margin extending beyond gills, edge often fringed when fresh by the tearing of the partial veil. FLESH thick, white, not changing when bruised. GILLS free but not re- mote, rounded behind, ventricose, not broad, close, almost from the very first delicate pink, then deep -flesh color, finally purplish- brown to blackish, edge even. STEM 5-7 cm. long, thick, usually subequal or tapering downward, rarely subbulbous, solid-stuffed, CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 241 usually rather shorl and firm, white or whitish, glabrous. A \ NULUS above and oear the middle, edge Lacerate, often evanescent in age, derived from the thin, simple, while, partial veU. SPORES elliptical, 7 !» \ L-.5-5.5 micr., purple-brown, blackish-brown in muss. Bmooth. ODOE and TASTE agreeable. On the ground in lawns, gardens, golf-links, roadsides, especially in Bheep-pastures, sometimes in cultivated fields. Throughoul the State. Less frequent lb spring, usually in Jul) October. Uncommon excepl locally during some seasons, rare at other times. This is the well-known "pink-gilled" or -*< m l i I •! « •*" mushroom, l>> many people in this country considered in addition to the "sponge mushroom," \forchella esculenta, as the only mushroom safe to eat; all others are dubbed "toadstools." Some persons, however, know and ea1 a larger cumber <>!' kinds; again, all others are "toadstools." to them. The word toadstool, therefore, means nothing definite; it only expresses the ignorance <>r people concerning those fungi of which they arc afraid. The two words refer to the same group of plants and can be used interchangeably. In the young or "button" stage the gills arc soon tinged pink, and as it is possible to mistake the button of the deadly, white Amanita verna for it at this stage, every button should be broken open while collecting. By the time the veil breaks the pink color of the gills is quite marked. All who use this mushroom, should read carefully the remarks under Amanita. This mushroom has been eaten from time immemorial, and its artificial cultivation carried on extensively for centuries. In ami around large cities, Large establishments exisl to raise it for the market, selling it for 75c to 90c a pound in this country. "The an- nual product of the Chicago mushroom beds is said to he from sixty to seventy-five tons.'" (Nat. Eist. Surv. of Chicago Acad. Sci. Bull. VII, pari 1. p. 90.) Special underground mushroom houses, caves, abandoned mines, cellars, etc., have been adopted for the cultivation of this mushroom. Duggar states that in I'.toi the total product of the mushroom industry in the environs of Paris, Prance, was 5,000 tons or L0,000,000 pounds. This shows the extent to which Europeans ea1 mushrooms as compared with our American consumption. Aboul the same ratio exists in the use of the many different edilde wild species. In this country we have hardly begun to realize the immense amount id' palatable food that goes to waste in our fields and woods. Numerous varieties of /'. campestris have been described. With 31 242 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN us the white variety is the common form, although an occasional patch of the variety with brownish and more fibrillose caps may be found. The caps are apparently not as large as in more moist climates, although occasionally one finds large plants in cultivated fields. Var. villaticus Fr. has been raised to specific rank by Bres- adola ; the pileus of this species is large and scaly and the stem is scaly and coated or subvolvate by the inferior veil. I have not seen it. No discussion is given here of the cultivated varieties. Those interested in their cultivation should read Duggar's "The Principles of Mushroom Growing, etc." Bull. No. 85, Bureau of Plant Ind., U. S. Dept. Agr., or the chapter in Atkinson's Mushrooms, last edition. 230. Psalliota silvatica Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836. Illustrations : Bresadola, Fung. Trid., Vol. I, PL 90. Cooke, 111., PL 530 (=P. perrara per Bres.) Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 68. "PILEUS 8-11 cm. broad, campanulate then expanded, at first cinereous then yellowish-whitish with a rufous-fuscous center, cover- ed by brown scales. FLESH rather thick except margin. GILLS free, remote, crowded, white at first, then rosy-flesh color, at length reddish-cinnamon. STEM 6-9 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick, hollow, whitish, glabrous, or subfibrillose, equal or with a bulbous base, bulb sometimes marginate, white within when broken, yellowish at apex, slightly rose-red on sides. ANNULUS simple, ample, distant, superior, white, substriate, flocculose. SPOEES 6-7x3.5-4 rnicr., elliptical, incarnate-fulvous. BASIDTA clavate, 25 x 6-7 micr. ODOR and TASTE agreeable." Reported by Longyear. In woods. The description is adopted from Bresadola. The descriptions in our mushroom books are scarcely satisfactory. The figures of Gooke and Gillet are said to depart from the characteristics of the plant. It seems to be rare, and I have never collected it. The gray color of the young plant and the truly brown color of the scales, the hollow stem and spores ought to make it recognizable. Ricken emphasizes the change of gills and flesh to blood-red when bruised and considers P. haemorrhoidaria as an autumnal form. This com- plicates matters, especially in the absence of specimens of our own. CLASSIFICATION ()!■' AGARICS 243 231 Psalliota haemorrhodaria IV. Edible) Hymen. Kurop., Ins."). Illustrations : ( "ooke, III., PL 531. Gillet, Champignons de Prance, No. -577 (as Pratella). N. V. State .Mus. Rep. 54, PL 75, L901. PILEUS 5-10 (in. broad, at first subglobose to subovate then campanulate-expanded, aearlj plane, covered by rather dei fibrillose, brownish-gray, appressed scales, sometimes glabrous toward margin and paler, margin subpersistently Incurved. FLESH while turning pink to blood-red when broken, thick '>n disk, thin on margin. GILLS free, i lerately broad, crowded, while at first, then rosy-flesh-color, finally dark brown. STEM 5-10 cm. long, 8-15 nun. thick, subequal, rarely bulbous, stuffed then hollow, floccose-fibrillose, glabrescent, white or pallid, darker in age. ANNULUS large, pendulous, persistent, superior, simple, white., it length colored hy spores. SPORES 6-7x I micr., elliptical, purplish-brown, smooth. STEE I LE CELLS on edge <>f ^ills. clavate, enlarged-rounded above. ODOB and TASTE agreeable. Caespitose or scattered, on the ground or about the base of trees in low places in mixed woods, usually near birch and maple trees. Marquette, New Richmond. August-October. [nfrequenl in the coniferous regions of the state. Easily known by the change of the flesh to red, which culm- fresh plants immediately show when broken. This character is said to be found also in the seashore mushroom. /'. halophUa Pk. which has a solid stem and has not been round inland. Peck says its flavor when cooked is similar to P. cam /» '8% ris } and gives to the milk in which ii is slewed a brownish color. Ricken considers ii a mere form of P. silvatica, but describes the latter differently from most authors. It is certainly (list inci . 232. Psalliota micromegetha Pk. (Edible N. V. state .Mus. Rep. 54, L901. iAs Vgaricus pusillus). Illustration: X. V. state .Mus. Hull. in;. Pi. 107, Pig. l •;. L907. "PILEUS 2-7 cm. broad, fragile, convex becoming plane, some times subdepressed in center, dry. silky-fibrillose or fif>rilh> -.~> fin. broad, Fragile, convex thru plane, sometimes subdepressed, silky-fibrillose, the fibrils forming delicate, pinkish drat to reddish brown scales toward center em. long (rarely longer), 2-5 nun. thick, equal or tapering upwards, stuffed i>.\ deli cate white pith then hollow, glabrous, innately silky, even, whitish, sometimes subbulbous ;it base. ANNULTJS delicate, thin, rather persistent, narrow, whitish. STEKILE CELLS on edge none. J'.ASIDIA l'Txo-C, micr., 4-spored. ODOK and TASTE none. Solitary or gregarious on mossy ground, or among leaf-mould in low moist frondose or mixed woods. Throughout the State. August- September (rarely in spring). Frequent. This dainty little Psalliota is known by its delicate pinkish or reddish fibrils on the cap. the entire gills and persistent annulus. It is not supposed to possess, like the preceding, the yellowish stains on cap and base of stem, but specimens are found which have this character which do not seem to belong elsewhere. As they are rather scattered in occurrence no sufficient study has been made of these forms, ft may he that several little species run into each other. Peck says they are very palatable when fried in butter, hut their small size does no1 attract the collector who is looking for a meal. 235. Psalliota echinata Fr. Syst. Myc. 1821. Illustrations: Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. L55 (as Pholiqta). Cooke, III.. PI. 395 (as Inocybe). Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 31, Fig. 6 (as Inocvbe) . Montagne, in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1836, PI. 10, Fig. - (as Vgaricus oxyosmus). PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, obtusely campanulate then expanded. margin ;it first incurved and somewhat appendiculate, then recurved, densely covered with smoky -brown, minute-floCCOSe, wail like or 246 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN pointed scales, not striate, sometimes rimose in age. FLESH whitish at first, then reddish, thin. GILLS free, thin, narrow, crowded, bright pink to old rose-color, finally dark purplish-red. STEM 2-3 cm. long, 1-3 mm. thick, equal, stuffed with loose white fib- rils then tubular, elsewhere soon blood-red within, surface floccosely- pulverulent with a smoky bloom below the annulus, often mycelioid- swollen at base. VEIL floccose-submembranaceus, easily lacerated, concolor, forming an imperfect ANNULUS. Spores minute, ellip- tical, 4-5x2-2.5 micr., smooth, with a tinge of purple-brown under microscope, many immature and hyaline, cinnabar-purple brown in mass. CYSTIDIA none. Trama of gills composed of large cells, about 20 micr. in diameter. ODOR and TASTE slight, not of cu- cumber, even after crushing. Subcaespitose or gregarious, in a green-house of the Michigan Agricultural College, East Lansing. September. Rare. As shown by the references, this plant has been placed in three different genera. It is therefore difficult of identification, the more so because of its rarity. It seems that the spores mature slowly, or perhaps in some regions or under hothouse conditions do not take on a purplish tinge. Under the microscope some of the spores of our specimens showed the usual delicate tint in the exospore which is characteristic of many of this group. Fries (in Hymen. Europ.) says he never saw them rosy. Patouillard says they are hyaline under the microscope but that on a white background they appear tawny ("fauve"). Ricken applies the word "erdfarbig." All the illustrations picture our plant well, which, to quote Berkeley, "is a most curious species." In Europe it occurs in hot-houses al- most exclusively. Stropharia Fr. (From the Greek, strophos, a sword-belt, referring to the annulus.) Purple-brown-spored. Stem fleshy, confluent with the pileus; an- nulus membranous or fibrillose-floccose. Gills attached. SPORES purple-brown or violet. Pileus usually viscid. Putrescent, terrestrial or coprinophilous, of medium size, in fields, barnyards, dung hills or forest. They correspond to Armil- laria of the white-spored, and Pholiota of the oehre-brown-spored groups in the adnate gills and annulate stem; differing from Hypholoma in that the veil collapses on the stem to form an annulus, instead of remaining as a fringe on the margin of the pileus. It would be preferable, in my judgment, to limit the genus to CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 247 those species with a viscid pellicle; but wiili the data a1 band it seems best io defer this arrangement. Ricken divides tli<' genns by the size of the Bpores, but iliis method neglects other more im- portanl morphological characters. <>n the other band, some species could be better Located in the genus Uypholoma ;is is dune l>\ Itiekeu for 8. caput-medusae Fr., 8. scobinaceum Fr. and 8. battarm Fr. There are then two sections: Viscipelles and Bpintrigeri. Key to the Species (a) Pileus with bluish-green or olive Bhades, viscid. (bt Stem 4-7 mm. thick, greenish-blue; pileus thick, green; on debris in woods. 236. flf. aeruginosa Ft. (bb) stem 1.5-2 mm, thick, long and Blender; pileus thin, olvace i, r r;iy; on dung and nnid. (See 268. PSilocybe Uda l'r. I (aa) Pilous without green or olive. (b) Stem ventricose-radicating; pileus umber to tawny-alntacens, viscid. 237. B. ventricosa Mass. (bb) Stem not radicating. (c) Parasitic on Coprinus, whitish. 244. 8. epimycea (I'k.i Atk. (cc) Not parasitic; pileus viscid or subviscid. (d) Growing on dung. (e) Pileus citron-yellow, 2-5 cm. broad; common. (f) Pileus persistently hemispherical. 242. flf. semiglobata Fr. (ff) Pileus convex-subexpanded. 241. B. stercoraria Fr. (ee) Pileus ochraceous-brown, 1-2.5 cm. broad, conic-campanu- late. 243. flf. umbonatrscens Pk. (dd) Not on dung. (e) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad, cinnamon-drab, viscid, stem squar- rose-scaly. 238. S. depilata Fr. (e) Pilous 1-4 cm. broad. (f) Gills strongly violet-purplish ; pileus ochraceous-pallid. L'tu. g. coronilla Hres. II') Gills strongly gray-tinged; pileus white to buff. 239. 8. albonitens Fr. Section I. Viscipelles. Pileus provided with ;i distinct gelatinous pellicle, hence viscid: glabrous <>r scaly. *Growing on tin ground or >m debris. 236. Stropharia aeruginosa Fr. (Si SPE< u D Syst. -M.vc.. L821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 551. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 650. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 03, Fig. I. Pattouillard, Tab. Analyt, No. 231. Swanton, Fungi, PL 38, Fig. 7-9. Harper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol. IT. pt. 1 1. PL 64, 1913. 248 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad (often rather small iu our climate). Cainpanulate-convex, at length plane, subuinbonate, covered with verdigris-green, thick gluten, hence viscid, sometimes dotted with •scattered, white scales, especially on margin, at length fading to yellowish, pellicle separable. FLESH pallid, or tinged blue, rather soft, thickish. GILLS broadly adnate, sometimes emarginate-sin- uate, rather broad, close, whitish at first, soon drab-gray or reddish- gray, finally purplish-chocolate-brown, edge white and minutely flocculose. STEM 5-7 cm. long, 4-7 mm. thick, equal, hollow, soft, greenish-blue, viscid, at first scaly or fibrillose below the annulus. ANNULUS distant from apex, narrow, submembranous, here and there floccose, subevanescent. SPORES pale, smooth, 7-8 x 4-5 micr., oval-elliptical. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills, clavate, lanceo- late. On debris in hemlock woods, and occasionally in frondose woods. Houghton, New Richmond, Detroit. August-October. Infrequent. Although this is a brightly colored and striking plant, we have come across it infrequently, but in Europe it is said to be very common in forest, field and garden. The gills sometimes run down the apex of the stem in lines. The annulus is sometimes lacking. Our plants are well shown by the figures of European authors, and seem to agree perfectly. It is said to be poisonous. It is probably more common northward. 237. Stropharia ventricosa Massee British Fungus Flora, Vol. I, p. 400, 1892. Illustration: Cooke, 111., PL 1188 (as 8. merdaria var. major). PILEUS 3-5 cm. broad, parabolic then convex-expanded, margin for long time decurved, very viscid, somewhat uneven when young, glabrescent and shining pale umber at first, then tawny -alutaceus. FLESH white, thick on disk, abruptly thin on margin. GILLS adnate, at length decurrent by tooth, close, rather narrow, pallid at first, then mouse-gray with purplish tinge, finally purplish- brown. STEM 8-12 cm. or more long, ventricose-radicating, up to 15 mm. thick at broadest part, thinner above, rooting-attenuate at base, sometimes subequal, white at first, becoming dingy yellowish, dry, covered up to the annulus by squarrose scales, markedly striate above, stuffed, whitish within. ANNULUS persistent, white, large, striate above. SPORES 9-12 x 5-6 micr., elliptical, smooth, with a purple tinge under the microscope, brown in mass. CYSTIDIA CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 24fl oval or short ventricose, obtuse a1 apex, aboul 15x24 micr., hya- line. Caespitose on very decayed debris aboul stumps and roots in foresl of hemlock, maple, etc. Bay View. September. Rare. This has very much the stature of Cooke's figure of Pholiota radi- cosa. illl., PI. ^'.tili and grows in similar places, but the pileus of our plants lias a glabrous, viscid pellicle, and the spores arc purple tinged. The odor was not noted. The pool like prolongation pushes deep down into the debris and the mycelium was attached to dead roots. This agrees so well with Blassee's description thai I have ventured to refer it thither, in spin- of its larger size and more scaly stem. 238. Stropharia depilata Fr. Hymen. Europ., L874. Illustrations: Barper, Trans. Wis. Acad. Scl, Vol. 16, PI. 62 and 63, L913. PILEUS 4-1- cm. broad, firm, convex to plane or broadly umbo- nate, obtuse, glabrous, viscid, light cinnamon-drab (Ridg.) when young and with a smoky tinge, at length dark olive-buff or pinkish- buff (Eidg.), even on the decurved margin which is sometimes ap- pendiculate when young. FLESB whitish, thick except the thin margin. GILLS adnate, often subdecurrent and running down the stem in lines, close to crowded, broad, pallid a1 first, soon pah purple-drab (Ridg.) or ashy, al length purplish-black. STEM 6-12 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, subequal or subventricose, stuffed, whitish within and without, becoming yellowish-tinged, clotlied below an- nulus by subsquarrose, lacerate, fibrillose or floccose whitish or creamy-yellow scales, apex glabrescent, often deeply Immersed at base. ANNULUS distant, membranous, persistent, at first white. firm and erect, then deflected and clove-brown (Ridg.). SPORES elliptical, smooth, 9-12x5-6.5 micr., dark-gray with tint of purple under microscope. CYSTIDIA none. Edge of gills with sterile cells, ODOR none. TASTE tardily disagreeable. Solitary or subgregarious, randy subcaespitose ; among debris or about logs and stumps in mixed woods of balsam, spruce, birch, etc. Northern Michigan. Frequent locally. September-October. The large size, scaly stem and slate-gray gills are the striking characteristics of this species. Barper reports it from Neebish Island. It is also an inhabitant of the Adirondack Mountains, 250 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN where I have collected it. It seems to fruit preferably in the autumn and in dry weather. 239. Stropharia albonitens Fr. (Suspected) Monographia, 1863. Illustrations: Fries, Icones, PI. 130, Fig. 2. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 63, Fig. 3. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, canipanulatc, then plane-subumbonate, with a rise in the ground in woods <>r white pine and beech. New Richmond. September. Infrequent. This differs from 8. albonitens in the strong violet color of ^ills and spores. The cap is inure ochraceous and more convex. The uills arc more crowded. Tins seems to he closely related to flf. melasperma l'r.. and the cystidia figured for thai species by Patouil- lard (Tab. Analyt., No. 555) are characteristic of our specimens, fif. bilamellata Pk. is a much larger plant, with larger spores, and the thick annulus lias radiating gill-like ridges on its upper surface. i See Peck, PI. lli'. Pig. 5 LO, N. V. State Mas. Bull. 122, 1908 and Barper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans.. Vol. it. Pt. [I, PI. 65.) **Qroiving on dung. 241. Stropharia stercoraria Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, L821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111.. PI. 538. Barper, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Vol. IT. Pt. II. PI. 67. PILEFS •_'-<; cm. broad, convex-hemispherical, then broadly con- vex or subexpanded, viscid from the separable, gelatinous pellicle, glabrons, even, citron-yellow, buff or whitish when dry, often stained by the spores. FLESH white or tinned yellow, thin on margin, soft. (JILLS adnate at length subdecurrent, very broad, close, um- ber-fuscous to purplish-olivaceous or blackish, edge white flocculose. STEM (MS cm. long, :.'-(• mm. thick, elongated-cylindrical, stalled by white pith then hollow, base thicker, yellowish white, covered up to the evanescent, narrow annulus by the floccose scaly thin remains of a mem'branaceus veil. SPORES large, elongated-elliptical, L5-21 x8-12 micr., variable in size, smooth, violet-purple under microscope, blackish-purple in mass. "CYSTIDIA on the sides and edge of the gills, lanceolate. 50-70 X 1 1' 18 micr." i Kicken. i TASTE of pellicle slightly Litter. ( >n dung hills, manure piles or similar places; gregarious. Throughout the State. May-October. Common, apparently more common than the next. ;it least in southern Michigan. So close in appearance to Sf. semiglobata that they are difficult of easy separation. 8. stercoraria is apparently almost limited todung or manure, while the other has a wider range. It differs microscopic- 252 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN ally according to Rieken, by the presence of cystidia which occur also on the sides of the gills and which are absent in S. semiglohata ex- cept on the edge. The pileus of the latter is more persistently hemis- pherical. A sterile form has been observed, in every particular like the above, except that the gills remained pale yellow or straw- color; spores were lacking at full expansion of the pileus and the hymenium was composed of large, inflated, sterile cells in place of the basidia. 242. Stropharia semiglobata Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 539. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 651. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt, No. 234. Rieken, Blatterpilze, PI. G3, Fig. 2. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 30, p. 31, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 2G0, p. 320, 1908. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 4, PI. 56, Fig. 3. PILEUS 1-4 cm. broad, persistently hemispherical, very viscid from the pellicle, glabrous and naked, even, citron-yellow, shining when dry, faded in age, stained purplish-black by spores. FLESH thick on disk, thin on margin, pallid, soft. GILLS broadly adnate, very broad, close to subdistant, olive-gray to purplish-brown, clouded blackish, edge minutely white floccose. STEM 5-12 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, subequal or cylindrical, straight, hollow, rigid, often viscid when young or fresh, covered below up to the narrow annulus by the thin, membranous, flocculose veil. SPORES elliptical, 15-18 x 9-10 micr., smooth, violet-purple under the microscope, brownish- purple in mass. CYSTIDIA only on edge of gills, short-filamentous, 30-45 x 3-4 micr. (Rieken.) On dung hills and grassy places in the open. Probably through- out the State. May-October. Frequent. See notes on the preceding. 243. Stropharia umbonatescens Pk. (Suspected) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 30, 1878. Illustrations : Harper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol. 7, Pt. II, PI. 65, B. Plate LI of this Report. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARK 263 PILEUS L-2.5 cm. broad, conico-campanulate, at Length more or less mammilately ombonate, with a viscid pellicle, pale ochraceous- brownish or grayish on margin, umbo bright ochraceous brown to reddish brown, even or obscurely Bubstriate, shining, glabrous. FLESH thin, pallid. (JILLS adnate to adnate-decurrent, broad to 8ubtriangular } close, ;ii nrsl whitish then gray, anally purplish- brown to blackish. STEM •"> in cm. Long, slender, equal, Btuffed then hollow, toughish, i>\ Miss Allen (Ann. Myc, Vol. i,p. 387, 1906) Bhows thai the young button is surrounded bj a universal veil. This is probably also true of the hygrophanous species where iliis outer veil often leaves flocculenl particles <>n the surface of the young cap. The genus is divided Into two sections whose species are ootably different In their general appearance and the texture of the flesh. In the first section the PILEUS is thick, compact and firm; in the second, ii is rather tliin. sbmewhal fragile and soft. The former have usually brighter colors, while the latter are brownish, gray or while. The GILLS vary much in color during the ionise of their develo] ment. Tliis character is often used to separate the species, but is less reliable for tlic purpose than in the genus Cortinarius. The STEM is fleshy, and in the fragile forms ii is soon hollow. The SPORES are elliptical excepl in //. populitia Britz. var., where they are variously shaped. In //. velutinum and //. rugocephalum they are more or less tuberculate. Many species have CYSTIDIA on the sides of the uills. or sac shaped sterile cells on the edge. The Large fleshj ones are edible, although ;it times they develop ;i dis- agreeable hiiier taste. This is thought !>> some to be due to the passage of the larvae of insects through the flesh; needless to say, such hi iter plants should not be eaten. Of the thin ones, //. vncertum and allied forms arc much songhl after. Key to the Spt ' " s i A i Pileus tirm, compact, not hygrophanous, dull reddish or yellow; caespitose. (a) Pileus dark brick-red, especially on disk. (b) Gills at first whitish. 245. H. suolateritium Pr. 1 1,1, i Gills at lirst yellow. 246. //. suhbih ritium var. perplesum Pk. (aa) Pileus yellow or yellowish; DO red. (In Gills at first sulphur-yellow, soon green. //. fascicular* Pr Gills at firsl pallid, never with green shades. i ci Gills gray or smoky gray. //. capnoides Ft. 256 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN (cc) Gills purple-gray, at length coffee-brown; stem long-radicating. H. epixanthium Fr. (AA) Pileus rather fragile, sometimes hygrophanous, rarely red or yellow. (a) Pileus viscid, small, bay-brown. 246. H. peckianum sp. nov. (aa) Pileus not or slightly viscid. . (d) Stem with a wine-colored juice when broken. 250. H. vmosum sp. nov. (bb) Stem not with a colored juice. ' (c) Pileus with innate hairy or fibrillose scales. (d) Pileus 1-3 cm. broad, with umber-brown hairy scales; spores irregular; gregarious-scattered. 249. H. populinum Britz. var. (dd) Pileus 3-10 cm. broad; caespitose. ' (e) Pileus whitish, dotted with brownish scales. 247. H. lachrymabundum (Fr.) Quel, (ee) Pileus tawny to yellowish; gills often beaded on edge. 248. H. velutinum (Fr.) Quel, (cc) Pileus soon glabrous and naked. ' (d) Pileus 6-10 cm. broad, rugose, subviscid. 251. H. rugoceph- alum Atk. (dd) Pileus not over 6 cm. broad, hygrophanous. (e) Growing on lawns, fields or other grassy places, rarely in woods; densely gregarious-subcaespitose. 252. H. incer- turn Pk. (ee) In woods, swamps, thickets, etc. (f) Caespitose around stumps, etc. (g) Pileus when moist watery dark brown; gills at first grayish-brown; spores minute. 255 and- 256. H. hyclrophilum Fr. (gg) Pileus when moist honey-brown; gills at first per- sistently whitish. 253. H. appendiculatum, Fr. (ff) Gregarious-scattered, singly; gills narrow, (g) Pileus 4-7 cm. broad, umber-brown when moist; gills very narrow. 254. H. coronatum Fr. (gg) Pileus 1-3 cm. broad, pale watery brown when moist; very fragile. 257. H. saccharinophilum Pk. (ggg) Pileus 3-6 cm. broad; pale honey brown when moist; • stem 5-10 cm. long. 252. H. incertum var. sylvestris. Section I. Fascicularia. Pileus fleshy, naked and glabrous, margin at first silky, brightly colored, not hygrophanous. *Large, caespitose: pileus not viscid. 245. Hypholoma sublateritium Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 1830-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 577. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 357. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 25, opp. p. 26, 1900. Marshall, The Mushroom Book, PI. 29, opp. p. 81, 1905. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 267 Reddick, Ann. Rep. Geol. & Nat. Res. End. 32, p. 1231, Fig. 11. L908. Rlurrill, Mycologia, Vol. l. (as //. perplewutn). Plate LI <«r iliis Report. PILEUS 3-8 cm. broad, firm, convex expanded, old use, dark bn'< /. red, darker on disk, paler on margin, even, glabrons, aaked except the decurved margin, which is while silky from the veil. FLESH thick, compact, whitish, in age slightly yellowish. GILLS adnate, Crowded, narrow, at first whitish, then grayish to SOOty-Olive, finally dark purplish-brown, edge minutely white-crenulate. STEM 8 12 cm. long, rather stout, r> 1 l.' nun. thick, equal or attenuated down- ward, stuffed, whitish above, ferruginous below, fioccose-fibrillose, elabrescent, ascending or curved from the crowded insertions. SPORES 6-7x34 micr., oblong-elliptical, smooth, purple-brown, blackish purple in mass. BASIDIA about 24x5 micr., t-spored. CYSTIDIA few <>r scattered, obclavate with apiculate apex, 36x li' micr. ; sterile cells <>n edge, shorter, inflated. ODOR none. TASTE mild or bi1 terish. Very caespitose, forming Large clusters in autumn, growing from the base of trees or slumps or on buried roots, He August-November. Throughout the State. Very common. Var. perplexum Pk. has the gills yellow at first, finally dark pur- ple-brown, intermediate stage with olive tints. The STK.M hecomes hollow-. The PILEUS has more yellow on the margin. SPORES etc. the same as in //. sublateritium. This species is widely distributed and common in autumn. It is easily recognized by its dark brick red cap. by the compact, thick flesh ami caespitose habit, it is quite variable, and Peck seems to have based his species //. perplewum I X. Y. State Cab. Rep. L'.*'.. 1872) on such a variation. The conditions of weather, the nature of the wood and oilier factors no doubt produce some of these forms. An effort has been made by Peck, followed by Mcllvaine (see the latter, p. 355, L900) to provide a key for the separation of these two ami of related European species. In the southern pari of the state I have examined many clusters for the purpose of verifying this key but found that the mild or bitter taste, the stull'ed or hollow Stem, and the various shades Of color which the ^,'ills possess dm ing the process id' maturing, were so variable and unreliable that DO distinct species could he separated by them. I ha\e not met the other European species: //. capnoides, II. epixanthium and //. fasiculare, which lack the red color of the pileus of our plants, uiid 33 25S THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN all of which are described with caps colored some shade of yellow. Our plant is edible, and is eaten by many with safety and relish. In Europe, the same species is said to be poisonous, and is so marked by Ricken in the latest, extensive work of that country. ** Pileus viscid. 246. Hypholoma peckianum sp. no v. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, convex, obtuse, subexpanded, viscid, glabrous, bay-broun, blackish on disk, paler on margin, even, margin bordered by white, silky fibrils from the veil. FLESH whitish, moderately thin, thicker on disk. GILLS adnate, rounded behind, 2-3 mm. broad, abruptly narrower in front, close, at first flesh- colored then dark purplish-brown, edge white- fimbriate. STEM 3-4 cm. long, 2-2.5 mm. thick, equal, white -floccose above, innately fibril- lose elsewhere, pallid to brownish, brown within except the white pith, at length hollow, flexuous. SPORES 10-12 x 5-6 micr., ventri- c-ose-elliptical, pointed at ends, smooth, tinged purple under the microscope, purplish-brown in mass. CYSTIDIA none. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills, clustered, linear-cylindrical, obtuse, about 20 x 4 micr. BASIDIA subcylindrical, 30 x (\ micr., 4-spored. ODOR and TASTE none. Scattered on debris of leaves and decayed wood in woods of hem- lock, beech, maple, etc. New Richmond. September. Rare. The viscid, dark-colored cap, the flesh-colored young gills and the small size, distinguish the species. The cortina is white and distinctly fibrillose. Section II. Limbata. Pileus somewhat fleshy or thin, at first innately fibrillose or dotted with superficial floccose scales on the surface or margin. This group approaches the genus Psilocybe, but the veil is always recognizable under favorable weather conditions by the scries of floccose remnants which border the margin of the fresh pileus ; in wind and rain these rapidly disappear. In most of the species the remnants of the veil are scattered over the surface of the _ very young pileus as superficial flocculent particles or minute scales ; these usually disappear early. In other species the veil remains hanging to the margin of the pileus in an appendiculate manner. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 1^59 *PUeus innately hairy, fibrillosescaly or velvety. 247. Hypholoma lachrymabundum ( Fr.) Quel. (Edible Syst. Myc, 1821 (Pro parte); Jura et. Vosges, L872. (See .Maire. Soc. .Myc de Prance, Bull. 27, p. m. L911). Illustrations: Pries, [cones, PI. 134, Pig. 1. Cooke, III.. PI. 543 /iu rin cotonea t . Plate LI l of this Report. PILEUS HO cm. broad, convex then campanulate, obtuse or dis- coid, ground-color whitish to buff, then pale brownish-ochraceous, moist, covered except on disk by scattered, rather large appressed brownish hairy scales, paler on margin, no1 striate margin at first incurved and appendiculate from the thickish, floccose-white veil, sometimes rugulose on disk. FLESH thick, thin on margin, firm, white. GILLS adnate-seceding, narrow, crowded, at firsl whitish, at Length purplish-brown, edge white-flocculose, sometimes distilling bead-like drops. STEM till' cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick, equal, hollow. striate above, fibrillose or subscaly below, glabrescent, whitish then sordid, base sometimes stained yellowish when bruised, white- mycelioid at base. SPORES 6-7.5x3-4 micr., elliptical, slightly curved, smooth, dark brownish-purple under microscope. CVS TIDIA on sides and edge of ^ills short, rather abundant. 3040 x 12-15 micr., ventricose. Densely caespitose at or about the base of trees, in beech, maple and birch woods of conifer regions. Bay View, Eoughton. August September. Rather rare. This differs from //. velutina (which is the //. lachrymabundum of most bonks i in the whitish color, paler .u'ills at first, the small spores and different cystidia. According to Maire (1. c.) the two s| ecies were originally combined by Fries, and later segregated by Quelet. It has been described under various names and much con- fusion has resulted. The unravelling of the tangle is due to Prof. Maire, with the result that the species ordinarily called //. lachry- mabundum in this country is really //. n hitinu. //. aggregatum Pk. is in my opinion only a smaller form nf the same plant. The gills of this species are rarely found "weeping," although in //. nJutinn they are usually •'beaded with drops." 260 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 248. Hypholoma velutinum (Fr.) Quel. (Edible) Syst. Myc., 1821; Jura et. Vosges, 1872. (See Maire, Soc. Myc. de France, Bull. 27, p. Ill, 1911). Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 563. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 35S. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 350 .(as E. lachrymabun- dum i. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 117 (as E. lachrymabundum) . Berkeley, Outlines, PL 11, Fig. 2. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 28, p. 29, 1900 (as E. lachry ma- bun dum). Hard, Mushrooms, Figs. 203-201, pp. 325-320, 1908 .(as E. lachrymabundum). Tlate LIU of this Report. PILECS 3-10 cm. broad, convex then broadly campanulate, some- times obtusely umbouate, finally plane, at first covered by a hairy tomentum, then oppressed fibrillose-scaly, not striate, tawny to yel- lowish, darker to umber on center, sometimes radially rugulose, margin at first appendiculate from the veil, at length split. FLESH thick on disk, soft, watery-brown to sordid yellowish. GILLS ad- nate-seceding, broad behind but sinuate, narrowed toward front, crowded, not reaching margin of pileus, at first pale yellowish then innber and dotted by spore masses, edge white-flocculose, beaded with drops. STEM 2-8 cm. long, variable in length, 4-10 mm. thick, equal, soon hollow, fibrillose to floccose-scaly and tawny up to the obsolete annulus, whitish above; veil soft-fibrillose, soon breaking, dingy, white, remnants clinging to the margin of the pileus. SPORES oval to broadly elliptical, 9-12x7 micr., tuberculatc, dark purplish-umber under microscope. CYSTIDIA few or scattered on sides of gills, cylindrical, in groups of several, about 00 x 9-10 micr., abundant on edge, cylindrical-subcapitate, 45-55 x 0-7 micr. ODOR and TASTE earthy. Caespitose, scattered or solitary on alluvial soil or swampy grounds in woods. Throughout the State. July-October. Fre- quent. This is the E. lachrymabundum Fr. of most authors. See notes on the preceding. It is distinguished by its tawny or darker color, very characteristic, tuberculate spores and cylindrical cystidia. The gills usually distil drops from their edge in moist weather. These drops are often dark colored from the spores, hence Fries CLASSIFICATION OF ACAKK'S _»C,1 remarks thai the edge is "nigro-punctate." Peck (N. Y. State Mus. Bull. L50, p. 81, l'.M l i has given I under //. lachrymabundum | spore measurements which are misleading; and the real of the description ;i|>|il ieS to c\ i i cine forms. 249. Hypholoma populinum Hi it/, var. Hot. Centralbl., Vol. 77. p. 102, L899. PILEUS 1-2.5 tin. broad, convex to subcampanulate, obtuse, al Length expanded, innately pilose-scaly, qoI striate, bygrophanous, grayish-buff, scales umber-brown to purplish-brown, fading i<> pale grayish-white, margin appendiculate a1 first from the veil. FLESH concolor, rather thin. GILLS adnate-seceding, rounded behind, moderately broad, dose, thin, ;it firsl whitish, soon drab, then dark purplish-brown, edge white-fimbriate. STEM 2-4 cm. long, L.5-2 mm. thick, equal, white, dotted with ius<-<>us, -fibrillose scales, stuffed then hollow, shining when dry. base submycelioid. VEIL mem- bran aceus, white, soon disappearing. SPORES variously shaped, subtriangular, inequilateral-elliptical, subangular, etc.. sometimes curved, 6-7.5x4.5 micr., dark purple-brown. ( 'YSTI dia clavate to obclavate, or subventricose, stalked, not abundant, 5040x15-18 micr. < >l>( >K none. On very rotten wood, scattered ; in frondose low woods or swamps. Ann Arbor, May-June ami September. Infrequent. Characterized by the peculiarly shaped spores, which are often the shape of corn kernels, or are elliptical, curved or very irregular. Britzelmayrs species is much larger, the cap measuring 7 cm. across ; his spores also are a little larger. It is probably a distinct species. 250. Hypholoma vinosum sp. now PILEUS 5-20 nun. broad, fragile, convex, then companulate, sub- umbonate, pulverulent- floccose, velvety in appearance, umber-color- ed, obscurely tinged with purple, darker in center, dry. even, obscure- ly rugulose, margin appendiculate a1 firsl by pale fragments of the veil. FLESB thin, dingy-white, fragile. GILLS adnate, seceding, crowded, rounded behind, ventricose and rather broad, h>in tlic ground, subcaespitose or gregarious, in low or Bwampy frondo8e woods. Ann Arbor, South Haven, New Richmond. July- September. Nbl infrequent. This species approaches //. velutinum in the character of the spore-surface and habit, the c;i i > Lacks the fibrillose covering of thai species. The shape of the spores is distinctive. *** Pileus hygrophanou8 } at the first dotted with superficial fiocculent particles or scales, glabrescent. 252. Hypholoma incertum Pk. i Kimble) N. Y. State -Mns. Rep. 29, L878. Illustrations: X. V. State Mus. Bull. 25, PI. 58, Pig. L3-20, L899. X. V. State Mils. .Mem. 1. PL CO. Pig. 10, L900. Marshall, The Mushroom Book, PI. 28, opp. p. so, L905. Atkinson," Mushrooms, PL 7. Fig. 26 and 27, p. 27, L900. Hard, Mushrooms, PL :57. Pig. 262, p. 324, 1908. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 1. PL 56, Fig. 1 (as //. appendicular turn ) . Plate LIV of this Report. PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, fragile, at firsl oval, obtuse, then broadly campanulate to expanded, at length split radially, hygrophanous, pale honey-yellowish, then buff to white as moisture disappears, white llncculeiil or at Length glabrous, even or Slightly wrinkled when i]\y. the margin at first hung with loose shreds of the veil, in age often violaceous, lilac towards margin. PLESB thin. whin-. GILLS adnate-seceding, narrow, almost Linear, thin, close,