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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
Vol. XXVII., 1920.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

H Journal of Zooloo\>

IN CONNECTION WITH THE THING MUSEUM.

EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXVIL, 1920.

(WITH SEVENTEEN PLATES.)

Issued at the Zoological Museum, Trino.

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON k VINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1920.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVII. (1920).

MAMMALIA

PAGES

1. A new Fat-tailed Gerbil (Pachyuromys) from Western Algeria. Oldfield

Thomas . . 313—314

2. Captain Angus Buchanan's Ah- Expedition. — 1. On a series of small

Mammals from Kano. Oldfield Thomas and Mabtin A. C. Hinton . 315 — 320

3. A note on Typo-locality and Geographical Races of the Gundi {('hnudactylus

gundi Rothm.). Oldfield Thomas ...... 506 — 507

AVES

1. The Birds of the Commander Islands. Ernst Haktert . 128 158

1. The Birds of Buckinghamshire and the Tring'Reservoirs (Plates XII. — XIII. ).

Ernst Hartert and Francis C. R. Jourdain .... 171 — 259

3. The new Names in J. Hermann's Tabula Affinitatum Animalium. Erwin

Stresemann ....... 327 332

4. Types of Birds in the Tring Museum. Ernst Hartert .... 425 — 505

COLEOPTERA
1. Some African Anthribidae. Karl Jordan ...... 260 264

LEPIDOPTERA

1. Supplemental notes to Mr. Charles Oberthiir's Fauno des Lepidopteres de la

Barbarie, with lists of the specimens in the Tring Museum (Plates XIV. —

XVII.). Lord Rothschild ........ 1 127

2. Notes on and Descriptions of Sphingidae (Illustrated). Karl Jordan . 159 — 162

3. The Status of Plalysphinx bourkei Trimen (1910). Karl Jordan . . 163 — 166

4. Some new African Sphingidae (Illustrated). Karl Jordan . . . 167 — 170

5. New Geometridae. Loots B. Prout ....... 265 — 312

PAOES

6. On the Genus Elachyophtkalma Feld. Lord Rothschild . 321 — 326

7. Sphingidae of Para (Plates I. — XI.). A. Miles Moss . . 333 — 424

8. Supplementary notes on Dioplidac. Louis B. Protjt .... 508 — 509

9. On some African Sphingidae. Kari, Jordan ..... 510 — 512

INDEX

513 — 544

LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME XXVII.

I. — X. Caterpillars and Pupae of Sphingidae from Para. From drawings by A. Miles
Moss.

XI. Map of District of Para. By A. Miles Moss.

XII. Photograph of Grasshopper Warbler. By O. G. Pike.

XIII. Black-necked Grebe. By O. G. Pike.

XIV.— XVII. Lepidoptera from Algeria. By H. and E. S. Knight.

NOYITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

»a

H Journal of Zooloo\>-

EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, E.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERNST HARTERT. and Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXVII.

No. 1.

Pages 1—332.
Plates XII., XIII.

Issued June 15th, 1920, at the Zoological Museum, Trijjg.

PRINTED BY HAZEIX, WATSON k VINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1920.

Vol. XXVII.

NOVITATES Z00L0GICAE.

EDITED EV

LORD ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN

CONTENTS OF NO. I.

1. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES TO MR. CHARLES

OBERTHUR'S FAUNE DES LEPIDOP-
TERES DE LA BARB ABIE, WITH LISTS OF
THE SPECIMENS IN THE TRING MUSEUM
(Pis. XIV.— XVII.).*— PART II. . . . Lord Rothschild .

2. THE BIRDS OF THE COMMANDER ISLANDS Ernst Hartert .

3. NOTES ON AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SPHIN-

GIDAE (Illustrated) Karl Jordan

4. THE STATUS OF PLATYSPHIXX BOURKEI

TRIMEN (1910) Karl Jordan .

5. SOME NEW AFRICAN SPHINGIDAE (Illus-

trated) Karl Jordan

6. THE BIRDS OF BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND

THE TRING RESERVOIRS (Pis. XII., XIII.) Ernst Hartert and

Francis C. R. Jour-
dain

7. SOME AFRICAN ANTHRIBIDAE . . . Karl Jordan .

8. NEW GEOMETRIDAE Louis B. Prmtt .

9. A NEW FAT-TAILED GERBIL (PACHY-

VROMYS) FROM WESTERN ALGERIA . Oldfield Thomas

10. CAPTAIN ANGUS BUCHANAN'S AlR EX-

PEDITION.— I. ON A SERIES OF SMALL

MAMMALS FROM KANO .... Oldfield Thomas and

Martin A. C. Hinton

11. ON THE GENUS ELACHYOPHTHALMA

FELD Lord Rothschild

12. THE NEW NAMES IN J. HERMANN'S TABULA

AFF1MTATUM ANIMALWM . . Erwin Slresemann .

1-

-127

128-

-158

159-

-162

163—166

167-

-170

i ii-

-Z09

260-

-264

265—312

313-

-314

315—320
321—326
327—332

* Plates XIV.— XVII. will be issued with the next part.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

Vol. XXVH. JUNE 1920. No. I.

SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES TO MR. CHARLES OBERTHUR'S
FAUNE DES LEPIDOPTERES BE LA BARBARIE, WITH
LISTS OF THE SPECIMENS IN THE TRING MUSEUM.

{Continued from Vol. XXIV. p. 409 (1917).)

By Lord Rothschild, F.R.S., Ph.D.
(Plates XIV— XVII.)

THE long-expected volume of Mr. Oberthiir's Etudes de Lepidopterologie
Comparee, containing the Noctuidae of Algeria, has at last appeared. The
date on the wrapper is Octobre 1918, but the volume was only, received in
March 1919, so the date of publication for the new names published therein
must be taken as 1919.

It calls for various remarks. Mr. Oberthiir has adopted Guenee's system
of classification of the Noctuidae. Now, although the aim of Science is to establish
uniformity of nomenclature and a single classificatory system, it is impossible
to forbid the use of any system ; we can only regret, therefore, that such a
renowned entomologist as Mr. Oberthiir adopts systems and methods abandoned
by the majority of modern workers in Entomology. But while we can only
regret this retrograde policy of Mr. Oberthiir, we can and must strongly deprecate
the reasons he has and gives for not adopting Sir George Hampson's classification.
Whatever other objections Mr. Oberthiir may have to the British Museum classifica-
tion, he lays stress on one only, namely he harps upon the rather unfortunate
error made by Sir George Hampson in placing Phragmatobia breveti berth, in
the genus Maenas. This error has long ago been acknowledged by its author.
Mr. Oberthiir makes great capital out of the aquatic habits of certain American
species of Maenas as opposed to the desert habitat of bzeveti, quite ignoring the
fact that the genus Maenas contains many African and Indo-Malayan species as
well as American, and these are, as far as we know, non-aquatic in their habits.
Sir George Hampson was misled by the somewhat aberrant neuration of P. breveti,
which is almost identical with that of Maenas ; moreover, breveti is not a Tricho-
soma as Mr. Oberthiir asserts, but a true Phragmatobia, The abortive wings of
the $ are not a generic character, but only specific, as can be seen in the case of
Cymbalophora rivularis Men., which has a 9 with abortive wings, while Cymba-
lophora pudica Esp. and C. oertzeni Led. have the $ full winged. The aquatic
habits of the larva are also only of secondary importance, for in the genus
Spilosoma (Diacrisia) we find Spilosoma (Diacrisia) metalhana with a free
swimming aquatic larva, while sannio and amurensis, which are very closely allied,

1

2 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

have ordinary terrestrial larvae. We cannot condemn a whole system simply
because its author made one rather striking error.

I have adopted the British Museum classification because so far there does
not appear to be a better one.

According to this classification, the family Noctuidae is divided into fifteen
subfamilies, viz. :

Agrotinae ; Hadeninae ; Cuculliinae ; Zenobiinae (Acronyctinae) ; Era-
striinae ; Phlogophorinae (Euteliinae) ; Odontoninae (Stictopterinae) ; Sarrothri-
pinae ; W ' ester manniinae (Acontiinae) ; Catocalinae ; Diphterinae (Mominae) ;
Phytometrinae ; Noctuituie ; Polypogoniiiae (Hypeninae) ; and Hyblaeinae ,
Of these fifteen subfamilies, two, namely, the Diphterinae and Hyblaeinae l
have no representatives in Algeria, and three others, the Phologophorinae,
Odontoninae, and Sarrothripinae, have only one representative each.

Sir George Hanipson, who is a great stickler for classical correctness, in the
case of names forming subfamily appellations in which the ending is in "ia,''
insists on the subfamily being formed with the ending " ianae," such as
Cucullianaehom Cucullia. The International Rules, however, say the sub-family
term is to be made by the addition of the ending " inae " to the word, and so I
have made the families Cuculliinae, Zenobiinae, Erastriinae, and W estermanniinat
end in " iinae " instead " ianae."

I am taking the species, in the first place, in the order Mr. Oberthiir has
placed them in, for the purpose of critical remarks where these may be necessary ;
but at the end I am giving a full list of the species and genera in the order followed
by the British Museum classification. I am giving a list of the Algerian, Tunisian,
and Moroccan specimens in the British Museum as well as those at Tring.

1. Bryophila petrea Guen.

Bryophila petrea Guenee, Hint. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gen. Lipid, vol. v. Noct. vol. i. p. 25. No. 22 (1852)
(Andalusia).

Mr. Oberthiir records this species from Maafa and Lambessa ; we have
received 35 from Guelt-ea-Stel, 1 from Batna, and 1 El Kantara.

There are in the Tring Museum 18 (J <$, 17$$ from Guelt-es-Stel. This series
shows considerable variation in the forewings, some being pale grey with hardly
any markings, while others are of a deeper brighter grey with conspicuous black
markings, and a few have such dark grey forewings that the black markings
show up hardly darker than the ground colour.

1 ^Environs de Batna, 1914 (A. Nelva) ; 1 cj El Kantara, August 1917 (V.
Faroult).

2. Bryophila aerumna Culot.

Bryophila aerumna Culot, Xoct. et Gtom. d'Eur. pt. i. vol. i. p. 131, pi. 22. f. 17 (1912) (Giryville).

Monsieur Culot quotes this and a number of other new species as "Oberth."
because he adopts the names suggested by Mr. Oberthiir in his letters to him ;
while Mr. Oberthiir quotes them as "Culot (secundum Oberthiir)." Both these
methods are wrong ; the correct way of quoting is Bryophila aerumna Culot ;
but if it is thought desirable to mention Mr. Oberthur's connection with these
species, it should be done as follows: Bryophila aerumna Culot (Oberth. in lilt.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 3

There are at Tring 32 specimens of this species from Sidi-bel- Abbes, September
1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou, September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Perregaux, September
1915 (V. Faroult) ; AIn Draham, September 1911 (V. Faroult).

[Bryophila aeton Culot = Catamecia mauretanica Stdgr.

Calamecia jordana var. mauretanica Staudinger and Rebel, Cat. Lepid. Pal. Faun, pt. i. p. 213. No

2192i) (1901) (Biskra).
Bryophila aeton Culot, Noct. el Gtom. d'Eur. pt. i. vol. i. p. 132. pi. 22. f. 16 (1912) (El Outaya).

Neither Mr. Oberthiir nor Mr. Culot have perceived that the type of aeton
is only a heavily marked fine specimen of Catamecia mauretanica Stdgr.]

3. Bryophila divisa oxybiensis Mill.

Bryophila oxybiensis Milliere, Rev. Zool. 1874, p. 242 (Cannes).

Catamecia bryophiloides Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 330. No. 194 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

The name divisa has one year's priority over that of pomula ; Esper being
1791, while Borkhausen is 1792. Pere Engramelle, it is true, is older, but he has
" La Pomule " not pomula, so the date of pomula is that of Borkhausen, who
latinised Pere Engramelle's name.

In 1913 (Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 125, No. 52) I unfortunately identified
some unicolorous grey specimens of this insect from the Oued Nca as Bryophila
pineti Stdgr., which I then only knew from a drawing. I have now discovered this
error, and I name these unicolorous specimens ab. unicolor ab. nov. The form of
divisa oxybiensis most similar in coloration to typical divisa must bear the name
ab. rufilincta Rothsch. (Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 125 (1913)), and the form with
the basal two-thirds of the forewing below median fold black is ab. distincta
Rothsch., and, lastly, the very dark form ab. saturatior Rothsch., both described
on p. 125.

We have at Tring 1 Hammam R'hira June 1916, 1 Alger January 1914
(V. Faroult) ; 27 c?c?, 21 $$ Oued Kca, June 1912 (E. H. and C. H.) ; 5 <?<?, 2 $$
Guelt-es-Stel, August - September 1913 (V. Faroult) ; 4 <?£, 2 $$ Ain Sefra,
June— July 1915 (V. Faroult) ; 4 S3, 1 $ Les Pins, September 1918 (M. Rotrou) ;
1 $ Sidi-bel-Abbes, July 1916 (M. Rotrou); 1 $, 1 $ Sebdou, July 1918 (P.
Rotrou) ; 1 cJ Glacieres de Blida, June 1908 (W. R. and K. J.). Of the Ain
Sefra specimens 1 is ab. r u fit i acta and 1 the form of oxybiensis described by
Staudinger as ab. striata, as is the Blida <J.

In Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. I described 3 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel as
Catamecia bryophiloides. These 3 (1 <J, 2 $$) are smaller than the 4 other Guelt-
es-Stel specimens, the wings are narrower, they are of a brown-grey colour, and
have almost obsolete markings. Both Sir George Hampson and Dr. Jordan, who
have re-examined these specimens, consider they are only an extreme aberration
of d. oxybiensis, with which I must agree. Therefore bryophiloides sinks as a
synonym of divisa oxybiensis. The Tring series thus totals 70 specimens.

4. Bryophila simulatricula Guen.

Bryophila simulatricula Guenee, Hist. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gin. Lepid. vol. v. Noct. vol. i. p. 2fi. No. 24
(1852) (Florence).

There has been considerable difference of opinion concerning the status of
this insect. When Sir George Hampson wrote vol. vii. of his catalogue, he

i Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

considered it the same as palliola Borkh. = fraudatricula Hiibn., and Mr.
Oberthiir appears to be of the same opinion. Sir George has, however, now come
round to the opinion that it is a distinct species owing to the breeding of simu-
latricula and palliola from the egg by Herr Piingler and some of his friends.

I do not agree at all with Mr. Oberthiir. nor does Sir George Hampson, that my
albomaculata = albimacula Oberth. has anything to do with true simulatricula,
of which I have four specimens from Guelt-es-Stel and Ain Sefra agreeing very well
with European specimens.

2 ?? Guelt-es-Stel June-July 1913, 1 3, 1 $ Ain Sefra June 1915 (V.
Faroult) ; in the Tring Museum.

5. Bryophila albomaculata albomaculata Rothsch.

Bryophila albomaculata Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 333. No. 178 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).
Bryophila simulatricula albimacula Oberthiir, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 9. pi. xd. f. 4033 (1919)
(Batna).

There are two distinct races of this insect in Algeria, the typical form from
East and Central Algeria, which is paler grey more or less washed with yellow,
and a darker grey race with no yellow wash from West Algeria.

There are at Tring of the typical form : 1 £, 5 $$ Guelt-es-Stel, September
1913 (V. Faroult) ; 3 ?? Batna (Nelya coll.) ; 2 $$ Metlili, S. of Laghouat,
September 1917 (V. Faroult).

6. Bryophila albomaculata grisescens subsp. nov.

Differs from a. albomaculata in the darker grey of the forewings with no trace
of yellow wash. The reniform stigma is generally white, but not always.

6 <J<J, 5 ?$ Sebdou, September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; 1 <J, 3 $$ Les Pins,
September 1918 (M. Rotrou).

7. Bryophila algae (Fabr.).
Noctua algae Fabricius, Syst. Entom. p. 614. No. 103 (1775) (Germany).

It is rather strange that I have received so few specimens of this species, which
is very abundant in Algeria.

1 (J, 1 ? Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; 1 <J, 1 ? Environs de
Batna, 1911-1912 (Nelva coll.) ; 1 ^ Les Pins, August 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; 1 <J
Ain Draham, September 1911 (V. Faroult); 4 <$<S, 2 $? Rabat, Morocco (A.
Thery) ; 1 $ El Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faroult).

8. Bryophila galathea Mill.

Bryophila galathea Milliere, Rev. Zool. 1874. p. 241 (Cannes).

This species appears to be very rare in Algeria, as I have only a single example.
1 ? Ain Sefra, May 9, 1913 (W. R. and E. H.).

9. Bryophila bilineata Rothsch.

Bryophila bilineata Rothschild, Novil. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 333. No. 179 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).
Bryophila rosinans Oberthiir, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 10. pi. xd. Nos. 4034-4037 (1919)
(Gervville).

This species = rosinans Oberth. and has five years' priority. It is quite
distinct from ravula Hiibn.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 5

There are at Tring 84 specimens, Guelt-es-Stel, August— September 1913
(V. Faroult).

10. Bryophila ravula (Hiibn.).

Noctua ravula Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. Noel, f. 461 (1818) (Europe).

There are 84 specimens of this species at Tring from A'in Draham, August —
September 1911 (V. Faroult); Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou);
Sebdou, September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Foret de Tenira, September 1918 (P.
Rotrou) ; Perregaux, September 1915 (V. Faroult) ; north side of Djebel Zaccar,
August 1910 ( V. Faroult) ; Environs de Taourirt, Morocco, July 1918 (M. Rotrou).

11. Bryophila anaemica Hmpsn.

Bryophila anaemica Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hisl. (8) xiii. p. 156. No. 3527« (1914) (Batna).

This species was described from a very worn specimen ; it is quite probable
that it is an extreme aberration of albomaciilata albomaculala, but as my <J is
quite fresh and is very different from that species, I keep it separate.

1 $ Batna (Nelva coll.).

1 cJ type Batna, August 1910 (A. E. Eaton coll.) in British Museum.

12. Bryophila receptricula pallida B. Baker.

Bryophila pallida Bethune Baker, Trans. Enlom. Soc. Lond. 1894. p. 37. pi. 1. f. 4 (Alexandria).

The Algerian specimens, though very variable, are all referable to the form
pallida.

There are 108 specimens at Tring : 49 Sidi-bel-Abbes, September - October
1917 (M. Rotrou); 3 Les Pins, September 1918 (M. Rotrou); 3 Sebdou,
September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; 1 Messer, Prov. Oran, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ;
1 Perregaux, September 1915 (V. Faroult) ; 13 Foret de Tenira, September 1918
(P. Rotrou); 2 Environs de Batna, 1911-1912 (Nelva coll.); 7 Ain Draham,
September 1911 (V. Faroult); Rabat, Morocco, July— August 1913 (A. Thery) ;
Messen, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; 2 El Mahouna, July— September 1919
(V. Faroult).

13. Bryophila antias Culot.

Bryophila antias Culot, Noel, el Giom. d'Eur. pt. i. vol. i. p. 134. pi. 22. f. 13 (1912) (Sud Oranais).

3 $$ are at Tring: Sebdou, September 1918 (M. Rotrou); Guelt-es-Stel,
August 1913 (V. Faroult).

14. Bryophila pseudoperla Rothsch.

Bryophila pseudoperla Rothschild, Novit. Zonl. vol. xxi. p. 334. No. 180 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

The $ type remained unique till 1919.

1 $ Guelt-es-Stel, 4 J J, 1 $ Metlili, S. of Laghouat, September 1917
(V. Faroult).

15. Bryophila muralis (Forst.).

Pkalaena muralis Forster, Nor. Spec. Ins. p. 74 (1771) (England).

Both muralis and the form par accur in Algeria as well as extreme forms
like par, but with no vestige of green tint.

6 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

Of the form muralis there are at Tring 16 specimens from Tunis ; Am Draham,
August 1911, north side of Pjebel Zaccar, August 1916 (V. Faroult) ; Environs
de Batna (Nelva coll.) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, July -.September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Les
Pins, August 1918 (M. Rotrou); Sebdou, July -September 1918 (P. Rotrou);
Foret de Tenira, September 1918 (P. Rotrou). Of the form par and extremes,
there are at Tring 8 specimens from Hussein Bey, May (Captain Holl) ; Sidi-
bel-Abbes, August -September 1916-1917 (M. Rotrou).

16. Oederemia precisa (Warr).

Metachrostis precisa Warren in Seitz Grossschm. Erde, vol. iii. p. 23 (1909) (Mazagan).

Jugurthia sabnonea Culot, Noel, et Geom. d'Eur. pt. i. vol. i. p. 124. pi. 22. f. 12. (1912) (Zebch. nr.

Sebdou).
Catamec.ia subperla Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 336. No. 195 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

The genus Jugurthia was founded by Monsieur Culot (Noct. et Geom. d'Eur.
p. 124) to receive the 3 species microglossa, salmonea = qrrecisa, and subplum-
beola, and consists of the mixture of the two genera of Sir George Hampson
Oederemia {Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. vol. vii. p. 405) type lithopasta Hmpsn. and
Oedibrya founded on cinnomomina Rothsch. = subplumbeola Culot. As Oederemia
antedates Jugurthia by four years, M. Culot's genus becomes a synonym. Mr.
Warren's specific name precisa antedates salmonea by three years, and therefore
both Mr. Culot's name and my subperla also become synonyms.

There are at Tring, including the types of precisa and subperla, 347 specimens
from Mazagan, Morocco, September— October 1902 (W. Riggenbach) ; Lalla
Marnia, Oran, September— October 1914 (V. Faroult); Sebdou, September 1918
(P. Rotrou); Merchich, Oran, September 1918 (P. Rotrou); Perregaux, October

1915 (V. Faroult); Sidi-bel-Abbes, September— October 1917 (M. Rotrou);
Guelt-es-Stel, August— October 1913 (V. Faroult).

This insect is extremely variable in ground-colour, varying from brown-grey
to cinnamon-orange.

1 <J, 1 9 in the British Museum (Guelt-es-Stel, received from Tring Museum).

17. Oedibrya subplumbeola (Culot).

Jugurthia subplumbeola Culot, Noct. et Gtom. d'Eur. p. 125. pi. 22. f. 14 (1912) (Geryville).
Catamecia cinnamomina Rothschild, Xovit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 336 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

When I wrote my paper on the Guelt-es-Stel lepidoptera I had not got
Mr. Culot's book, which accounts for my redescribing this insect. It is tolerably
widely spread in Algeria, though nowhere very common.

We have at Tring 29 specimens, including the types of cinnamomina and
the aberrations suffusa, griseola, and fasciata, tl.e latter = ab. precisa Culot, from
Guelt-es-Stel, September 1912-1913 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi Ferruch (A. Thery) ;
Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou, September 1918 (P.
Rotrou) ; Les Pins, September 1918 (M. Rotrou) ; Aflou, September— October

1916 (V. Faroult) ; Lambessa, 1914 (Nelva coll.).

18. Pseudamathes volloni (D. Lucas).

Amathes volloni Daniel Lucas, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1907. p. 342 (Kebili).

This species was described from South Tunisia, and placed originally by
Sir George Hampson in the genus Amathes. There are two specimens in the

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 7

British Museum, and on more careful examination they prove to belong to a new
genus Pseudamathes, which comes next to Pseudohadena in the Zenobiinae. It
appears to be rare in Algeria, as I have only received a single cj from Aflou,
October 10th, 1916 (Victor Faroult).

19. Craniophora pontica (Stdgr.).

Acronycta pontica Staudinger, Hor. Soc. Entom. Ross. vol. xiv. p. 364 (1879) (KerasdereV

This insect is fairly abundant in Algeria. We have at Tring 58 specimens
from Sebdou, May— June 1918 (P. P.otrou) ; Hammam R'hira, May— June 1916-

1917 (V. Faroult) ; Sakamodi, August 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Hammam Meskoutine,
April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Batna, July 1912 (Nelva coll.) ; Am Draham
August — September 1911, north side of Ljebel Zaccar August 191G, Environs
deSetif 1911 (Victor Faroult).

Monsieur Oberthur says that his specimens from Sebdou are suffused with
pink ; the few I have from there have no pink shade and are very dark.

20. Acronycta tridens (Schiff. & Den.).

Noct'ia tridens Schiffermiiller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Work. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 67 (1775) (Vienna),
We have at Tring 11 JcJ, 15 $$ from Ain Draham, July —September 1911
(Victor Faroult) ; Bou Saada, March— May 1912 (V. Faroult); Batna (Nelva
coll.) ; Environs de Setif, 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Hammam Meskoutine, April 1914
(W. II. and K. J.) ; 2 Jd Hammam R'hira, May 1917 (V. Faroult).

21. Acronycta psi (Linn.).

Phalaena psi Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 514 (1758).

This species is not recorded from Algeria by Mr. Oberthur nor Mr. Culot.
It was bred on cherry trees by Mr. M. Rotrou.

We have 6 cjcS, 5 $$ (1 cripple) from SidiJoel-Abbes, Messer, and Ain Fezza,
May— September 1917 (M. Rotrou).

22. Acronycta rumicis pallida subsp. nov.

Differs from r. rumicis in being distinctly paler, but not so pale as rumicis
ttiranica Stdgr. M. Oberthur has noticed the paler coloration, but did not give
the Mauretanian form a name.

We have at Tring 126 specimens from SidiJjel-Abbes, May — October 1917-

1918 (M. Rotrou); Hammam R'hira, May— August 1916 (Victor Faroult);
Environs de Setif, 1911 (V. Faroult); Batna, July 1912 (Nelva coll.); Ain
Draham, July— September 1911 (V. Faroult).

In the British Museum 1 $, Tangier, Juty 1902, Lord Walsingham.

23. Copicucullia oberthuri (Culot).
Simyra oberthuri Culot, Noct. et Giom. d'Eur. pt. i. vol. i. p. 26. pi. 3. f. 1 (1909) (Aflou).

Both Mr. Oberthur and Mr. Culot have placed this insect in the genus Simyra,
with which it has nothing to do. It certainly has a slight resemblance to Simyra

8 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1P20,

dentinosa Frr., but it is a true Cucullid, and in spite of its pectinated antennae
belongs with cyrtana Mab. to the genus Copicvcvllia.

We have at Tring 181 specimens of this insect from Guelt-es-Stel October
1912- November 1913, Hassi Baba November 1917 (Victor Faroult). There are
3 (JcJ (Guelt-es-Stel, October 1912) in the British Museum ex Tring Museum.

24. Lycophotia mansoura (Chret.).

Agroti-j mansoura Chretien, Ann. Soc. Enlom. France, vol. 79. p. 498 (1910) (Gaisa).

I have this species from Guelt-es-Stel in some numbers. The general run oi
the specimens appear to have less sharply defined markings than is stated in Mr.
Chretien's description. This insect is placed by Mr. Oberthiir in the genus
Simyra, but it has not the remotest relationship with that genus : it is a true
Agrotid, and together with the following species belongs to the genus Lycophotia
of the subfamily Agrotinae, while Simyra is a genus of the Zenobiinae (Acronyctinae).

There are at Tring 149 specimens from Guelt-es-Stcl, October 1912
(V. Faroult).

25. Lycophotia agrotina (Rothsch.).

Actinotia agrotina Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 31G. No. CI (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

This species differs from mansoura in its much broader wings and more
accentuated marking ; it is figured in vol. xxvi. pi. i.

There are at Tring, including the type, 23 cJcJ, 3 ?$ from Guelt-es-Stel, October
1912 (V. Faroult).

26. Simyra autumna Chret.

Simyra autumna Chretien, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, vol. 79. p. 497 (1910) (Gafsa).

This appears to be the only true Simyra occurring in Mauretania ; it is nearest
to dentinosa Frr.

I have not received this species, nor have I ever seen a specimen.

Mr. Oberthiir mentions it after Sesamia crelica, having evidently added it
as an afterthought.

27. Argyrospila musculosa (Hiibn.).

2\oetua musculosa Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. Noel. f. 363 (1808).

I recorded vol. xxi. p. 337, No. 198, Oria myodea Ramb. The specimen was
very greasy and turns out to be a very heavily marked musculosa.

We have at Tring 396 Mauretanian specimens from Environs d'Alger, May
1908, etc. (W. R. and K. J., Dr. Nissen and Captain Holl) ; Batna (Nelva coll.) ;
Tunis; Guelt-es-Stel, May— June 1913 (V. Faroult); Hammam Meskoutine,
May 1914 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Khenchela, June 1911 (V. Faroult) ; El Kantara,
June 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, June 1917 (M. Botrou) ; Zmila, Prov.
Oran, June 1913 (V. Faroult) ; Sebdou, June 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Foret de Tenira.
May 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Masser Mines May 1914, Lalla Marnia May 1914 (V.
Faroult); Hammam R'hira, May 1913 (W. R. and E. H.); Hammam R'hira,
May 1916 (V. Faroult) ; El Mesrane, June 1913 (V. Faroult) ; El Hamel, May
1912 (V. Faroult); Bou Saada and Djebel Kerdada, May 1912 (V. Faroult);

Novitates Zoological XXVII. 1920. 9

Terres Blanches, May 1913 (V. Faroult) ; Foret de Djelfa, June 1913 (V. Faroult) ;
El Mahouna, June— July 1919 (V. Faroult).

28. Sideridis lithargyria argyritis (Ramb.).

Leucania argyritis Rambur, Cat. Syst. Lipid. Andal. pi. 8. f. 2 (185S) (Andalusia).

Mr. Oberthiir considers this insect a distinct species from lithargyria, but it is
the general consensus of opinion that it is the Mediterranean subspecies of that
species.

The Tring Museum possesses 77 specimens from Sidi-bel-Abbes, September
1916-1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou September 1918, and Foret de Tenira August
1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Environs de Sctif, 1911 (V. Faroult) ; A'in Draham, August-
September 1911 (V. Faroult).

29. Sideridis albipuncta (Schiff. & Den.).

Noctua albipuncta Schiffermuller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 84 (1775)
(Vienna).

Not so abundant as vitellina, but very plentiful in certain localities.

The Tring series from Mauritania, consists of 160 specimens from Sidi-bel-
Abbes, September— October 1917 (M. Rotrou); Sebdou, June 1918 (P. Rotrou) ;
Foret de Tenira, June— July 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Les Pins, July 1918 (M. Rotrou) ;
Environs de Setif and Oued Hamidou, June 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Khenchela, May

1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Blida, March 1916 (V. Faroult) ; Hammam R'hira,
April— August 1912-1916 (W. R., E. H. and K. J., and V. Faroult) ; Masser Mines
June 1914, north side of Djebel Zaccar August 1916 (V. Faroult) ; El Mahouna,
June— September 1919 (V. Faroult).

30. Cirphis sicula (Treit.).

Leucania sicula Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vol. x. pt. 2. p. 90 (1835) (Sicily).

This species varies considerably in the amount of black along the median
vein and fold, and also in the size and distinctness of the black and white dis-
cocellular stigma.

We have at Tring 143 Mauretanian specimens from Sidi-bel-Abbes,
September 1917 (M. Rotrou); Sebdou and Foret de Tenira, September
—October 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Masser Mines, June 1914 (V. Faroult) ; Mazagan,
Morocco, March 1902 (W. Riggenbach) ; Guelt-es-Stel, April— October 1912-

1913 (V. Faroult) ; Hammam R'hira, May 1908-1916 (V. Faroult, and W. R.
and K. J.) ; Hammam Meskoutine, April— May 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ;
Batna, May 1915 (Nelva coll.) ; Biskra, April 1908 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Environs
d'Alger, May 1908 (W. R. and K. J., and Captain Holl) ; Souk Ahras, April 1914
(W. R. and K. J.) ; Ai'n Braham August— September 1911, north side of Djebel
Zaccar August 1916 (V. Faroult) ; Belvedere, Tunis, August —September 1915
(M. Blanc) ; El Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faioult).

The extreme form with heavy black colouring along median vein and fold
is very similar to the insect described by Bellier de la Chavignerie (Ann. Soc.
Entom. France, ser. 4, vol. iii. p. 42, pi. ix. f. 5 (1863)) as Leucania hispanica,
which Sir George Hampson has placed as a synonym of Cirphis prominent; (Walk.).
Mr. Oberthiir treats the dark Algerian sicula as hispanica, but I have not yet seen
a true hispanica from Algeria.

10 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

[Cirphis fuscilinea (Grasl.).

Leucania fuscilinea Graslin, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, ser. 2. vol. 10. p. 41 1. pi. 8. i. f. 2 (1852) (France).
I cannot agree with Mr. Oberthur and Sir George Hampson that this is a
synonym of sicula. The strongly marked post-median curved line of black spots
is not present in a single one of my 120 Algerian, etc. sicula, nor in 12 European
ones I have ; and my solitary Central Italian fuscilinea stands out most plainly
from all the 132 in this character.]

31. Leucania languida Stdgr.

Leucania languida Staudinger, Iris, vol. x. p. 284. pi. ix. f. 16 (1897) (Jordan Valley).

Mr. Oberthur records a single specimen from Biskra. I have never had
one from Mauretania.

32. Cirphis algirica (Oberth.).

Leucania algirica Oberthur, Etud. Lepid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 19. pl.xd. ff. 4045, 4046(1919) (Batna).

I have received 43 specimens of this species, 16 from Sidi-bel-Abbes, June
—September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; and 2 from A'in Sefra July 1915, Hammam
R'hira June 1917 (V. Faronlt) ; Foret de Tenira, October 1918 (P. Rotrou).

33. Cirphis punctosa (Treit.).

Siinyra punctosa Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vol. v. pt. 2. p. 287 (1825) (S. France).

We have at Tring 250 Mauretanian specimens, 181 Guelt-es-StoI, August —
October 1912-1913 (V. Faroult) ; and 53 from Sebdou and Foret de Tenira,
September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Les
Pins, September 1918 (M. Rotrou); Perregaux October 1915, Aflou October
1916 (V. Faroult) ; Batna, 1913-1914 (Nelva coll.) ; El Mahouna, September
1919 (V. Faroult).

34. Cirphis putrescens (Geyer).

Noctua putrescens Geyer in Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett. Xoct. ff. 730-731 (1827).

We have 392 specimens at Tring from Guelt-es-Stel, August — September
1913 (V. Faroult) ; Sebdou and Foret de Tenira, September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ;
Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Aflou October 1916, Perregaux
October 1915, Metlili, S. of Laghouat, September 1917 (V. Faroult).

35. Cirphis loreyi (Dup.).

Noclua loreyi Duponchel, Lepid. France, vol. vii. p. 81. pi. 105. I. 7 (1827) (France).

The Mauretanian series at Tring consists of 116 specimens from Sidi-bel-
Abbes, August — October 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou and Foret de Tenira, June -
July 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Perregaux, October 1915 (V. Faroult) ; Aflou, October
1916 (V. Faroult) ; Guelt-es-Stel, September 1912— June 1913 (V. Faroult) ;. Le
Kreiden (M. Rotrou) ; Masser Mines June 1914, Batna 1911-1912 (Nelva coll.) ;
Tilghemt April 1912, El Kantara August 1917 (V. Faroult); El Golea, March
1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Biskra, March 1908-1911 (W. R, and E. H., V.
Faroult) ; Environs de Setif, 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Oued Hamidou June 1912, Ain

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVII. 1920. 11

Draham July 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Bou Saada, April 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Ham-
mam R'hira, May 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Environs d'Alger (Captain Holl and
Dr. Nissen) ; El Mahouna, June 1919 (V. Faroult).

In the British Museum are 1 $ Central Plains, Morocco, June 1901, Meade
Waldo ; 1 <J Biskra, December 1896, A. E. Eaton.

36. Cirphis 1. album (Linn.).

Phalaena I. al'mm Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. xii. p. 850 (1767) (Europe).

The Mauretanian series at Tring consists of 130 specimens from Environs
d'Alger, February -.May 1908 (W. R., E. H., and K. J.) ; Hammam R'hira, May
1908 -June 1916 (W. R., E. H, and K. J., and V. Faroult) ; Guelt-es-Stel, April-
October 1913 (V. Faroult) ; Laghouat, April 1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Blida les
Glacieres, June 1908 (W. R. and K. J.); Biskra, February —April 1908-1911
(W. R. and E. H.) ; Environs de Batna, April -August 1912-1914 (Nelva coll.) ;
Lambessa, July 1912 (Nelva coll.) ; Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ;
Ain Draham, August —September 1911 (V. Faroult); Perregaux, October 1915
(V. Faroult) ; Masser Mines, June 1914 (V. Faroult) ; Messer, September 1917 (M.
Rotrou) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Foret de Tenira, June —
August 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Sebdou, May 1918 (P. Rotrou); Aflou, October 1916
(V. Faroult) ; Bou Saada, March— April 1911 (Victor Faroult).

37. Cirphis congrua (Hiibn.).

Noctwi congrua Hiibner, Samml. Europ. Schmett. Noct. f. 616 (1827).

This appears to be very rare in Algeria, as Mr. Oberthiir only received 1 and
I have only 3 specimens.

1 $ Hammam R'hira, August 28th, 1916 (V. Faroult); 1 ^ Hammam
Meskoutine, April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ; 1 $ Sidi-bel-Abbes, October 1917
(M. Rotrou).

38. Sideridis vitellina (Hiibn.).

Noctwi viteUina Hiibner, Samml. Europ. Sclvnett. Noct. ff. 379, 5->9 (1827).

Both Warren's ab. pallida and my Borolia lacteicolor are the pale form of this
insect. It is strange that this pale form is almost invariably smaller than the
darker more strongly marked typical form.

The series of Mauretanian examples at Tring consists of 319 specimens, 218
typical vitellina and 101 ab. pallida Warr. from Environs d'Alger, May 1908
(W. R., E. H., and K. J.) ; Blida les Glacieres, June 1908 (W. R. and K. J.) ;
Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Hammam Meskoutine, April 1914
(W. R. and K. J.) ; Hammam R'hira, May— June 1908-1913 (W. R., E. H., and
K. J.) ; Guelt-es-Stel, April— May 1912-1913 (W. R. and K. J., and V. Faroult) ;
Batna, September 1910 — August-September 1912 (Nelva and V. Faroult); Bou
Saada, April— May 1912 (V. Faroult); Oran, April 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ;
Sidi-bel-Abbes, May 1918 (M. Rotrou) ; Ain Sefra, May 1913 (W. R. and E. H.);
Foret de Tenira, June 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Sebdou, May 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Titen
Yaya, May 1915 (M. Rotrou) ; Messer, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Am Draham,
August— September 1911 (V. Faroult); Environs de Setif, 1911 (V. Faroult);
El Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faroult).

12 NOTITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVII. 1920.

39. Cirphis riparia (Ramb.).

Leucania riparia Rambur, Ann. Soc. Obs. 1829. p. 261. pi. 6. f. 6.

I have 8 Mauretanian examples of this species from Moroccan Frontier ; 15
km. west of Lalla Marnia, May 1914 (V. Faroult) ; A'in Sefra, May 1915 (V.
Faroult) ; Batna (Nelva coll.) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou).

Not recorded by Mr. Oberthiir.

40. Cirphis zeae (Dup.).

Noctva zeae Duponchel, Lipid. France. T. vii. {Noel. vol. 4. pt. 1) p. 363. pi. 122. f. 4 (1827) (France).

This species is not mentioned by Mr. Oberthiir.

The Mauretanian series at Tring consists of 13 specimens from Sidi-bel-Abbes,
August— October 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; and 1 $ Foret de Tenira, August 1918
(P. Rotrou).

41. Cirphis unipuncta (Haw.).

Noctva unipuncta Haworth, Lipid. Brit. p. 174 (1809) (Great Britain).

This is also not mentioned by Mr. Oberthiir.

1 (J Am Draham, August 1911 (V. Faroult); 1 ? Sidi-bel-Abbes, October
1917 (M. Rotrou).

42. Leucania obsoleta (Hiibn.).

Noctua ohsolcta Hiibner, Samml. Europ. Schmett. Noct. i. 233 (1827).

Mr. Oberthiir has not recorded this species.
1 $ Batna, July 1912 (Nelva coll.).

43. Sesamia vuteria (Stoll).

Phalaena vuteria Stoll, Suppl. Cram. Pap. Exot. p. 161. pi. 36. f. 5 (1783) (Cape Colony).

Mr. Oberthiir records this species under Lefebre's name of nonagrioides, the
date of which is 1827. I have received only females of vuteria.

We have at Tring 10 $$ from Sidi-bel-Abbes, May— September 1917-1918
(M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou and Foret de Tenira, September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Blida,
March 1916 (V. Faroult) ; Oued Hamidou, June 1912 (V. Faroult).

In the British Museum are 1 (J, 1 $ Algeria, Mrs. Nicholl and Leech coll. ;
1 $ Hammam-es-Salahin, March 1904, Lord Walsingham.

44. Sesamia cretica Led.

Sesamia cretica Leilerer, Noct. Europ. p. 225 (1857) (Crete).

Mr. Oberthiir only records by name 2 species, but throws out a hint that
Staudinger's var. et ab. striata is probably a distinct species ; my series not only
shows this to be the case, but I have also a fourth species calamistis Hmpsn. I
only have 8 typical cretica.

1 <J, 2 ?$ Sidi-bel-Abbes, June 1916-1917 (M. Rotrou) ; 1 ? (dwarf) Perregaux,
September 1915 (V. Faroult) ; 2 $$ Sebdou, July— September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ;
1 £ Ain Draham, September 1911 (V. Faroult).

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920. 13

45. Sesamia striata Stdgr.

Sesamia crelica var. et ab. striata Staudinger, Slett. Ento-n. Zeit. 188S. p. 27 (Fergana).

1 have 2 $£, 3 $$, all of which are much paler than cretica, show no trace of
pink ground-colour, and all have the dark median band from base to termen.

2 (J(J, 3 $? from Sidi-bel-Abbes, June 1916-1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou and
Foret de Tenira, June — July 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Ain Draham, August — September
1911 (V. Faroult).

4(3. Sesamia calamistis Hmpsn.

Sesamia calamistis Hampson, Cat. Lepid. Phal. Brit. Mus. vol. ix. p. 325. No. 4754. pi. cxliv. f. 18
(191U) (Grahanistown).

This species, like vuteria, was first described from South Africa, and evidently
like that species has a much larger range than we at first suspected. The 3
specimens sent by Mr. Rotrou are quite typical.

1 <J, 2 ?$ Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou).

47. Argyrospila striata Stdgr.

Argyrospila striata Staudinger, Iris, vol. x. p. 265. pi. I. f. 4 (1897) (CheUala).

Two insects have been mixed up under this name by subsequent authors,
viz. Timora albida Hmpsn. and the present species. This has been caused by
both species having longitudinal white streaks on the forewings, and nobody
having both species until we collected them.

The Tring Museum series consists of 317 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel May
1913, Puits Baba May 1913, Terres Blanches May 1913 (Victor Faroult); Ain
Sefra, May 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Zuilla, June 1913 (V. Faroult) ; Sebdou,
June 1918 (P. Rotrou).

48. Timora albida Hmpsn.

Timora albida Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xv. p. 450 (1905) (Algeria).

This insect has been much confused with the previous one.

The series at Tring consists of 81 specimens from Ain Sefra, May 1913-1915
( W. R. and E. H. and V. Faroult) ; halfway between Ouargla and El Golea, March
1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Guelt-es-Stel and Terres Blanches, May 1913
(V. Faroult) ; Hassi Dinar, El Alia, Guerrara, El Arich, Hassi Sidi Mahmund,
and Oued Nca, April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert).

2 $$ Hammam-es-Salahin, April 1904 (Lord Walsingham), are in British
Museum.

49. Argyrospila dulcis Oberth.

Argyrospila dulcis Oberthiir, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fosc. xvi. p. 23. pi. xdi. ff. 4052, 4053 (1919)
(Geryville).

I do not possess this species.

] 4 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

50. Arenostola deserticola (Stdgr.).

Calamia deserticola Staudinger, Iris, vol. xii. p. 371. pi. 5. f. 10 (1900) (Biskra).

I have received a male and female of this species from Ain Sefra, June 1915
(V. Faroult) ; Environs de Batna, 1914 (A. Nelva).

The British Museum has 1 <$ Hammam-es-Salahin, April 1904, Lord
Walsingham.

51. Arenostola mabillei (D. Lucas).

Tapinostola mahillei Daniel Lucas, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1907, p. 342 (Le Tarf).
I have 1 $ Foret de Tenira, November 1918 (P. Rotrou).

52. Oria fulva africana (Oberth.).

Tapinostola fulva africana Oberthiir, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 26. pi. xdi. ff. 4048^050
(1919) (Geryville, Aflou).

The Tring series, all $$, consists of 9 specimens from Sidi-bel- Abbes, September
—October 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Foret de Tenira, October 1918 (P. Rotrou).

53. Archanara neurica (Hiibn.).

Noctua neurica Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. Xoct. f. 381 (1808).
I have not received this from Mauretania.

54. Archanara dissoluta (Hiibn.).

Noctua dissoluta Hiibner, Europ. SchmetCNoct. ft. 659-661 (1818).

I have 3 Algerian examples : 1 (J Hammam R'hira, May 1913 (W. R. and
E. H.) ; 1 ? Hammam Meskoutine, May 1914 (W. R. and E. H.) ; 1 <J Sidi-bel-
Abbes, July 1916 (M. Rotrou). The Hammam R'hira <J is quite black, as is the
Sidi-bel-Abbes one.

55. Archanara affinis sp. nov.

This species is very close to neurica, but is darker, more blackish and can be
at once distinguished by the 4 black points at the 4 corners of the reniform and
the black points below the orbicular. This is possibly what Mr. Oberthiir calls
neurica.

1 (J Sidi-bel-Abbes, June 1917 (M. Rotrou).

56. Stilbia anomala calberlae (Faill.).

Caradrina calberlae Failla-Tedaldi, Nat. Sicil. vol. x. p. 29. pi. 1. f. 4 (1890) (Sicily).
• 3 (JcJ, 1 ? El Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faroult).

57. Stilbia algirica Culot.

Stilbia algirica Culot, Nod. et Geom. d'Eur. pt. i. vol. ii. p. 45. pi. 45. f. 18 (1914) (Geryville).

We only received this very distinct species from Guelt-es-Stel and Aflou ;
44 specimens Guelt-es-Stel October 1912, Aflou October 1916 (V. Faroult) are
at Tring.

1 <J, 1 $ Guelt-es-Stel (ex Tring Museum) are in the British Museum.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 15

58. Stilbia turatii D. Lucas.

Stil'oia turatii Daniel Lucas, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1910, p. 272 (Le Tarf).

I have never received this species. Up to March 1919 the only known
specimens number 8, all $$, viz. 2 from Le Tarf hi coll. Daniel Lucas, and 4 Ain
Draham, 1 Maafa and 1 Amasia, all in coll. Oberthiir.

59. Stilbina numida (Oberth.).

Hypeuthina numida Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. Fase. xiii. p. 27. pi. 6. f. 41 (1890) (.Magenta).

We have principally received this species from Guelt-es-Stel.

There are at Tring 110 S3, 18 $$ Guelt-es-Stel October 1912-1913, 2 $$,
2 $0 Perregaux October 1915 (V. Faroult) ; 1 $ Sidi-bel-Abbes, November 1917
(M. Rotrou) ; 1 ? Batna (A. Nelva).

In the British Museum are 3 <$<$ ex Tring Museum.

60. Brithys pancratii (Cyr.).

Noctua pancratii Cyrillo, Entom. Nap. pi. 12. f. 4 (1787) (Naples).

The Tring series consists of 32 specimens from Environs d' Alger (Captain
Holl and Dr. Nissen) ; Ain Draham, July 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Belvedere, Tunis,
August— September 1915 (M. Blanc) ; Environs de Setif, 1911 (V. Faroult).

61. Brithys encausta (Hubn.).

Noctua encausta Hiibner, Samml. Europ. Schmett. Noct. f. 392 (1827).

1 have received 4 specimens of this species from Mauretania.

2 S6, -' 9? Tunis.

62. Spodoptera abyssinia Guen.

Spodoptera abyssinia Guenee, Hist. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gen. Lipid, vol. v. Noct. vol. i. p. 154 (1852)
(Abyssinia).

Mr. Oberthiir has used Lederer"s name for this insect because Guenee remarks
on the label of a specimen " not compared with type," and moreover put it in the
genus Caradrina = recte Athelis, where it does not belong. Now because an
author remarks he has not compared his specimens with his own type in another
collection, it is no reason to say he doubted the identification, and we thus see
into what nomenclatorial muddles those writers can bring us who strictly adhere
to the shibboleth that a good figure alone makes a name valid.

The Tring Museum has 29 Mauretanian examples from Biskra, March —
April 1908-1909 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Mazagan, Morocco, October — December
1902 (W. Riggenbach) ; Rabat, Morocco, August 1913 (A. Thery).

63. Athetis germaini (Dup.).

BryophiUi germaini Duponchel, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, vol. iv. p. 194. pi. 4a. f. 2 (1835) (Mont-
pellier).

Although Mr. Oberthiir says this is extremely common in Algeria, strange
to say I only have received 2 specimens.

1(J,1? Guelt-es-Stel, October 1912 and September 1913 (V. Faroult).

16 Xovitates ZooLooroAE XXVII. 1920.

64. Athetis aspersa (Ramb.).

Caradrina aspersa Rambtir, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, vol. iii. p. 385. pi. 8. f. 3 (1834) (.Marseilles).
I have not received this insect.

65. Athetis atriluna (Guen.).

Caradrina atriluna Guenee, Hist. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gin. Lipid, vol. 5. Noct. vol. i. p. 252 (1852)
(Abyssinia).

This insect is not recorded by Mr. Oberthiir.

The Tring series consists of 8 JcJ, 10 $$ from Mazagan August 1901 , Seksawa
April 1905, Morocco (W. Riggenbach) ; Perregaux, September 1915 (V. Faroult) ;
Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou).

66. Athetis alsines (Brahm).

Noctua alsines Brahm, Ins. Kal. vol. ii. p. 114 (1791) (Mayence).

This species also is not mentioned by Oberthiir.

1 ? Am Draham September 1911, 1 $ Guelt-es-Stel October 1913 (V.
Faroult).

67. Athetis blanda (Schiff. and Den.).

Noctua blanda ScliirTermuller and Denis, Ank. Sysl. Werk. Schmelt. Wienergeg. p. 77 (1775) (Vienna).

This is also not recorded by Mr. Oberthiir. Mr. Culot figures it on pi. 48,
f. 4 of his Noctuelles et Geometres d' Europe, under the name of laraxaci Hiibn.,
which however dates from 1818 only.

The Tring series consists of 14 <Jc?> 35 $$ Am Draham, August — September
1911 (V. Faroult).

68. Athetis casearia (Stdgr.).

Caradrina casearia Staudinger, Iris, vol. xii. p. 375. pi. 5. f. 1 (1899) (Jordan Valley).
I have not received typical casearia or the ab. bilineata Culot.

69. Athetis pertinax inumbrata (Stdgr.).

Agrotis inumbrata Staudinger, Iris, vol. xii. p. 363 (1899) (Zeitun).

Victor Faroult sent me 2 <JrJ of this fine insect, hitherto only known from
Asia Minor. 2 $$ Perregaux, October 1915 (V. Faroult).

70. Lycophotia kermesina (Mab.). (PI. XVII. f. 19.)

Noctva kermesina Mabille, Ann. Soc. Entom. France (4) 9. p. 55. pi. 2. fig. 10 (18G9) (Boscognagno,
Corsica).

Mr. Oberthiir has described Caradrina sua vis and Mr. Culot Caradrina
flavida ; and Mr. Oberthiir suggests that these two insects may possibly be only
colour varieties of kermesina Mabille. This is certainly the fact, and as kermesina
is extremely variable, Mr. Oberthur's subspecific name of dclectans must also
sink.

NOV1TATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVII. 1920. 17

The series at Tring consists of 92 specimens from Environs de Batna, 1913—
1914 (Nelva coll.) ; Aflou, September 1916 (V. Faroult) ; Guelt-es-Stel, Sep-
tember—November 1912-1913 (V. Faroult).

71. Athetis astigmata Rothsch.

Athelis astigmata Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 336. No. 193 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

As I had not figured this species, Mr. Oberthiir as usual calmly ignored it,
and redescribed it as devitifimbriata in his Fasc. XVI. p. 58 (1919).

I have 1 (J, 2 $$ Gueltes-Stel, October— November 1913 (V. Faroult).

72. Athetis ambigua (Schiff. and Den.).

Noclua ambigua Schiffermiiller and Den. Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 77 (1775) (Vienna).

The Mauretanian series at Tring consists of 197 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel,
May 1913 (V. Faroult) ; Environs de Batna, 1909-1912 (Nelva coll.) ; Lambessa,
October 1915 (Nelva coll.) ; Hammam Meskoutine, April — May 1914 (W. R.,
K. J., and E. H.) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou, May
1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Perregaux, October 1915 (V. Faroult) ; Khenchela, May 1912
(W. R. and K. J.) ; Hammam R"hira, May— June 1911-1915 (W. R., E. H., and
Faroult) ; Oued Hamidou, June 1914 (V. Faroult) ; Bou Cedraia, May 1913 (V.
Faroult) ; Ain Draham, September 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Imitaut and Mazagan,
Morocco, May 1902-1904 (W. Riggenbach) ; Environs dAlger, May— September
1908 (W. R., K. J., and Dr. Nissen) ; El Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faroult).

73. Athetis kadenii rufostigmata Rothsch.

Athetis rufostigmata Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 335 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

Mr. Oberthiir says that the Algerian form is proximo, Rambur, but I consider
it to be distinct, as it has the reniform stigma much darker, rufous not orange-
yellow, and more strongly marked.

I am convinced also that kadenii is a distinct species, not a form of fusci-
cornis Ramb., as Sir George Hampson has stated it to be.

We have at Tring 48 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel, October 1913 (V.
Faroult); Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou); Saida, May 1913
(W. R. and E. H.) ; Perregaux, October 1915 and Masser Mines, June 1914 (V.
Faroult) ; Environs de Batna, 1909-1912 (Nelva and V. Faroult) ; Khenchela,
May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Hammam R'hira, May 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ;
Oued Hamidou June 1912, and Bordj-ben-Aneridj October 1912 (V. Faroult) ;
Les Pins, September 1918 (M. Rotrou) : Sebdou June, Foret deTenira September
1918 (P. Rotrou).

74. Athetis hispanica (Mab.).

Caradrina hispanica Mabille, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, vol. lxxv. p. 30. pi. 3. f. 1 (1906) (La Granja).

Mr. Oberthiir places this as a local race of -selini Boisd., while Sir George
Hampson considers it a distinct species. If Mr. Culot's figures of selini are
correct, it is abundantly distinct.

I have 9 specimens from Batna (Nelva coll.) ; Biskra, March 1914 (W. R.
and E. H.); Souk Ahras, April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.); Sidi-bel-Abbes,
September 1917 (M. Rotrou).

18 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVI I. 1920.

75. Athetis ingrata (Stdgr.).

Caradrina ingrata Staudinger, Iris, vol. x. pp. 175, 286. pi. 4. f. 13 (1S97) (Syria).

I have only received 1 specimen of this species, which appears to be very
rare in Mauretania.

1 cJ Environs de Batna, 1911-1912 (Nelva coll.).

76. Athetis flavirena (Guen.).

Caradrina flanrena Guenee, Hist. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gen. Lipid, vol. v. Noct. vol. i. p. 250 (1852).

The Tring series from Mauretania consists of 15 <$<$, 19 $$ from Blida les
Glacieres, June 1908 (W. R. and K. J.); Guelt-es-Stel, October 1912 (V.
Faroult) ; Foret de Tenira, September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Environs d' Alger
(Captain Holl) ; Environs de Batna (Nelva coll.) ; Berrouaghia, April 1914 (V
Faroult) ; Guelt-es-Stel, April— May 1912-1913 (W. R. and K. J., and V.
Faroult).

77. Athetis flava (Oberth.).

Caradrina flava Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. fasc. i. p. 45. pi. 4. t. 3 (1876) (Algeria).

Mr. Oberthiir states that this insect varies much in size, but I have not
found this to be the case. The small specimens that I have received all belong
to my approximans, which is conspicuous by the heavy and broad greyish termen.

The Mauretanian series at Tring consists of 204 specimens from Biskra,
April 1908— March 1914 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Bordj Mecht-el-Kaid, April 1909
(W. R. andE. H.) ; Bou Saada, April 1911— March 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Tilghemt
April 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Ghardaia, April 1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ; El Kantarn
March— April 1911 (Faroult); Khenchela, June 1911 (V. Faroult); South
Oued Mya and North of Am Guettera, April 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ;
Environs de Setif, 1911 (Faroult) ; Berrouaghia, April 1914 (V. Faroult) ; En-
virons de Batna, 1913-1914 (Nelva coll.) ; Guelt-es-Stel, April 1913 ; Djebel
Autan May 1918, Bordj Chegga March 1917, A'in Sefra March 1915,
Mecheria May 1918 (V. Faroult) ; Souk Ahras, April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ;
Oued Nca, April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Oud Dehin and Oued Ag-eld,
Timenaiin, March 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg).

The British Museum has 1 (J Algeria, Mrs. Nicholl ; 2 tftf El Kantara, April
1913, P. A. Buxton.

78. Athetis oberthuri Rothsch. (PI. XVII. f. 26.)

Athetis oberthuri Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 126. No. 57 (1913) (South Oued Mya).

The Tring Museum possesses 1 cj, 1 $ Oued Nca, April 1914, 1 <J, 3 $° f rom
South Oued Mya, April 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert).

This species is very similar to casearia Stdgr., but much more heavily marked.

79. Athetis approximans Rothsch.
Athetis approximans Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 334. No. 1S7 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

The Tring series consists of 131 specimens from Rharis, April 1914 (Geyr von
Schweppenburg) ; Guelt-es-Stel, August — October, 1912-1913 (V. Faroult) ; Les

NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 19

Pins, September 1918 (M. Rotrou) ; Ain Sefra April 1915, Metliti September
1917 (V. Faroult) ; El Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faroult).

Mr. Oberthiir has treated this as a dwarf form of flava, but besides the
differences in marking, Sir George Hampson, who has carefully examined speci-
mens, tells me it belongs to a different section of the genus.

The British Museum has 1 (J Guelt-es-Stel ex Tring Museum.

80. Athetis scotoptera (Ptingl.).

Caradrina scotoptera Pungler, Iris, vol. xxviii. p. 47. No. 19. pi. iii. f. 18 (1914) (Jerusalem).

This species is not recorded by Mr. Oberthiir.

We have at Tring 2 $<$, 3 $$ from Environs de Batna (Nelva coll.) ; Foret
de Tenira, October 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M.
Rotrou).

81. Athetis jacobsi Rothsch.

Athetis jacobsi Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 335. No. 190 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

The series at Tring consists of 288 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel, September —
October 1912-1913 (V. Faroult); Foret de Tenira, October 1918 (P. Rotrou);
Environs de Batna (Nelva coll.) ; Metlili, September 1917 (V. Faroult) ; El
Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faroult).

82. Athetis clavipalpis (Scop.).

Phalaena clavipalpis Scopoli, Entom. Car. p. 213 (1763) (Carniola).

Mr. Oberthiir quotes this under Schiffermuller's name, because Guenee did
so, but both Fabricius' name of quadri punctata and clavipalpis of Scopoli are older.

In my account of the Lepidoptera of Guelt-es-Stel in 1914 I was misled
by Mr. Warren's account of this insect in Seitz, and kept the small specimens
apart as a distinct species under the name grisea, but they are only dwarf indi-
viduals of clavipalpis, and if distinguished at all must stand as ab. minor. As
grisea Rott. is only a synonym of clavipalpis and dates from 1776, grisea Eversm.
1 848 must stand as cinerascens Tengstr.

The Tring series from Mauretania consists of 677 specimens from Biskra,
March 1908— April 1914 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Hammam R'hira, May 1908— May
1913 (W. R., E. H., and K. J.) ; Blida les Glacieres, June 1908 (W. R. and K. J.) ;
Environs d' Alger, June 1908 (Dr. Nissen) ; Djebel Cheddar, Mazagan, April 1902,
and Seksawa, April — May 1905, Morocco (W. Riggenbach) ; Guelt-es-Stel, April
—October 1912-1913 (W. R. and K. J., and V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, June-
October 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Perregaux, October 1915 (V. Faroult) ; Ain Sefra,
May 1915 (V. Faroult) ; Lalla Marnia, May— October, 1914 (V. Faroult) ; Masser
Mines, May 1914 (V. Faroult) ; Hammam Meskoutine, April — May 1914 (W. R.,
E. H., and K. J.) ; Environs de Batna (Nelva coll.) ; Ain Draham, September
1911 (V.Faroult) ; Bou Saada and Tilghemt, April 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Khenchela,
May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Sebdou June, Sidi Djilali September, Foret de
Tenira August 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; El Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faroult).
In British Museum, 1 <$ El Kantara, April 1913, P. A. Buxton.

20 Novitates Zoological XXVII. 1920

83. Laphyma exigua (Hiibn.).

Noctua exigua Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. Noct. f. 3G2 (1808).

Of this very cosmopolitan insect the Mauretanian series at Tring consists of
477 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel, April — November 1912-1913 (V. Faroult) ;
El Kantara, June 1909 (Sidi Brahim) ; Environs d' Alger, May 1906-1908 (W. R.,
K. J., and E. H., and Dr. Nissen) ; Seksawa April 1905, Mazagan June 1900 —
May 1902, Rahama, S.E. of Mazagan, May 1903 (W. Riggenbach) ; Hammam
R'hira, May 1908— June 1916 (W. R., E. H., and K. J., and Faroult) ; Colomb
Bechar, February 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Laghouat March, Tilghemt April 1912,
Bou Saada April— May 1911-1912 (V. Faroult) : Ghardaia, April 1911 (W. R.
and E. H.) ; North of El Golea, South Oued Mya, Ain Guettera, and In Salah and
Igosten Tidikelt Oases, March — April 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Khenchela,
May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Blida, December 1915 (Faroult) ; Oued Nca and
Sands of El Arich, June 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Environs de Setif, 1911 (V.
Faroult) ; Oued Hamidou, June 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, June —
August 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Biskra, April 1908-1914 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Masser
Mines, June 1914 (V. Faroult) ; Perregaux, October 1915 (Faroult) ; Ain Sefra,
April 1913— July 1915 (W. R. and E. H., and Faroult); Lalla Marnia and
Moroccan Frontier, April — May 1914 (Faroult) ; Temassinin, Amgid, Oued Gif
Aman, Oued Dehin, and El Mesrane, Hoggar Country, November 1913 — March
1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg) ; Sidi Ferruch, November 1911 (Thery) ;
Environs de Batna, 1911-1914 (Nelva coll.) ; Hammam Meskoutine, April — May
1914 (W. R., E. H., and K. J.) ; Ain Draham, September 1911 (V. Faroult) ;
Oued Abbou, Timassiuin, I-n-Kelemet, 30 kil. N. of Amgid, Amgid, Temenaiin,
Oued Ag'elil, Oued Dehin, Oued Gif Amdu, January — March 1914 (Geyr von
Schweppenburg) ; El Mahouna, June 1919 (V. Faroult).

The British Museum has 1 $ El Kantara, April 1913, P. A. Buxton.

84. Prodenia litura (Fabr.).
Noctua litura Fabrioius, Syst. Entom. p. 601 (1775) (East Indies).

Of this widespread species I have from Algeria 1 64 specimens, from Perre-
gaux, September — October 1915 ; El Kantara, El Outaya, August 1917 (V.
Faroult) ; Biskra, March— June 1908-1912 (Hartert and Hilgert, W. R., and
Faroult); Sidi-bel-Abbes, August — September 1917 (M. Rotrou).

Mr. Oberthur employs Herrich-Schaffer's name retina for this species
because he first figured it.

85. Ulochlaena hirta (Hiibn.).

Noctiia hirta Hiibner, Europ, Schmett. Noct. f. 591 (1827).

Of this species I have only received 1 $ from Mauretania, all the rest are $$.
The Tring series numbers 196 Algerian specimens from Environs de Batna (Nelva,
Faroult, and Staudinger) ; Bordj-ben-Aneridj, October 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Aflou,
October 1916 (V. Faroult) ; 1 $ Hammam R'hira, March 1916 (V. Faroult). -

The $ is flightless.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920. 21

86. Derthisa trimacula (Schiff. & Den.).

Bombyx trimacula Schiffermuller and Den. Ant. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 59 (1775) (Vienna).

This is one of the most variable of known heterocera, and a number of indi-
vidual forms have received names, among them ab. hisjxtna Boisd. grey with sharp
dark pattern, ab. dentimacula Hiibn. same colour but dark marking reduced, ab.
glavcina Esp. uniform rufous, ab. tcrsa Schiff. yellow dark marks in cell only, ab.
gruneri Boisd. == albida Oberth. same only white, ab. tersina Stdgr. same only
grey, ab. unicolor Dup. entirely yellow or buff.

We have at Tring from Mauretania 1,191 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel,
September— November 1912-1913 (V. Faroult) ; Batna (Nelva coll., Staud.
and Faroult) ; Bordj-ben-Aneridj, October 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Environs de
Setif, 1911 (V. Faroult); Lambiridi, October 1910 (V. Faroult); Perregaux,
October 1915 (V. Faroult); Afiou, September 1916 (V. Faroult); Foret de
Tenira, October 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, October 1917 (M. Rotrou).

In the British Museum are 1 <$, 1 $ Batna, Staudinger and Bang-
Haas (ab. albida).

87. Grammoscelis magnifica (Rothsch.).

Derthisa magnified Rothschild, Novil. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 328. No. 145 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

Sir George Hampson pointed out to me that although this fine insect was
a true Cucullid, it was not, as I thought, a Derthisa but a Grammoscelis.

The series at Tring consists of 67 S3, 25 $$ from Guelt-es-Stel, October —
November 1913 (V. Faroult) ; El Mesrane, November 1913 (V. Faroult) ;
Perregaux, November 1915 (V. Faroult); Bordj-ben-Aneridj October 1912,
Medjez October 1911 (V. Faroult).

88. Aglossestra mariae-ludovicae (D. Lucas).

Hadula mariae-ludovicae Daniel Lucas, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1914, p. 311 (Tunis).
Derthisa a/finis Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 328. No. 146 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

My description appeared in October, while that of Monsieur Daniel Lucas
was published in June, so his name has priority.

This species belongs to the genus Aglossestra of the subfamily Hadeninae.
1 (J GuehVes-Stel, October 1913 (V. Faroult).

The Genus Heliophobus Boisd.

Mr. Oberthiir, following Guenee, makes use of the genus Heliophobus Boisd.
and puts into it hispida Hiibn. ; scillae Chret. ; pierretii Oberth. (nee Bugnion) ;
messaouda Oberth. ; and orana Oberth. (nee Lucas) : a regular olla podrida.

• Neither Mr. Oberthiir nor the other authors who have used Heliophobus
should have done so, as Boisduval himself states (Europ. Lepid. Ind. Meth. 1829,
p. 69) that it is another name for Hadena Treitschke.

Of the 5 species put in it by Mr. Oberthiir, hispida Hiibn. and scillae Chret.
belong to the genus Leucochlaena of the subfamily Cuculliinae ; messaouda Oberth.
and orana Oberth. (nee Lucas) belong to the genus Euxoa of the subfamily
Agrotinae ; and pierreti Oberth. (nee Bugnion) belongs to the genus Pseudo-
pseuslis of the subfamily Zenobiinae ( = Acronyctinae).

" N0V1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

89. Leucochlaena oditis (Hiibn.).

Noctua oditis Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. Xoct. ff. 694. 695 (1822).

There appear to be two forms of this species in Algeria, a small paler form,
and a large dark form, but they do not seem locally constant and intergradations
occur.

The series at Tring consists of 151 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel, Sep-
tember—November 1912-1913 (V. Faroult) ; Aflou, September 1916 (V. Faroult) ;
Foret de Tenira, October 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Ain Draham, September 1911 (V.
Faroult) ; Batna (Nelva coll.) ; El Mesrane, November 1913 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-
bel-Abbes, October 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; El Mahouna, September 1919 (V.
Faroult).

90. Leucochlaena scillae (Chret.).

Heliopho'jtts scillae Chretien, Le Naluraliste, vol. x. p. 92 (1888) (Bone).

26 (S3 El Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faroult).

I have only 1$ specimen of the ab. datini Oberth.

1 <J Ain Draham, October 1911 (V. Faroult).

In the British Museum there is 1 $ Bone, Abbe de Joannis.

[Euxoa pierretii (Bugnion).

Episema pierretii Bugnion, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, 1837. p. 441. pi. 16. f. 3 (Egypt).
Heliophobu-s marsdeni Bethune Baker, Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond. 1894. p. 40. pi. i. f. 9 (Egypt).

This and the next species form a striking example of the fallacy of Mr.
Oberthiir's dictum " Pas de bonne figure, pas de nom valable," for Monsieur
Bugnion gives an excellent figure of the insect afterwards described by Bethune
Baker as marsdeni and which is an Agrotid of the genus Euxoa, and yet both Mr.
Oberthiir and Mr. Culot describe and figure as pierretii Bugnion a totally different
insect afterwards described as Taeniocampa iellieri by Daniel Lucas, and which
belongs to the subfamily Zenobiinae. Euxoa pierretii, as far as I can discover,
has not yet been taken in Mauretania.]

91. Pseudopseustris tellieri (D. Lucas).

Taeniocampa tellieri Daniel Lucas, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1907, p. 196 (Gafsa).

Heliopho'nts pierretii Culot (nee Bugnion), Noct. el Geom. d'Eur, pt. i. vol. i. p. 174. pi. 32. f. 6 (1913)

(Biskra).
Harpagoplmna diacrisioides Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 326. No. 130 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

This is the insect identified by Messieurs Oberthiir and Culot as Euxoa
pierretii (Bugnion), but Mr. Culot has gone further and figured the same insect
twice, once under the name of pierretii, and once under its true name of tellieri.
Then unfortunately I also made a stupid error of negligence and redescribed it
once again.

The Tring Museum possesses 3 specimens : 1 rj, 1 $ Guelt-es-Stel, October
1912-1913 (V. Faroult) ; 1 <J El Mesrane, November 1913 (V. Faroult).

In the British Museum there is 1 <J Batna, Staudinger and Bang-Haas.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVII. 1020. 23

92. Leucochlaena orana (Lucas). (PI. XV. £f. 27, 28.)

Episema orana Lucas, Expl. Scient. d'Algirie, pt. iii. p. 384. pi. 3. i. 7 (1849) (West Algeria).

Here again is shown the fallacy of insisting that figures are everything.
Messrs. Oberthur and C'ulot have figured and described under the name of Helio-
■phobus orana (Lucas) an insect which is not only not orana but belongs to a very
different subfamily ; and yet Lucas gives a recognisable figure.

The series at Tring contains 7 <$,$, 3 §§. 1 3 Oudjda, Morocco November
1914, 1(J LallaMarnia December 1914, 1 ^LaMacta September 1915, 4 $$, 3$$
Perregaux October 1915 (Victor Faroult).

93. Euxoa noctambulatrix (Chret.). (pi. XV. f. 20.)

Gladocerotis noctambulatrix Chretien, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, p. 502 (1910) (Gafsa).
Cladocera orana Oberth. (nee Lucas), Etiul. Lipid. Cornp. fasc. vi. p. 332, pi. exxviii. f. 1139 (1912)
(Geryville).

This insect, which both Oberthur and Culot figure as orana, is an Agrotid and
not a Cucnllid, as the true orana is. Among minor differences the $ has abortive
wings, while the $ of true orana is full winged, like the <$. It is curious that at
the same time as Mr. Oberthur declares his orana to be an aberration of Chretien's
noctambulatrix he figures them under the two names, and actually puts them in
two different genera, Cladocerotis and Cladocera ! ! !

I quote this insect temporarily under Chretien's name noctambulatrix, because
I have not been able to compare my specimen with Spanish ones, of which none
are in England ; I feel sure, however, that when they can be compared they will
prove that this insect is the same as Heliophobus boetica Boisd. Should this
prove the case, the species would have to stand as Euxoa boetica Boisd.

1 (J Sidi Ferruch (Thery coll.) ; 1 <S Sebdou, September 1908 (P. Rotrou).

94. Euxoa messaouda messaouda (Oberth.).

Luperina messaouda Oberthur, Etud. d' Entom. livr. ix. p. 39. pi. iii. f. 3 (1884) (Sebdou).

This species was abundant at Guelt-es-Stel.

The series at Tring consists of 518 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel, October —
November 1912-1913 (Victor Faroult); Aflou, September— October 1916 (V.
Faroult) ; Mazagan, Morocco, September 1903 (W. Riggenbach).

Among the Guelt-es-Stel series are several^ $ in which the red is quite absent :
these agree absolutely with the Spanish form messaouda matritensis Vasq. This
demonstrates the fact that an insect can occur sporadically among the typical
form as an aberration, and yet in another locality assume the status of a distinct
subspecies.

95. Omphaloscelis polybela (de Joan.).

Euxoa polyhela de Joannis, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1903. p. 28 (Philippeville).

The Tring Museum possesses 306 specimens from Environs de Batna, Sep-
tember—October 1910-1915 (Nelva, V. Faroult, Staudinger) ; Bordj-ben-Aneridj ,
October 1912 (V. Faroult); Sidi-bel-Abbes, November 1917 (M. Rotrou);
Foret de Tenira, October 1918 (P. Rotrou).

In the British Museum are 1 (J, 1 $ Batna, Staudinger and Bang-Haas.

24 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

96. Cladocerotis optabilis 'Boisd.).

Heliophobus optabilis Boisduval, Icon. Lepid. Eur. vol. ii. pi. 74. IT. 2, 3 (1832).

The ground-colour and the markings vary considerably, the latter being
sometimes lemon-yellow, sometimes grey, and sometimes almost pure white ;
all the specimens I have seen from Sicily are like the last named, but I have a
number from Algeria quite identical.

We have at Tring 308 specimens from Environs de Batna, September —
October, 1910-1915 (Nelva. V. Faroult. and Staudinger) ; Sidi-bel- Abbes, Sep-
tember—October 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Foret de Tenira, October 1918 (P. Rotrou) ;
Perregaux, October 1915 (V. Faroult); Lalla Marnia, November 1914 (V.
Faroult) ; Guelt-es-Stel October— November 1912-1913, Aflou October 1916
(V. Faroult).

The genus Cladocera Rmb. is preoccupied, so Sir George Hampson made the
genus Clndocerotis for this species.

In the British Museum are 3 <$£, 1 $ Guelt-es-Stel ex Tring Museum.

97. Euxoa rugifrons (Mab.).

Agrotis rugifrons Mftbille, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1SSS. p. 42 (Gabes).
Agrotis bledi Chretien, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, 1910, p. 500 (Gafsa).
Agrotis urbana Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. xxv. p. 142. pi. vi. tig. 7 (1912) (Batna).

This species is very common in Algeria. Our series at Tring consists of 504
6pecimens from Guelt-es-Stel, October — November 1912-1913 (V. Faroult);
Aflou, September — October 1916 (V. Faroult) ; Environs de Batna, September —
October 1909-1914 (Nelva coll.) ; Bordj-ben-Aneridj, October 1912 (V. Faroult) ;
Medjez October 1911, Aflou October 1916 (V. Faroult).

Neither Mr. Oberthiir nor Mr. Culot mention the name rugifrons Mab.

98. Euxoa capsensis Chret.

Euxoa capsensis Chretien. Ann. Soc. Entom. France, 1910, p. 497 (Gafsa).
Euxoa muriicolor Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 319. Xo. S3 (1914).

I have only received this species from Guelt-es-Stel.
80 Guelt-es-Stel, October 1912-1913 (V. Faroult).

99. Euxoa lasserrei (Oberth.).

Lvperina lasserrei Oberthiir, Etud. d" Entom. Fasc. vi. p. 86. pi. xi. ff. 13, 14 (18S1) (ilagenta, Sebdou).

The Tring series contains 240 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel, October —
November 1912-1913 (V. Faroult); Les Pins, September 1918 (M. Rotrou) :
Foret de Tenira, October 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Batna, November 1910-1911 (V.
Faroult and Nelva); El Mesrane November 1912, Aflou September 1916, Aflou
October 1916 (V. Faroult) ; Tunis (Max Bartel).

The British Museum has 1 £ Mauretania.

100. Euxoa obesa lipara (Rambur).

Agrotis lipara Rambur, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, 1S48, p. 68 (Algeria).

Sir George Hampson places lipara, without comment, as a synonym of obesa,
while Mr. Oberthiir treats it as a distinct species. The truth, however, lies in
between, for lipara is a southern form of obesa and must be treated as a subspecies.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXVII. 1920. 25

Our Tring series totals 497 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel, September — October,
1912-1913 (V. Faroult) ; Environs de Batna, Lambessa, September, October
1 909-1 914 (Nelva, Staudinger) ; Sebdou, September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Tlemcen,

1915 (P. Rotrou) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Aflou, October

1916 (V. Faroult).

101. Euxoa crassa (Hiibn.).

Noctua crassa Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett. S. 151, 152, 560 (1881).

Treitschke (Schmett. Eur. vol. v. pt. i. p. 166. No. 19) gives a long explanation
of how the erroneous identification of the present species with tritici Linn, arose
and complains that Hiibner made matters worse by giving three figures of
crassa and calling f. 1 51 tritici Linn. Sir George Hampson has caused still further
difficulty by quoting crassa as of Treitschke, while its author was Hiibner, which
is evident from Treitschke's own quotations. Sir George omits the ff. 151 and 152
altogether.

Sir George Hampson, Mr. Oberthiir, Mr. Culot, and most of the authors since
Treitschke have united specifically crassa Hiibn. and lata Treit., in some cases
because they thought they were representative forms, in others because they con-
sidered them simply aberrations. Mr. Culot has committed a further error,
influenced by Mr. Oberthiir' s statements : he figures as var. golickei Ersch. a
Castille specimen lent by Mr. Oberthiir.

E. golickei was described from Turkestan, and has the heavily plumed
antennae characteristic of lata, of which it is undoubtedly a subspecies.

Moreover, lata never occurs on the mainland of Europe, so Mr. Oberthiir has
confounded a pale aberration of crassa with golickei, which latter is purely Asiatic.

Now, all the authors who have united crassa and lata have drawn
attention to two differences characteristic of lata ; one, the thicker and more
heavily pectinated antennae, holds good, but the second, the brighter and more
striking wing pattern, is not a constant character.

There are, however, three characters which specifically separate crassa and
lata quite definitely.

Firstly, the orbicular stigma in both series of lata has a distinct whitish
ring and stands out distinctly, while in crassa this ring is absent and the orbicular
appears almost obsolete.

Secondly, in $ crassa the hindwing is white shading into grey towards the
termen, and there is no trace of a discocellular stigma ; while in $ lata the hindwing
is brown, sometimes paler, or even whitish in the basal one-fourth, but always
with a distinct discocellular stigma, except in a very few extreme melanistic
individuals which are otherwise easily recognisable as lata.

Thirdly, thereof crassa have short pectinations to the antennae, and at the
distal end fully 4-5 mm. with no pectinations at all ; on the other hand, in lata
the antennae have long pectinations (in the projJortion of 16 to 9), and only the
last three or four joints are without pectinations.

Our Mauretanian series of crassa consists of 49 $3, ^0 9$ from Sidi-bel-Abbes,
September— October 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou, September 1918 (P. Rotrou).

This species (crassa) appears entirely confined to West Algeria (Province
Oran), while lata occurs all over Algeria and portions of Tunis and Morocco.

26 Novitates Zoologicae XXVII. 1920.

101a. Euxoa lata (Treit.).

Agrotis lata Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vol. x. pt. ii. p. 24 (1835) (Sicily).

This has since the time of Treitschke always been treated as a local race
or aberration of crassa, which is erroneous.

It is easily distinguished by the orbicular having a pale ring in both sexes,
in the antennae of the $ being much more strongly pectinated, and in the dark
hindwings with a discocellular stigma in the $.

The Tring series from Mauretania contains 63 <JcJ, 59 $$ from Environs
d' Alger (Dr. Nissen) ; Mazagan, Morocco, September 1902 (W. Riggenbach) ;
Rabat, Morocco (A. Thery) ; Messer September, Sidi-bel-Abbes September 1917
(M. Rotrou) ; Ai'n Draham, Tunisia October 1911, Perregaux October 1915 (V.
Faroult) ; Belvedere, Tunis, September 1915 (M. Blanc) ; Foret de Tenira,
September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; El Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faroult).

102. Euxoa vestigialis (Rott.).

Noctua vestigialis Rottemburg, Naturf. vol. viii. p. 107 (1776).

This appears to be unrecorded from Mauretania.

1 $ Lambessa, July 1914 (A. Nelva).

I have seen a second $ from Thala, Tunisia, taken by Mr. Daniel Lucas.

103. Euxoa spinifera (Hiibn.).

Noctua spinifera Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 389 (1827).

Our Tring series contains 200 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel, May — November
1912-1913 (V. Faroult) ; Ain Draham, September 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-
Abbes, July— September 1916-1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Foret de Tenira May, Sebdou
June 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; El Kantara, August 1917 (V. Faroult) ; Environs de Setif >
1911 (V. Faroult) ; Bou Saada March 1912, Laghouat March 1912 (V. Faroult) ;
El Ou Saya August 1918, Tilghemt April 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Biskra, March-
April 1908-1911 (W. R. andE. H.) ; Batna (Nelva and Faroult) ; Oued Hamidou,
June 1912 (V. Faroult) ; South Oued Mya April, Bordj Saada February 1912
(Hartert and Hilgert) ; Rabat, Morocco (A. Thery) ; Environs de Batna (A.
Nelva); Messer, September 1917 (M. Rotrou); Blida, November 1915 (V.
Faroult) ; Hammam R'hira, May —June 19C8-1916 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult) ;
Mazagan February— May 1902-1903, Seksawa, Morocco April 1905 (W. Riggen-
bach) ; Environs d' Alger, May 1908 (W. R. and K. J.).

In the British Museum are 2 $$, 1 $ Hammam-es-Salahin, March 1904, Lord
Walsingham.

[Euxoa spinifera hodnae (Oberth.). (PI. XVII. ff. 15, 16.)

Agrotis hodnae Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. faac. iii. p. 45. pi. v. f. 8 (1878) (Bou Saada).

The large series of spinifera collected all over Algeria since 1878 have proved
that in Mauretania hodnae is only a sporadic aberration of spinifera, but in Egypt
it has developed into the local race and must stand as a subspecies as above.]

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 27

104. Euxoa hoggari sp. nov. (PI. XVII. ff. 12-14.)

This is the insect erroneously named hodnae in 1915 (see Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. (8) xvi. p. 250. No. (16).).

cJ$. Ground-colour creamy white. Antennae brown with pale grey serra-
tions ; head and thorax whitish, more or less closely sprinkled with minute brown
streaks ; abdomen cream buff ; anal tuft buff.

Forewing cream- white, here and there streaked with pale wood brown, basal
one-sixth of costal area with dense dark brown markings, a brown wedge in cell,
reniform and spot below dark brown, a pale wood brown irregular band across
wing enclosing reniform, an oval stigma on vein 2 joined by a deeply zigzag
blackish line to inner margin, fringe white, a marginal line of dark dots and 2 black
arrow heads above veins 5 and 6. Hindwing white washed with cream, cream-
buff on abdominal area ; some specimens are strongly suffused with brown all
over.

Length of forewing, $ 15-19 mm. ; expanse, 35-43 mm. Length of forewing,
5 16-22 mm. ; expanse, 37-50 mm.

Habitat. 5 $<$, 7 ?? Oued Abou January, Oued Ag'elil March, Oued
Tamoudat March, 20 kil. N. of Ideles March 1914, N. of the Hoggar Mts., Sahara
(Geyr von Schweppenburg) ; Bordj Chegga, February 1912 (Hartert and
Hilgert).

105. Euxoa doufanae (Oberth.).

Agrotis doufanae Oberthiir, Etud. Lipid. Camp, fasc. xvi. p. 90. pi. xdii. ff. 4072-4073 (1919) (Col
de Doufana Aures).

I have received 80 specimens of this rare species.

1 <$ Ain Sefra, May 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ; 1 ? Mecheria May 1918, 1 c?
El Hamel May 1912 (Victor Faroult) ; 57 J<$, 1 ? Bou Saada May, 14 $$,
5 $$ Guelt-es-Stel May — June 1915 (V. Faroult). This was wrongly identified
by me in 1914 as mauretanica.

1C6. Agrotis suffusa (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena suffusa Schiffermuller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Work. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 80 (1775)

(Vienna).
Noctua ypsilon Rottemburg, Nalurj. vol. ix. p. 141 (1770).

This widely spread insect occurs all over Mauretania. We have 311 speci-
mens from Mauretania from Guelt-es-Stel, April, May, October 1913 (V. Faroult) ;
Timassinin January, I-n-kelemet February, 30 kil. N. of Amgid February,
Amgid February, Ain Tahart February, Oued Ag'elil March, 20 kil. N. of
Ideles March 1914, north of the Hoggar Mts., Sahara (Geyr von Schweppenburg) ;
Sebdou, September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Oued Nca, April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert) ;
Environs de Batna, 1911-1914 (Nelva coll.) ; Biskra, March— April 1908-1911
(W. R. and E. H.) ; Colomb Bechar February, Tilghemt April 1912 (V. Faroult) ;
Oran, April 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Bou Saada April, Bordj-ben-Aneridj
October 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel- Abbes, September— October 1917 (M.
Rotrou); Ain Draham August— September 1911, Aflou October 1915, Ham-
mam R'hira, May 1916 (V. Faroult).

28 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

lo7. Lycophotia margaritosa (Haw.).

Xochta margaritosa Haworth, Lepid. Bril. p. 218 (1809).

Mr. Oberthiir quotes Engramelle as the author, but Ernst and Engramelle
when describing species not yet described only gave French names to their insects,
and therefore they are quite inadmissible as authors, and the names given to their
species by Hiibner and others must be quoted under their respective authors.
As, however, that part of Hiibner containing his saucia was published in 1827 and
Haworth's margaritosa in 1809, this latter name must be used for the present
species.

Although fairly widespread in Mauretania, it is much rarer than the last.

We have 86 specimens from Ai'n Draham, August — September 1911 (V.
Faroult) ; Oued Hamidou, June 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Hammam R'hira, May —
June 1908-1917 (V. Faroult, and W. R. and K. J.) ; Guelt-es-Stel, May— October
1913 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel- Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Biskra March
1909, El Kantara May 1909 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Blida les Glacieres, May 1905—
June 1908 (W. R., K. J., and Dr. Nissen) ; Environs d' Alger, May— June 1906-
1912 (W. R. and K. J. and Dr. Nissen) ; Mazagan, Morocco, January — June
1900-1903 (W. Riggenbach); Bou Saada April 1911, Djebel Aissa May 1915
(V. Faroult) ; Environs de Batna (Nelva coll.) ; Tlemcen, August 1917 (M.
Rotrou).

108. Euxoa trux trux (Hiibn.).

Noctua trux Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett. A'ocf. ff. 723, 725, 770 (1S26).

This is a very variable insect, the aberrations terranea Frey, amasina and
olivina Stdgr. occur in Mauretania quite abundantly. The subspecies lunigera
Steph. appears to be confined to Great Britain.

Our series from Mauretania consists of 562 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel,
September — October 1919 (V. Faroult); Aflou, September 1916; Ai'n Sefra
July 1915, Perregaux October 1915 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes September
1917, Les Pins June 1918 (M. Rotrou); Lambessa October 1915, Batna
1909-1915 (A. Nelva coll.); Hammam R'hira July 1916, Mecheria May 1918
(V. Faroult); Sebdou July, Foret de Tenira September 1918 (P. Rotrou);
El Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faroult).

In the British Museum, 2 33 Batna, Staudinger and Bang-Haas.

109. Euxoa segetum (Schiff. and Den.).

Phalaena segeium Schiffermiiller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. pp. 81, 252. ff. 3
a. h. (1775) (Vienna).

Our Mauretanian series of this common insect numbers 764 specimens from
Guelt-es-Stel May— November 1912-1913, Aflou October 1916 'V. Faroult) ;
Colomb-Bechar March, April 1912, Bou Saada April 1912, Tilghemt April
1912 (V. Faroult); Mazagan, Morocco, Imitanaut, May— July 1900-1904 (W.
Riggenbach); Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.); Jakouren Kabylie
June 1909, El Kantara March 19C9 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Batna, June—July 1912-
1915 (Nelva coll.) ; Ain Draham, July — September 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Hammam
R'hira, July 1916 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, September— October 1917 (M.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 29

Rotrou) ; Lambessa, 1912 (Nelva coll.) ; Alger, January 1914 (V. Faroult) ;
Djebel Antar, May 1918 (Faroult) ; Biskra, March— April 1908, 1914 (W. R. and
E. H.) ; Setil, S. of Biskra, March 1917 (V. Faroult) ; Djebel Zaccar Miliana, June
— August 1916 (V. Faroult) ; Bordj-ben-Aneridj October, Tilghemt April 1912
(V. Faroult) ; Laghouat, March 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Ideles Haggar Mts., March
1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg) ; Sebdou, July 1918 (P. Rotrou).
In British Museum, 1 <J Mogodor, Leech coll.

109a. Euxoa cos cycladum (Stdgr.).

Agrotis cos var. cycladum Staudinger, Hot. Soc. Enlom. Ross. vol. vii. p. 121. 1. 1. f. 9 (1870) (Naxos).

We have received 1 $ of this species from Mauretania ; Mr. Oberthiir records
a series of 30 from Lambessa.

1 $ Guelt-es-Stel, May 27, 1913 (V. Faroult).

110. Euxoa rotroui sp. nov. (PI. XVII. f. 11.)

This new species is exactly intermediate in appearance between Euxoa radius
and E. trux.

$. Antennae serrate, brown ; head pale pinkish mauve ; tegulae darker with
dark brown edge ; patagia and rest of thorax pinkish mauve ; abdomen wood

grey-

Forewing pinkish mauve, basal one-fourth above vein 1 dark brownish mauve,
an oblique transverse convex dentate line of same colour separated from this deeper
coloured patch ; a darker brown mauve patch surrounding reniform stigma from
which a shadow line runs straight to inner margin ; post-median convex dentate
blackish line ; post-discal area clouded with brownish mauve.

Hindwing white with nervures, costal and abdominal areas suffused with
mouse-grey.

Length of forewing, 16 mm.; expanse, 37 mm.

1 $ Sidi-bel-Abbes, May 1918 (M. Rotrou) ; 1 $ Oran, April 1913 (W. R.
and E. H.).

111. Euxoa constanti (Mill.).

Agrotis constanti Milliere, Icon. vol. i. p. 165. pi. 9. ff. 1, 2 (1860) (Ardeche).

This species is very rare in Algeria. I have only 5 Mauretanian examples.
1 cJ Guelt-es-Stel, October 1912 (Victor Faroult) ; 4 <J<£ Environs de Batna,
October 1912-1914 (A. Nelva coll.).

112. Euxoa eos (Oberth.).

Agrotis constanti eos Oberthiir, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. vii. p. 672. pi. cxci. Nos. 1841, 1847
(1913) (Aflou).

This species was supposed to be the Algerian representative of constanti, but
Mr. Oberthiir in Fasc xvi. altered his opinion, and accorded the insect specific
rank. As I have received typical constanti with grey-clouded hindwings and
creamy-buff forewings from Algeria, I feel sure he is right.

10 specimens Guelt-es-Stel, October 1912-1913 (V. Faroult).

30 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

113. Euxoa christophi (8tdgr.).

Agrotis christophi Staudinger, Berl. Entom. Zeit. 1870, p. 110 (Sarepta).

I have received 1 1 specimens of this species, 1 of which = ab. lugens Stdgr.
and 1 an intermediate aberration.

6 33, 3 $? Environs de Batna, July 1911-1914 (A. Nelva coll.) ; 1 3 Khen-
chela, May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ; 1 <J GuehVes-Stel, May 1913 (V. Faroult).

114. Euxoa tritici (Linn.).
Phalaena tritici Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 320 (1761) (Sweden).

It is very strange to find this essentially northern insect inhabiting Southern
Algeria, where however it must be very rare.

1 ? Metlili, N. of Laghouat, September 1917 (V. Faroult).

115. Euxoa obelisca (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena obelisca Schiffermiiller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werlc. Schmelt.Wienergeg. p. 80 (1776) (Vienna).

Euxoa obelisca and E. bugeaudi are very closely allied, and when among
a series of obelisca abnormal specimens occur, it is difficult to assign them correctly.

The Tring series contains 79 Mauretanian examples from Guelt-es-Stel,
October — November 1912-1913 (V. Faroult) ; Environs de Batna and Lambessa,
October 1911-1915 (A. Nelva coll.) ; Sidi-bel- Abbes, September— October 1917
(M. Rotrou); Foret de Tenira, October 1918 (P. Rotrou).

116. Euxoa bugeaudi bugeaudi (Oberth.).

Agrotis bugeaudi Oberthur, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 94. pi. xdiii. Nos. 4080, 4081 (1919)

(Aflou).

The series at Tring consists of 84 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel, October
1912-1913 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, September— October 1917 (M. Rotrou) ;
Sebdou May, Foret de Tenira October 1918 (P. Rotrou).

117. Euxoa bugeaudi islyana (Oberth.).

Agrotis bugeaudi islyana Oberthur, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 95. pi. xdiii. Nos. 4082, 408:)
(1919) (Lambessa).

In the form from the Aures Mts. the red colour is almost always absent,
though similar grey specimens occur sporadically with the typical Central and
West Algerian form.

The Tring series contains 91 Mauretanian specimens from Environs de Batna
and Lambessa, 1911-1915 (A. Nelva coll.) ; El Mahouna, September 1919
(V. Faroult).

118. Euxoa hastifera abdallah (Oberth.).

Agrotis hastifera abdallah Oberthiir, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 94. pi. xdiii. Nos. 4078, 4079
(1919) (Lambessa).

I have received very few examples of this species.

5 33, 5 $$ Environs de Batna and Lambessa, July — September 1910-1915
(A. Nelva and V. Faroult).

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVII. 1920. 'A I

119. Euxoa mauretanica (Bang-Haas).

Agrotis maurelanica Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. xxiv. p. 36. pi. iii. f. 4 (1910) (Sud Oranaie).

The series from Algeria at Tring contains 324 specimens from Tilghemt,
April 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Ghardaia, April 1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Bou Saada,
April 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Oued Nca, April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert).

In the British Museum are 1 J, 1 $ South Oran, Staudinger and Bang-Haas.

120. Euxoa robiginosa (Stdgr.).

Agrotis robiginosa Staudinger, Iris, vol. vii. p. 271 (1894) (Palestine).

Of this very rare insect I have received 1 specimen from Algeria. (1 <J from
Palestine is in the British Museum and 1 $ at Tring from the same country).
1 J Environs de Batna (A. Nelva coll.). This is unique from Mauretania.

121. Euxoa powelli (Oberth.).

Agrotis powelli Oberthiir, Elud. Lipid. Comp. lasc. vi. p. 334. pi. cxxviii. ff. 1146, 1147 (1912)
(Geryville).

I have 1 1 Algerian specimens.

1 (J, 10 ?$ from Guelt-es-Stel, May 1913 (V. Faroult) ; Ain Sefra, May 1913
(W. R. and E. H.) ; Oued Hamidou, June 1912 (V. Faroult).

122. Euxoa cursoria (Hiifn.).

Phalaena cursoria Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. vol. iii. p. 416 (1766).

Of this species also I have received a single specimen, unique for Mauretania.
1 $ Bou Saada, May 1912 (V. Faroult).

[Euxoa distinguenda (Led.).

Agrotis distinguenda Lederer, Noel. Eur. p. 221 (1837) (Wallis and Altai).

I have not received this species from Mauretania. Mr. Oberthiir records it
from Lambessa.]

123. Euxoa oranaria (Bang-Haas).

Agrotis oranaria Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. six. p. 133. pi. 5. f. 9 (1906) (Sud Oranais).

This is an extremely abundant and variable species.

The series at Tring numbers 1,084 from Guelt-es-Stel, April — June 1913 (V.
Faroult) ; Bou Saada, March— May 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Ain Sefra, May 1913-
1915 (W. R. and E. H., and V. Faroult) ; Ghardaia and Oued Nca, May — June
1912 (Hartert and Hilgert); El Mesrane June 1913, Tilghemt April 1912,
Mecheria June 1918 (V. Faroult) ; Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.).

123a. Epipsilia simulatrix (Gey.).

Noctua simulatrix Hiibner-Geyer, Samml. Europ. Schmett. Noct. f. 712.

I have only received two of this species from Mauretania. Mr. Oberthiir
records it from Bone under the name of nictymera Boisd.
1 cJ, 1 $ El Mahouna, May 1919 (V. Faroult).

32 Novitates Zoological XXVII. 1920.

124. Euxoa lucipeta (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena lucipeta Schiffermiiller and Denis, Auk. FSyst. Work. Schmett. Wien Geg. p. 71 (1775) (Vienna).

I possess only 1 $ of this species taken by myself.
1 2 Blida les Glacieres, June 1908 (W. R. and K. J.).

125. Lycophotia photophila (Guen.).

Agrotis photophila Guenee, Hist. Nat. Ins. Lipid, vol. v. Noct. vol. i. p. 302 (1852) (B6ne).

Guenee described this insect from a $, so if ignipeta Oberth. is really distinct
it must always remain doubtful which of the two is the true photophila.

The series at Tring consists of 101 specimens. 42 ,$<$, 48 $$ Ain Sefra,
May^Tune, 1913-1915 (W. K. and E. H., and Faroult) ; 1 <J Msila, May 1915

(V. Faroult) ; 10 <$$ Oued Nea, April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert).

++

[Lycophotisa ignipeta (Oberth.).

Agrotis ignipeta Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. fase. i. p. 45. pi. 4. £. 4 (1876) (El-May).

Mr. Oberthiir and Mr. Culot describe this insect as having a similar wing
pattern to photophila, but differing in the male in having the basal half of the
antennae strongly pectinated ; while the J of photophila has simple cylindrical
antennae. I have no specimen agreeing with this description, and from Mr.
Oberthiir's statement (Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 98) he appears only to
possess the (J type captured at El-May by M. Warion in 1868.]

126. Euxoa celsicola gueddelanea (Oberth.).

Agrotis celsicola var. gueddelanea Oberthiir, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 99. pi. xdiii. f. 4084
(1919) (Djebel Gueddelane, Lambessa).

I have only one pair of specimens from Algeria, but these are very much
larger than any of the 65 specimens taken by myself and Dr. Jordan in 1908
at La Grave and Le Lautaret in the Hautes Alpes.

Expanse, 45 mm. ; largest specimen from Le Lautaret, 37 mm.

1 (J, 1 $ Sebdou, July 1918 (P. Rotrou).

127. Euxoa kaaba (Oberth.).

Agrotis kaaha Oberthiir, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. pp. 99. pi. xdiii. Nos. 4085, 4086 (1919)
(Geryville).

I have one $, which however is not so dark as the $ figured by Oberthiir and
has the hindwings as in his (J.
1 $ Batna (Nelva coll.).

128. Euxoa radius radius (Haw.).

Bombyx radius Haworth, Lep. Brit. p. 119 (1803).

This insect, which is exceedingly abundant in Mauretania, appears in two
local subspecies, radius radius Haw. in Central and West Algeria and radius
erythroxylea Treit. in Tunisia and East Algeria.

Our series of radius radius contains 700 specimens from Algeria and Morocco,
from Biskra, February— April 1908-1916 (W. R. and E H., and Faroult) ; Bir

Novitates Zoologicae XXVII. 1920. 33

Djefair, south of Biskra, March 1909 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Environs d' Alger (Dr.
Nissen) ; Mazagan and neighbourhood, Morocco, February — March 1902-1903
(W. Riggenbach) ; Bir Setil, south of Biskra, March 1917 (V. Faroult) ; Bordj
Chegga, March 1917 (V. Faroult); Environs de Setii, 1911 (V. Faroult);
Environs de Batna (Nelva coll.) ; El Mesrane November, Guelt-es-Stel April —
November 1912-1913 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult) ; Lalla Marnia March-
April, Oudjda and Zoudj-el-Beghal, Morocco, November 1914 (V. Faroult) ;
Sidi-bel- Abbes, September, October 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Bou Saada March — May,
Tilghemt April 1912, Aflou October 1916 (V. Faroult) ; Perregaux, October
1915 (V. Faroult) ; Sebdou, May 1918 (P. Rotrou).

129. Euxoa radius erythroxylea (Treit.).

Noctua erythroxylea Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vol. v. pt. iii. p. 31 (1825).

This insect which is a fixed local subspecies in Tunisia appears also spora-
dically as an aberration in Algeria, and in Sidi-bel-Abbes is the prevailing form.
I have 26 specimens from Sidi-bel-Abbes, of which 21 are erythroxylea, 1 inter-
mediate and 4 typical radius.

Euxoa radius erythroxylea comes as sole form as far west as Hammam Mes-
koutine, is the prevailing form at Batna, and occurs sporadically in other parts
of Algeria. I have none from Morocco, all mine from there being r. radius.

The series at Tring from Ain Draham to Hammam Meskoutine contains 150
specimens as follows: 113 Ain Draham, September 1911 (Victor Faroult) ; 19
Souk Ahras April, 5 Hammam Meskoutine April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ;
13 El Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faroult).

In addition to these we have at Tring sporadic specimens of this form as
follows : 5 Batna (Nelva coll.) ; 1 Environs d' Alger, April 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ;
1 Hammam R'hira, April 1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ; 2 Perregaux, October 1915 (V.
Faroult) ; 21 Sidi-bel-Abbes, September — October 1917 (M. Rotrou).

From Oran we have 5 $$ of gigantic size and of the black aberration, which
for the present I will name ab. major ab. nov. Length of forewing, 20 mm. ;
expanse, 46 mm. Length of largest $ erythroxylea , 17 mm. ; expanse, 39 mm.

5 ?$ Oran Town, April 1913 (W. R. and E. H.).

Both in radius radius and radius erythroxylea the aberration with black-brown
forewings occurs commonly.

130. Euxoa imperator (Bang-Haas).

Agrotis imperator Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. xxvi.'p. 142. pi. vi. f. 6 (1912) (Biskra).

This fine species Mr. Oberthiir considers an exaggerated form of melanura
Koll. This is not the case, as imperator is a true Euxoa while melanura is a true
Agrotis sensu Hampson and therefore widely separated.

We never found this species very abundant, and most of the material at
Tring is Central Saharan.

We have 38 specimens from Ain Sefra, May 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Bou
Saada May, Djebel Kerdada May 1911-1912 (V. Faroult) ; Biskra (Staudinger) ;
north of El Golea May, Oued el Far, south of Fort Miribel May, South Oued
Mya May, Central Sahara, 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert).

In the British Museum is 1 ^ Constantine, Staudinger and Bang-Haas.

3

34 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

131. Agrotis nona berth.

Agrotis nona Oberthur, EtwI. Lipid. Comp. fasc. vii. p. 62. pi. cxci. ff. 1840, 1846 (1913) (Afiou).

I have only received this from Guelt-es-Stel.

33 Guelt-es-Stel, October— November 1913 (V. Faroult).

[Epilecta linogrisea lutosa (Stdgr.).

Agrotis linogrisea var. lutosa Staudinger and Rebel, Cat. Lepid. Pal. edit. iii. p. 135 (1901) (Andalusia),

I have never received this species from Mauretania. Mr. Oberthur received
1 specimen from Khenchela.]

132. Agrotis orbona (Hiifn.).

Phalaena orbona Hiifnagel, Berl. Mag. vol. iii. p. 304 (1767) (Berlin).

There is considerable confusion in our literature in connection with the two
closely allied species we now call Agrotis orbona (Htifn.) and Agrotis comes (Treitr.).
This confusion has arisen because both species have received the names orbona
and subsequa. A. orbona (Hiifn.) was called sttbsequa by Schiffermuller in the
Wiener Verzeichniss (1775) ; A. comes (Treit.) was called orbona by Fabricius
in the Mantissa Insectorum (1787) and subsequa by Esper in the Schmetlerlinge
Europas (1786). Guenee quotes Rottemburg, Naturforscher, vol. ix. (1776), as the
author of his orbona, and as Rottemburg, in the place quoted, was criticising
Hiifnagel's work, orbona of Guenee is certainly true orbona Hiifn. ; while his
subsequa and consequa appear doubtful. Mr. Oberthur, however, appears to have
applied the name of orbona Rott.-Guen. to comes, if we may judge by the localities
he gives and from his having many variable specimens ; for while I have 31
specimens of comes from Mauretania from a number of localities, I have only two
true orbona with the conspicuous black subapical spot.

1 <J Guelt-es-Stel, October 1913 (V. Faroult) ; 1 $ El Mahouna, September
1919 (V. Faroult).

133. Agrotis comes (Treit.).

Nocliia comes Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vol. v. pt. i. p. 254 (1825).

Triphaena orbona Oberthur (nee Hiifnagel), Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 101 (1919) (Ain.
Draham, Lambessa).

This is much the more common of the two species, in fact after pronuba it
is the commonest of the 6 " Yellow Underwings " found in Algeria.

The Mauretanian series at Tring consists of 32 specimens from Guelt-es-
Stel, October— November 1912-1913 (V. Faroult); Ain Draham and Tunis
August — September 1911, Hammam R'hira June, north side of Djebel Zaccar
August 1916 (V. Faroult) ; Batna (Nelva coll.) ; Sidi-bel- Abbes, June —
September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou, June 1918 (P. Rotrou).

Mr. Warren calls orbona Hiifn. subsequa Schiff. and comes Treit. orbona
Hiifn. in Seitz Grossschmelterlinge tier Erde.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 35

134. Agrotis pronuba (Linn.).
Plw.lae.na pronuba Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 512 (1758) (Sweden).

This is very common in some parts of Mauretania, and as variable as in
Europe.

The Mauretanian series at Tring comprises 21 1 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel,
April— October 1912-1913 (V. Faroult) ; Environs de Batna, June— October
1911-1914 (Nelva coll.) ; Environs d'Alger, May 1908 (W. R. and E. H.) ;
Hammam R'hira May — July 1916, Ain Draham August— October 1911, El
Hamel May 1912, Oued Hamidou June 1912, Bordj-ben-Aneridj October
1912, Bou Saada May 1912, Boghari May 1913, Tilghemt April 1912, Sidi
Bou Medine June 1917 (Victor Faroult) ; Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R. and
K. J.) ; Oran Town, April 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes June— Sep-
tember 1916-1918, Titen Yaya June 1915 (M. Rotrou) ; Lalla Marnia, Decem-
ber 1914 (V. Faroult) ; Mazagan, Morocco, October 1902 (W. Riggenbach) ;
Sebdou, June 1916 (P. Rotrou) ; Aflou, October 1916 (V. Faroult) ; El Aoudj,
July 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; El Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faroult).

In the British Museum is 1 $ El Kantara, April 1913, P. A. Buxton.

135. Triphaena janthina intermedia subsp. nov.

Mr. Oberthiir records specimens from Marseilles intermediate between typical
janthina and his janthina algirica, and I have such specimens collected by
Georg Kriiger in Sicily. Mr. Oberthiir also records a worn specimen from Lam-
bessa of this intermediate race approaching nearest to j. janthina.

I have 1 1 specimens from Sidi-bel-Abbes which in size and marking of fore-
wings are similar to j. janthina ab. rufa Tutt, but the hindwings have a much
narrower black border, though not quite so narrow as in j. algirica. I therefore
describe this intermediate race as janthina intermedia.

3 (JcJ, 7 ?$ Sidi-bel-Abbes, August— September 1916-1917 (M. Rotrou) ;
1 <$ Ain Draham (V. Faroult).

[Triphaena janthina algirica Oberth.

Triphaena janthina var. algirica Oberthiir, Etud. Lepid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 102. pi. xdiii. f. 4087
(1919) (Alger).

I have no specimen of this form.]

136. Triphaena fimbria (Linn.).

Plialaena fimbria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. xii. p. 842 (1767).

I have only received two $t$ specimens of this insect.
1 J Ain Draham, July 1911 (V. Faroult) ; 1 $ Ain El-Berd, September 1918
(P. Rotrou).

137. Agrotis c. nigrum (Linn.).

Phalaena c. nigrum Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 516 (1758) (Sweden).

I have not found this so rare in Algeria as Mr. Oberthiir believes it to be.

Our Mauretanian series at Tring consists of 119 specimens from Blida les
Glacieres, June 1908 (W. R. andK. J.) ; Hammam R'hira, May— June 1908-1916

36 Novitates Zoologicae XXVTI. 1920.

(W. R. and K. J. , and Faroult) ; Environs d' Alger, March— May 1906-1911 (W. R.
and K. J. and E. H., and Dr. Nissen) ; Djebel Zaccar, Miliana, June 1916 (Victor
Faroult) ; Blida February 1916, Oued Hamidou June 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-
bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Foret de Tenira, June 1918 (P. Rotrou) ;
Ain Draham, July— October 1911; Masser Mines, June 1914 (V. Faroult);
El Mahouna, June 1919 (V. Faroult).

138. Agrotis flammatra (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena flammatra Schiffermuller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 80 (1775)
(Vienna).

Our series at Tring from Mauretania is small : 12 specimens from Ain Sefra,
May 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Sebdou, June 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Mecheria June
1918, Djebel Aissa May 1915 (Victor Faroult) ; GuehVes-Stel, October 1913
(Faroult).

139. Agrotis leucogaster (Frr.).

Noctua leucogaster Freyer, Neue Beitr. Schmett. vol. i. p. 38. pi. 21 (1831) (Prag).

Of this species I have received 7 specimens from Tunisia.

4 (?(?, 3 $$ Ain Draham, August— September 1911 (V. Faroult).

Mr. Oberthur does not record it.

140. Agrotis nisseni Rothsch. (PI. XVII. f. 18.)

Agrotis nisseni Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. six. p. 125. No. 2 (1912) (Ain Draham).

This fine large species appears to be very rare. Besides my 4 specimens, I
know of only one other sent for identification to Sir George Hampson by Herr
Piingler of Aachen. This species is nearest to atlantica Warr., but the ground-
colour is entirely grey and wood-brown, not red and olive as in atlantica.

1 <$, 2 ?$ Ain Draham September 1911, 1 $ Guelt-es-Stel October 1913
(Victor Faroult).

141. Agrotis augnroides Rothsch. (PI. XVII. f. 17.)

Agrotis augnroides Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 320. No. 92 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

The type has remained unique.

1 <J Guelt-es-Stel, April 1912 (W. R. & K. J.).

142. Agrotis xanthographa (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena xanthographa Schiflermiiller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 83 (1775)
(Vienna).

A common insect.

I have 360 Mauretanian examples from Ain Draham, September 1911 (V.
Faroult); Batna, September— October 1912-1914 (Nelva coll.); Perregaux,
October 1915 (V. Faroult); Sidi-bel-Abbes, .September 1917 (M. Rotrou);
Foret de Tenira, September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; El Mahouna, September 1919
(V. Faroult).

N0VITATE8 ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 37

[Lycophotia margaritacea (Vill.).

Noclua margaritacea de VilJers, Linn. Enlom. Faun. Suec. Descr. vol. ii. p. 272. No. 340. pi. 5. f. 16
(1789) (Europe).

I have not received any insect agreeing with margaritacea, but Mr. Oberthiir
states that the insects he places under this name are more slaty coloured and are
therefore duskier than European margaritacea. I am almost convinced that he
has wrongly identified the specimens, and that he really has examples of the insect
I named Euxoa lycophotioides, and which Sir George Hampson has examined
and places in the genus Epipsilia. If this is so, and I am tolerably certain it is,
then Lycophotia margaritacea does not occur in Algeria, and the insect so-called
by Mr. Oberthiir is Epipsilia lycophotioides Rothsch.]

143. Epipsilia lycophotioides (Rothsch.). (PI. XVII. fi. 28, 29.)

Euxoa lycophotioides Rothschild, Novil. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 319. No. 81 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

I have not received this species from any other locality.
15 <J,J Guelt-es-Stel, October 1912-1913 (V. Faroult).

144. Agrotis praecipuina (Rothsch.). (PI. XVII. f. 9.)

Epipsilia praecipuina Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 321. No. 97 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

I have only received 8 specimens in all of this species which at first sight
looks like a xanthograplia washed all over with bright rufous.

1 $ Guelt-es-Stel, September 1913 (V. Faroult) ; 3 $<$, 1 $ Ain Draham, Sep-
tember 1911 (V. Faroult) ; 3 ^ Sidi-bel- Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou).

145. Epipsilia faceta (Treit.).

Noclua faceta Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vol. x. pt. ii. p. 35 (1835).

The Tring series contains 91 Mauretanian specimens from Environs d' Alger,
January— December 1906-1912 (W. R., E. H., Dr. Nissen, Captain Holl, and
Faroult) ; Hammam R'hira February 1918, Blida February 1916 (V. Faroult) ;
Rabat (A. Thery).

In the British Museum are 2 $$ Tangier ; 1 $ Mauretania, Staudinger and
Bang- Haas ; 1 $ Hammam Meskoutine, March 1911, Meade Waldo.

146. Amathes witzenmanni (Standi).

Orthosia witzenmanni Standfuss, Mitth. Schweiz. Enlom. Gesell. vol. viii. p. 233 (1890) (Digne).

I have very few specimens of tliis fine species, 10 (J<J, 5 ?$, of which 6 cJ(J are
ab. plumbina Tnr., 2 $$, 2 $$> ab. griseola Rothsch., 2 <$£, 2 $$ ab. castanea
Rothsch., and 1 $ dark grey entirely suffused with vinous red which I name ab.
griseovinosa ab. nov.

7 cJcJ Environs de Batna, 1911-1914 (Nelva coll.) ; 3 $$, 5 ?$ Guelt-es-Stel,
October — November 1912-1913 (V. Faroult). I have not any of the ab. vinosa
Oberth.

38 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

147. Monima stabilis (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena stabilis Schiffermiiller and Denis. Ank. Sijst. Werk. Schmeit. Wienergeg. p. 76 (1775) (Vienna).

I have only 1 Algerian specimen of this species, which appears to be very
rare in Mauretania.

1 $ Environs d' Alger, March 30th, 1911 (W. R. and E. H.).

| Monima cruda (Schiff. & Den.).
Phalaena cruda Schiffermiiller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmeit. Wienergeg. p. 77 (1775) (Vienna).
I have no Mauretanian examples of this species. Mr. Oberthiir records it
from Lambessa.]

148. Amathes ruticilla (Esp.).

Noctua ruticilla Esper, Schmetl. pt. iv. vol. ii. p. 525. No. 220. pi. clvii. (Noct. 78) f. 1. (1791)

(Florence).

I have received very few of this species.

6 cJ(J, 4 ?$ Environs de Batna, 1913-1914 (Nelva coll.).

149. Amathes lychnidis (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena lychnidis Schiffermiiller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 76 (1775)

(Vienna).
Phalaena pistacina Schiffermiiller and T)enis,Ank.Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 77 (1775) (Vienna).

I have 29 Mauretanian specimens from Environs de Batna, 1910-1914 (A.
Nelva and V. Faroult) ; Hammam R'hira, February — .June 1918 (V. Faroult) ;
Sidi-bel-Abbes, June 1918 (M. Rotrou) ; Environs d' Alger, January 1911 (W. R.
and E. H.) ; Blida, December 1915 (Faroult). 1 specimen is ab. coernlescens
Calb.

150. Amathes lota (Linn.)

Phalaena lota Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 513 (1758).

Of this species the Mauretanian examples at Tring number 19 from Batna.
12 <$<$, 5 ?9 Environs de Batna, October 1910-1914 (A. Nelva and V. Faroult) ;
1 cJ Blida February 1916, 1 ? Aflou October 1916 (V. Faroult).

151. Amathes macilenta (Haw.).

Noctua macilenta Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 239 (1809).

I have received 1 specimen of this species.
1 ? Aflou, October 21st, 1916 (V. Faroult).

152. Sidemia fissipuncta oberthuri subsp. nov.

This is the insect Mr. Oberthiir has treated of as Orthosia ypsilon Schiff., but
ypsilon Schiff. being preoccupied by ypsilon Rott., Haworth's name fissijmncta
is the correct appellation. I have it treated as a subspecies at present, but
believe it will prove a distinct species. Mr. Oberthiir says that the Algerian
form appears to be very pale in colour and have the pattern much effaced ; but
that he has too few specimens to confirm this.

NOVTTATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXVII. 1920. 39

The series from Algeria at Tring consists of 63 specimens, 20 from East
Algeria and 43 from West Algeria, and they are very distinct from European and
British examples.

<J 9 differs from fissipuncta fissipuncta in being much paler, in the markings
being less pronounced, in the submarginal band being much straighter and less
sinuate, and in the postmedial band being well developed in most specimens and
much nearer the reniform.

14 <$£, 16 99 Environs de Batna, 1911-1912 (A. Nelva coll.) ; 17 <$<$, 18 $$
Sidi-bel-Abbes and Les Trembles, April— July 1914-1918 (M. Rotrou) ; 2 <J<J,
5 99 Sebdou and Foret de Tenira, May— June 1 91 8 (P. Rotrou) ; 1 <J Lalla Marnia,
April 1914 (V. Faroult).

Type $ Sidi-bel-Abbes.

153. Omphaloscelis Iunosa (Haw.).

Noctua Iunosa Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 230 (1809).

I have received very few Mauretanian examples of this species.

1 <J, 4 99 Guelt-es-Stel, October— November 1913 (V. Faroult) ; 5 $$, 1 9
El Mesrane November 1913, 3 <$<$, 1 $ Aflou October 1916 (V. Faroult).

[Amathes haematidea (Dup.).

Noctua haematidea Duponchel, Lepid. France, vol. vii. p. 363. pi. 122. f. 5 (1827) (France).
I have no Mauretanian examples.]

[Amathes litura (Linn.).

Phalaena litura Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. edit. ii. p. 320 (1761) (Sweden).

Also of this species I have no specimens from Mauretania.]

154. Amathes helvola (Linn.).

Phalaena helvola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 507 (1758) (Finland).

Phalaena rufina Sehffermuller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmelt. Wienergeg. p. 86 (1775) (Vienna).

Guenee, and consequently Oberthiir also, attributes the name rufina to
Linnaeus and quotes " S. IT. 72." What this reference means I have been unable
to trace, nor can I find any such name as rufina in Linnaeus. Rufina Schiffermiiller
is described in the Wiener Verzeichniss, 1 775, so is much later than Linnaeus'
helvola 1758.

1 have 2 99 from Algeria of the red form.

2 $$ Environs de Batna, 1913-1914 (Nelva coll.).

155. Amathes lucida (Hiifn.).

Phalaena lucida Hiifnagel, Berl. Mag. vol. iii. p. 302 (1767).

The name nitida Schiff., used by Mr. Oberthiir, was published in 1775, eight
years later than Hiifnagel's lucida.

I have 2 Algerian specimens.

1 cJ Hammam R'hira, February 1918 (V. Faroult) ; 1 9 Environs de Batna,
1913-1914 (A. Nelva coll.).

40 NOV1TATE8 ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920.

I Conistra silene (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena silene SchifFermiiller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 85 (1775) (Vienna).

I have not received this insect from Mauretania.]
[Conistra veronicae (Hiibn.).

Noclua veronicae Hiibner, Samm. Europ. Schmett. Noct. i. 541 (1827).

This also is not in the Tring Museum from Mauretania.]

[Conistra erythrocephala (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena erythrocephala Schiffermuller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wiemrgeg. p. 77 (1775)
(Vienna).

Again this species has never come to hand from Mauretania.]
156. Conistra vaccinii sebdouensis (Aust.).

Orrhodia sebdouensis Austaut, Lc Natur. 1880. p. 221 (Sebdou).

The Algerian race, although just as variable as the European and British
vaccinii vaccinii, is constantly different and is a well separated subspecies.

I have 27 Algerian specimens from Environs de Batna, October 1910-1914
(A. Nelva and V. Faroult).

[Xantholeuca croceago (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena croceago Sehiffermiiller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 86 (1775) (Vienna).
This species we have not received.]

157. Cosmia austauti (O berth.).

Xanlhia atistauti Oberthiir, Elud. Enlom. fase. vi. p. 87. pi. 1. f. 3 (1881) (Sidi-bel-Abbes).

Sir George Hampson unites this with palleago Hiibn., but I consider it a
distinct species ; it differs at first sight from palleago by the much rounder and
blunter apex of the forewings, in fact its shape is much more that of gilvago
Schiff.

This is very variable indeed, and the following aberrations have names ; pale
nankeen as in type, but pattern heavy and brownish = ab. monilifera Culot ;
orange-cinnamon with heavy sooty pattern = ab. batnensis Culot ; rosy cinnamon
or rufous cinnamon, pattern not heavy = ab. algirica B.-H. (1912) = rosina
Culot (1914).

Our Mauretanian series at Tring numbers 216, from Environs de Batna,
October 1909-1914 (A. Nelva, Faroult, and Staudinger) ; Bou Saada March 1912,
Aflou October 1916, Lalla Marnia November 1914 (Victor Faroult) ; Foret de
Tenira, October 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ;
Bordj-ben-Aneridj, October 1912 (V. Faroult); Medjes October 1911, Aflou
October 1916 (V. Faroult) ; Guelt-es-Stel, November 1913 (V. Faroult).

The British Museum has 2 £<$, 2 $<j> Batna, Staudinger and Bang-Haas.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 41

158. Cymatophora algirica (Culot).

Cirrhoedia algirica Culot, Noel, et Gkom. d"Eur. pt. i. vol. ii. p. 76. pi. 53. f. 1. (1914) (Lambessa).

I have of this Mauretanian species 46 specimens — viz. 25 Sidi-bel-Abbes,
October 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; 1 (J Batna (Staudinger) ; 19 Foret de Tenira Octo-
ber, 1 Sebdou September 1918 (P. Rotrou).

The latter specimen was sent out as Cirrh. pallida var. ; pallida Stdgr. is
quite a different insect from Asia Minor and has pure white hindwings.

[Enargia ulicis Stdgr. and its allies. Mr. Oberthiir makes all the forms of
Enargia, occurring in Algeria, forms of one species, ulicis Stdgr. Sir George
Hampson, on the other hand, makes them out to be 3 good species. It is very
difficult to decide this question, because it is complicated by the occurrence of
3 distinct colour groups in each form : (1) Yellowish ochre grey = ab. griseo-olivacea
Culot. (Form 2) Salmon to deep brick-red = ab. rufa Culot. (Form 3) Brown to
black-brown = ab. brunnea Culot. I consider therefore my series too small to
decide these points, and shall for the present follow Sir George Hampson and
treat them as 3 species.]

159. Enargia ulicis (Stdgr.).

Cosmia ulicis Staudinger, Stett. EnUmi. Zeit. 1859. p. 214 (Granada).

1 2 from Guelt-es-Stel (V. Faroult) ; 2 JJ, 6 22 El Mahouna, September 1919
(V. Faroult).

160. Enargia regina (Stdgr.).

Cosmia regina Staudinger, Iris, vol. iv. p. 297. pi. 4. f. 2 (1892) (Asia Minor).

1 have 1 2 very large and typical from Ain Draham, September 1911 (V.
Faroult).

The British Museum has 1 $ Le Tarf, D. Lucas.

161. Enargia algirica Culot.

Enargia algirica Culot, Noct. et Giom. a" Eur. p. 73. pi. 52. ff. 9, 10 (f. 8 appears to be an aberrant

regina) (August 1914) (Lambessa).
Amathes rufescentior Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 331. No. 163 (October 1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

The Tring series consists of 20 <$<$, 18 $2 : 3 $<$ Batna, September 1913
(Nelva coll.) ; 1 2 Lambessa, 1912 (Nelva coll.) ; 15 (J<J, 15 22 Guelt-es-Stel May
1913, 1 J Ain Draham September 1911 (V. Faroult) ; 1 $, 2 22 El Mahouna,
September 1919 (V. Faroult).

2 (JcJ, 1 2 are the ab. griseo-olivacea Culot, and 1 <J, 2 22 are the ab. ruberrima
Rothsch.

The British Museum has 2 <?<?, 2 22 Guelt-es-Stel ex Tring Museum.

162. Enargia jordani sp. nov. (PI. XVII. f. 27.)

Nearest allied to borjomensis Stdgr., but differs in the orbicular and reniform
being both strongly developed. It also differs at a glance in the antennae being
so strongly serrate as to be almost pectinated while the 22 of all the other species
have simple antennae.

42 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

?. Antennae rufous brown ; head and thorax rufous cinnamon ; abdomen
whitish grey, freckled heavily with black scales.

Forewings rufous cinnamon, freckled with black scales ; antemedian line not
strongly marked, reniform and orbicular very large, dark brown, postmedian
line clearly defined and well marked sinuate and strongly dentate ; fringe entirely
rufous cinnamon not edged with black as in vlicis and allies. Hindwing dull
white ; a minute black stigma and a median sinuate angulate pale cinnamon line.

Length of forewing, 18 mm. ; expanse, 41 mm.

1 ? Souk Ahras, April 15th, 1914 (W. R. and K. J.).

163. Miselia luteago (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena luteago SchifTcrmiiller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 86 (1775) (Vienna).
(In Cat. Brit. Mus. as Polia.)

I have only two Mauretanian specimens. 2 $$ Hammam R'hira, May 1916
(V. Faroult).

164. Hydroecia xanthenes orientalis (Oberth.).

Jortijria xanthenes var. orientalis Oberthur, JSlud. Lepid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 127. pi. xdv. f. 4105
(1919) (Batna).

Most of my specimens are much paler than the figured type.

1 have 1 2 Mauretanian specimens : 3 $<$, 5 $$ Lamberidi nr. Batna
October 1910, 1 <J Bordj-ben-Aneridj October 1912, 1 $ A'in Draham October
1911, 1 (J Hammam R'hira February 1918, 1 $ Blida November 1S15 (Victor
Faroult). Most of the specimens are very large, especially the 9?, considerably
larger than European specimens.

165. Epipsilia straminea (Rothsch.). (PI. XVII. f. 10.)

Euxoa straminea Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 318. No. 80 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

2 <JtJ Guelt-es-Stel, October 1912 (V. Faroult).

166. Parastichtis monoglypha (Hiifn.).

Phalaena monoglypha Hiifnagel, Berl. Mag. vol. iii. p. 308 (17G7) (Berlin).

The Tring series from Mauretania is very small, 13^, 9$?: 11 c?c?> 4 $$
Batna 1909 (A. Nelva coll.) ; 1 <J, 3 ?? Hammam R'hira April— May 1917, 1 $
Bordj-ben-Aneridj October 1912 (V. Faroult) ; 1 <J, 1 $ El Mahouna, July 1919

(V Faroult).

167. Pseudohadena chenopodiphaga (Ramb.).

Mamestra chenopodiphaga Rambur, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, vol. i. p. 283. pi. 9. i. 7 (1832) (Corsica).

The Mauretanian series at Tring consists of 67 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel,
April — November 1914 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult) ; Bordj Ferjan and Bordj
Mecht-el-Kaid, east of Touggourt, April 1909 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Bou Saada and
Tilghemt April— May 1912, Am Sefra May 1915, El Mesrane May 1913,
Biskra May 1910 (Victor Faroult) ; Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ;
north of El Golea, March 1912 (Hartert and Hilgcrt) ; Mecheria, May 1918
(Faroult).

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 43

The ab. erubescens Stdgr. occurs all over Algeria amongst the type, but most
frequently in the south.

The British Museum has 1 $ Hammam-es-Salahin, April 1904, Lord
Walsingham.

168. Pseudohadena roseonitens (Oberth.).

Mamestra roseonitens Oberthiir. Bull. Soc. Enlom. France. 1887. p. 49 (Biskra).

Of this fine insect I have 12 specimens from Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R.
and K. J.) ; Bou Saada, May 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Biskra (Staudinger) ; Bordj
Chegga, S. of Biskra and Zaatscha, W. of Biskra, April 19C9 (W. R. and E. H.).

169. Saragossa seeboldi arabum Culot.

Saragossa seeboldi var. arabum Culot, Noct.el Giom. il'Eur. pt. i. vol. i. p. 112. pi. 19. f. 12 (1911)
(Sebdou).

Of this very rare species I have only 5 Algerian specimens.

1 <$ Batna (Nelva coll.); 1 $ Guelt-es-Stel, September 1913 (W. R. and
K. J.) ; 1 J, 1 ? Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; 1 <$ Bou Yousuf,
September 1914 (A. Nelva).

170. Hadula pulverata (B.-H.).

Mamestra pulverata, Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. xx. p. 71. pi. iii. f. 8 (1907) (Gafsa).

Polia cinnamomeogrisea Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 121. No. 36 (1913) (Boriij Chegga).

The series at Tring consists of 58 specimens from Bordj Chegga. Bordj
Saada, and Kef-el-Dohr, S. of Biskra, February 1912 and March 1917 (Kartert
and Hilgert, and V. Faroult).

I only found out that cinnamomeogrisea = pulverata after the whole article
was written.

171. Hadula griseola (Rothsch.).

Odonlelia griseola Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 121. No. 37 (1913) (halfway between Ouargla
and El Golea).

This insect appears to be rare ; only 2 further specimens in addition to the
original 5 have come to hand.

4 <3<S (including type of ab. rosacea) Mraier S. of Biskra, 1 $ halfway
between Ouargla and El Golea February — March 1912, 1 <$ Hassi Dinar S. of
Touggourt (Hartert and Hilgert) ; 1 $ Bir Stil, S. of Biskra, March 1917 (V.
Faroult).

172. Margelana irritaria (B.-Haas).

Apamea lestacea var. irritaria Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. xxvi. p. 146 (1912) (Batna).

This insect has been much confused ; Bang-Haas has placed it as a sub-
species of Pallti perina lestacea Hiibn., Culot does not mention it, and Oberthiir
places it as one of the many varieties he attributes to his Palluperina dayensis.
Sir George Hampson, however, declares that structurally it is not a Palluperina
at all, but a Margelana.

I have 17 $<$ all from Batna, including 1 co-type.

17 $$ Batna, 1909-1914 (A. Nelva).

In the British Museum is 1 $ Batna, Staudinger and Bang-Haas.

44 Novitates Zooxogicae XXVII. 1920.

173. Palluperina powelli (Culot).

Apamea nickerlii var. powelli Culot, Noct. el Qkom. d'Eur. p. 140. pi. 25. f. 10 (5) (1912) (Geryville).
Luperina pseudoderthisa Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 332. No. 170 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

1 have 15 specimens of this species.

5 33 Aflou October 1916, 4 33, 2 $$ Guelt-es-Stel September— October 1913
(V. Faroult) ; 1 $ Sebdou, September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; 1 3 Sidi-bel- Abbes,
September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; 1 3, 1 ? El Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faroult).

174. Palluperina nickerlii graslini Oberth.

Luperina nickerlii var. graslini Oberthur, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1908, p. 323 (Pyrenees-Orientales).

This subspecies is the form found in Algeria ; I have 15 specimens.

2 JcJ, 1 $ Batna October 1910-1914 (Nelva and Faroult) ; 5 33, 2 $$ Aflou,
October 1916 (V. Faroult); Sebdou, September 1918 (P. Rotrou); 1 $ Sidi-
bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; 2 33 El Mahouna, September 1919
(V. Faroult).

Mr Oberthur remarks that his Algerian specimens are paler and greyer than
Mr. Culot's figure plate 25 f. 9, but mine are almost as dark, except the Sidi-bel-
Abbes $ and 1 Batna 3-

175. Palluperina dayensis (Oberth.).

Luperina rubella var. dayensis Oberthur, Etud. Entom, fasc. vi. p. 80. pi. 11, i. 9 (1881) (Daya).

Mr. Oberthur unites under dayensis all the forms of the teshicea section from
Algeria. My series of testacea, rubella, etc. from all localities are too few for me
to express an opinion, and so I have followed Mr. Oberthur in this instance.

The series from Algeria at Tring contains 42 specimens from Environs de
Batna, September 1909-1914 (A. Nelva) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, Messer, September —
October 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Foret de Tenira, September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ;
Sebdou, September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Guelt-es-Stel October 1912, Biskra
November 1910 (V. Faroult) ; El Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faroult).

176. Palluperina dumerilii (Dup.).

Noclua dumerilii Duponchel, Lipid. France, vol. vi. p. 277. pi. 90. f. 4 (1826) (France).

I have 3 33, 4 $$ of this species, 1 § being of the ab. armoricana.

1 3, 1 $ A'in Draham October 1911, 1 3 Aflou October 1916, 1 $ Perregaux
November 1915 (V. Faroult) ; 1 3 Environs de Batna, 1913-1914 (A. Nelva) ;
1 $ Foret de Tenira, September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; 1 $ El Mahouna, September
1919 (V. Faroult).

177. Sidemia fulva (Rothsch.). (PI. XVII. ff. 20, 21.)

Meganephira oxyacanthae fulva Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 329. No. 151 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

We now have at Tring 1 1 33, 6 ?$ of this species : 6 33, 2 ?$ El Mesrane,
November 1913 (V. Faroult) ; 3 33, 2 $$ Perregaux, September — October 1915
(V. Faroult) ; 1 $ (type) Guelt-es-Stel, October 1912 (V. Faroult) ; 1 3 Biskra,
March 1914 (W. R. and E. H.).

Novitates Zoolooioae XXVII. 1920. 45

178. Dasysternum faroulti sp. nov. (PI. XVII. f. 22.)

$. Antennae greyish white ; head and thorax greyish sandy-cinnamon ;
abdomen greenish buff.

Forewing greyish sandy-cinnamon ; orbicular reduced to a point, reniform
large white bordered inwardly with brown ; antemedian line strongly angled
three times dark cinnamon brown, postmedian line strongly dentate-lunate
running obliquely inwards, antemedian line basad and postmedian line distad
bordered with white ; submarginal line white ; fringe chequered and lined with
white. Hindwing dirty whitish grey, whiter towards termen, marginal hair-
line brown.

Length of forewing, 19 mm. ; expanse, 44 mm.

1 $ El Mesrane, November 1915 (V. Faroult).

179. Dasythorax rotroui sp. nov. (PI. XVII. f. 23.)

$. Antennae dark brown, cylindrical ; head, thorax, and abdomen cinnamon
wood-brown.

Forewing cinnamon brown, freckled with black scales ; an incomplete ante-
median line obliquely outwards to vein 2, orbicular with black ring and central
dot, reniform large whitish, a curved dentate postmedian black line, post-discal
area strongly irrorated with black scales. Hindwing milk white.

Length of forewing, 15 mm. ; expanse, 34 mm.

1 $ Messer, September 1917 (M. P*otrou).

180. Namaugana chimaera sp. nov. (PI. XVII. f. 24.)

This curious species is unlike any other Noctuid known to me.

,$. Entirely wood-grey, with an intense satiny sheen. Forewing irrorated
slightly with black scales, basal one-fifth more thickly, an oblique faint black
hair-line from vein 1 outwards towards apex to vein 5, a submarginal row of
black indistinct spots from vein 4 to inner margin.

Length of forewing, 14 mm; expanse, 31 mm.

1 {J Environs de Taourirt, Morocco, July 1918 (per M. Rotrou).

181. Sidemia aflouensis sp. nov. (PI. XVII. f. 25.)

Nearest to kostantschikovi Piingl.

<$. Antennae amber-brown ; head and thorax slaty mouse-grey ; abdomen
yellowish grey. Forewing slaty mouse-grey, orbicular and reniform indistinct,
claviform prominent ; a dentate curved postmedian thin line, black pale grey on
distad side. Hindwing white.

Length of forewing, 15 mm. ; expanse, 34 mm.

1 <J Aflou, October 1916 (V. Faroult).

182. Thalpophila vitalba (Frr.).

Noctua vitalba Freyer, Neue Beitr. vol. ii. pt. xxi. p. 48. pi. 124. fit. 3, 4 (1834) (Sicily).

I have a series from Mauretania of 23 specimens : Am Draham, September
1911 (V. Faroult) ; Environs d' Alger, September 1908 (Dr. Nissen and Captain
Holl) ; El Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faroult).

46 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

183. Trachea secalis (Linn.).

Phalaena secalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 519 (1758) (Sweden).

This is one of the most variable of species, and has an enormous distribution
from Great Britain in the west to Japan in the east, from Scandinavia in the
north to Mauretania in the south, and in Asia from the Arctic Ocean in the north
to India in the south.

Mr. Oberthiir remarks that he has never seen a specimen of the ab. struvii
Ragusa from Mauretania ; it certainly must be extremely rare there, but I have
one very fine strongly marked specimen of this aberration from Setif.

The series of Mauretanian examples at Tring consists of 209 specimens
from Berrouaghia, April 1914 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel- Abbes, September — October
1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Environs de Setif, 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Lambessa, November
1912 (A. Nelva coll.) ; A'in Draham, August — September 1911 (V. Faroult) ;
Environs de Batna (A. Nelva coll.).

184. Procus faroulti (Rothsch.).

Bryophila faroulii Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 333. No. 177 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

Mr. Oberthiir has described this insect under the name of Miana erratricula
poicelli, but, as Sir George Hampson pointed out to me, the median and post-
median lines run differently to those in erratricula , and he considers this a distinct
species. Sir George Hampson also considers I was right originally in placing it
in the genus Bryophila and not in that of Procus (Miana), but I am more than
doubtful of this now, and prefer to treat it as a species of Procus.

The Tring series consists of 42 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel, August —
September 1913 (V. Faroult).

185. Procus furuncula (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena furuncula Schiffermiiller and Denis, Ank. Sysl. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 89 (1775)
(Vienna).

This insect appears to be rare in Mauretania, as I have received only 4 3<S,
3 $$.

1 <J, 2 $$ Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; 1 $ Foret de
Tenira, September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; 1 ^ Ain Draham, August 1911 (V. Faroult) ;
2 3$ Metlili, September 1917 (V. Faroult).

18C. Miselia carpophaga (Borkh.).

Phalaena carpophaga Borkhausen, Eur. Schmett. vol. iv. p. 422 (1792).

Mr. Oberthiir places this species under the name of capsophila Dup. It is
quite true that most of my Mauretanian specimens are ab. capsophila, but it
cannot be treated as a separate species or subspecies, as it occurs everywhere
with the type.

We have at Tring 69 specimens from Sebdou, May 191S (P. Rotrou) ; Bou
Saada, May 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Souk Ahras, April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Ham-
mam R'hira August 1916, Messer June 1918 (V. Faroult) ; Batna, May — June
1915 (A. Nelva coll.) ; Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Guelt-es-Stel
May 1913, Meeheria May 1918 (V. Faroult); Sidi-bel-Abbes, May 1918 (M.
Rotrou) ; Sebdou, Foret de Tenira, May 1918 (P. Rotrou).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 47

187. Pronotestra silenides (Stdgr.).

Uamestra silenides Staudinger, Iris, vol. vii. p. 273. pi. ix. f. 14 (1894) (Chiclava).

The Mauretanian series of this insect at Tring consists of 152 specimens from
Guelt-es-Stel, April— May 1912-1913 (W. R. and K. J., and V. Faroult) ; Biskra,
March— April 1908-1914 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Ghardaia, April 1911 (W. R. and
E. H.) ; Bou Saada, March— April 1911-1912; Mecheria May 1918, El Kantara
March— April 1911 (Victor Faroult) ; Tilghemt, April 1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ;
Tunis, South Oran (Staudinger).

In the British Museum are 1 o 1 Algeria ; 1 $ Tunis ; 1 <$ El Kantara, April
1913, P. A. Buxton.

188. Epia silenes (Hiibn.).

Noclua silenes Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. Noct. i. 653 (1827).

Polia trisagittata Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 322. No. 104 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

The darker ab. sancta Stdgr. (Dianthoecia sancta Staudinger, Slett. Entom.
Zeit. 1859, p. 213 (Chiclana)) has been placed by Sir George Hampson as an
aberration of Epia nisus Germ. ; but I agree with Messrs. Culot and Oberthiir
that it belongs to silenes Hiibn.

My irisagiUaia is a J with very strongly developed markings and with very
high colour contrasts.

Our series at Tring consists of 149 Mauretanian specimens from Guelt-es-Stel,
March — April 1912-1913 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult) ; Hammam Meskoutine,
April 1914 (W. R. andK. J.); Bou Saada, March— April 1911-1912 (V. Faroult) ;
Batna (Nelva) ; Mazagan, March 1902 (W. Riggenbach).

[Miselia bicruris (Hufn.).

Phalaena bicruris Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. vol. iii. pt. iii. p. 302 (1707) (Berlin).

Mr. Oberthiir makes use of Schiffermiiller's name capsincola, but bicruris
has nine years' priority. I have not received this species from Mauretania.]

189. Miselia magnolii (Boisd.).

Dianthoecia magnolii Boisduval, Ind. Meth. p. 125 (1829).

My single <$ from Hammam Meskoutine has the ground-colour almost black,
with no trace of rufous colouring so conspicuous in Mr. Culot's figure (Noct. et
Geom. d'Eur. vol. i. pi. 20. f. 8).

1 <J Hammam Meskoutine, April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.).

190. Miselia compta galactina (Turati).

IHanthoecia galactina Turati, Nat. Sicil. vol. xx. p. 25. pi. 6. ff. 10, 11 (1907) (Sicily).

The Algerian form appears to be this and must be very rare, as Mr. Ober-
thiir only records it from Guelt-es-Stel, and I have only received 1 single (J also
from there.

1 J Guelt-es-Stel, June 1913 (V. Faroult).

48 NOVTTATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVII. 1920.

191. Miselia conspersa (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena conspersa Schiffermiiller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk, Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 71 (1775)
(Vienna).

Mr. Oberthiir does not record this species, but Mr. Culot does so from Morocco.

The series at Tring consists of 38 specimens from Environs d'Alger May
1908, Hammam Meskoutine, and Souk Ahras April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ;
Hammam R'hira August, Djebel Zaccar, near Miliana, June 1916 (V. Faroult) ;
Guelt-es-Stel, April— June 1913 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, May 1918 (M.
Rotrou) ; El Mahouna, May — June 1919 (V. Faroult).

192. Miselia dysodea faroulti (Rothsch.).

Polia faroulli Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 322. No. 106 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).
Hecatera dysodea africana Oberthiir, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 138 (1919) (Geryville).

Mr. Oberthiir has renamed this insect as usual, because it has not been
figured by me.

The Tring series of Mauretanian examples numbers 43 specimens from Bou
Saada April— May 1911-1912, Guelt-es-Stel September 1913 (V. Faroult);
Tamarouth, Morocco, June 1904 (W. Riggenbach) ; Environs d' Alger (Captain
Holl).

193. Miselia antitypina (Rothsch.). (PI. XVII. f. 8.)

Polia antitypina Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 322. No. 107 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

This species must be very rare, as I have only received the two <J<J from
Guelt-es-Stel.

2 <J<J Guelt-es-Stel, April 1912-1913 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult).

194. Miselia filigrama 'Esp.).

Nocta filigrama Esper, Europ. Schmett. p. 396. No. 137. pi. 130. f. 4 (1788) (Innspruck).

I have 2 <£<£ of this species from Mauretania ; it is not recorded by Mr.
Oberthiir.

1 <J Tamarouth, W. Morocco, June 1904 (W. Riggenbach) ; 1 c? ? (Sand
coll.).

195. Miselia serena (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena serena Schiffermiiller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 84 (1775) (Vienna).

This insect is very variable and has received a number of names, but the
forms Corsica, lettconota, obscara, etc., seem to occur together with the type and
can only rank as aberrations.

I have at Tring 17 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel, April — May 1912-1913
(W. R. and K. J., and Faroult) ; Bou Saada, May 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Hammam
Meskoutine, May 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Hammam R'hira, August 1916 (V.
Faroult) ; Khenchela May 1912, Biskra April 1914, Environs d' Alger May 1912
(W. R., K. J., and E. H.).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 49

196. Metopoceras canteneri canteneri (Dup.).

Polia canteneri Duponchel, Rev. Entom. SSb. vol. i. pt. i. p. 37. pi. 3 (1S33) (S. France, Hyeres).

I thought in 1913, after comparing Guelt-es-Stel specimens with European
ones, that typical canteneri did not occur in Algeria ; but I have since received
from Messrs. Rotrou some specimens from the extreme west of the province of
Oran which are indistinguishable from Portuguese specimens. I therefore must
divide the Algerian canteneri into two local races.

Of canteneri canteneri I have at Tring 9 specimens from Les Pins, June 1918
(M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou June, Foret de Tenira May 1918 (P. Rotrou).

197. Metopoceras canteneri pallidior Rothsch.

Metopoceras canteneri pallidior Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 123 (1913) (Guelt-es-Stel).

Of this paler Central Algerian subspecies we have at Tring 4 c$<3, 3 $$.
4 <£<?, 1 o Guelt-es-Stel, April— May 1912-1913 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult) ;
2 $? Bou Saada, May 1911 (V. Faroult).

198. Metopoceras felicina (Douz.).

Polia felicina Douzel, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, ser. ii. vol. ii. p. 199. pi. 6. f. 2 (1844) (Marseilles).

Of this species we have at Tring 100 specimens from Hammam Meskoutine,
April— May 1909-1914 (W. R., E. H., and K. J.) ; Lalla Marnia, April— May,
1914 (V. Faroult) ; Oran, April 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Mazagan, Morocco,
March — April 1902 (W. Riggenbach) ; Hammam R'hira, May 1908 (W. R. and
K. J.); Bou Saada April 1911, Oued Hamidou June 1912, Guelt-es-Stel April
1913 (V. Faroult) ; Sebdou, Foret de Tenira, May 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Sidi-bel-
Abbes, May 1918 (M. Rotrou).

In the British Museum is 1 <J Forest of Marmora, April 1903, Meade-Waldo.

[Metopoceras codeti Oberth. ; Ammetopa nisseni Rothsch. ; and Ammetopa

codeti Hmpsn.

There has been a most extraordinary amount of confusion in connection
with these three insects, and it only shows how three experienced lepidopterists
like Sir George Hampson, Monsieur Oberthiir, and Monsieur Culot can be deceived
even when assisted by type specimens, good figures, and series of allied species.

Metopoceras codeti Oberth. was first described and figured from Sebdou in
1881 (Etud. Entom. livr. vi. p. 88. pi. xi. f. 10). In the description Mr. Oberthiir
says, " Taille de Felicina ; mais les ailes un peu moins elargies," i.e. less broad.
In continuation Mr. Oberthiir says that the forewings and thorax above are
strongly washed with rose. Now, I have specimens from Am Sefra and Sebdou
taken by myself and P. Rotrou which agree precisely with the original description
and figure of codeti Oberth.

In 1913 Mr. Culot published a description and figure professing also to be
codeti Oberth. {Nod. et Geom. d'Evr. pt. i. vol. i. p. 166. pi. 30. f. 18). In his
description Mr. Culot lays great stress on the narrow forewings, very sinuate and
dentate postmedian line, and the greyish median space. Now, Mr. Culot states
that his figure was taken from the " specimen typicum " of Mr. Oberthiir from
Sebdou. This I cannot believe, as the drawing is totally different from the
drawing in Etud. Entom. livr. vi., undoubtedly made from the type. More-

4

50 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

over, Mr Culot's figure is identical with Guelt-es-Stel specimens, while I have
specimens identical with the figure in the Etudes from Sebdou and Ai'n Sefra.
I feel sure that Mr. Culot received from Mr. Oberthiir a Guelt-es-Stel or El Outaya
specimen in mistake for the original Sebdou specimen caught by Dr. Codet.

Tn the Catalogue of Heterocera, vol. vi. Sir George Hampson created the genus
Ammetopa, (p. 120) for two (J insects caught by Mrs. Nicholl and Mr. Eaton at
Biskra, and which he had identified as codeti Oberth. This insect is totally
different to either codeti Oberth., codeti Culot, or nisseni Rothsch., and belongs
to a different genus. Finally, Ammetopa nisseni Rothsch. was described by me
in 1913, because I compared my Guelt-es-Stel specimens with the Biskra ones
in the British Museum, which I then thought were true codeti Oberth. I propose
to figure codeti Oberth., codeti Hmpsn., and nisseni Rothsch. on one plate to show
the differences.

The true facts are these : There are two races of codeti Oberth., one the typical
one from West Algeria (Province Oran), and the other from Central and Eastern
Algeria (Provinces Alger and Constantine). This insect does not belong to
the genus Metopoceras, but to Bryomima, and the two races must stand as Bryo-
mima codeti codeti (Oberth.) and Bryomima codeti nisseni (Rothsch.). The
insect identified by Sir George Hampson as codeti Oberth. will stand as Ammetopa
codeti Hmpsn.].

199. Bryomima codeti codeti (Oberth.). (PI. XV. ff. 22. 23.)

Metopoceras codeti Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. livr. vi. p. 88. pi. xi. f. 10 (1881) (Sebdou).

Of this form we have at Tring 4 <$S, 7 $$ from Ain Sefra, May 1913 (W. R.
and E. H.) ; Sebdou, May 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Mecheria, May 1918 (V. Faroult).

Of these the two taken by ourselves at Ai'n Sefra are identical with Mr.
Oberth iir's type figure.

200. Bryomima codeti nisseni (Rothsch.). (Fl. XV. ff. 24, 25.)
Amtnetopa nisseni Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p 123 (1913) (Guelt-es-Stel).

The principal distinction between this and codeti codeti is the much sharper
and more distinct ante- and postmedian transverse bands on the forewings.

Of this form I have 19 specimens, all from Guelt-es-Stel, March — April 1912—
1913 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult and Dr. Nissen).

201. Ammetopa codeti Hmpsn. (PI. XV. f. 21.)
Ammetopa codeti Hampson, Cat. Lepid. Phal. Brit. Mus. vol. vi. p. 120. No. 2222. fig. 32 (1906) (Biskra).

This insect must be very rare, as my solitary specimen is only the third
known.

1 (J Oued Amra, north of I deles, April 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg).

2 (JcJ Algeria and Biskra, March 1897 (A. E. Eaton and Mrs. Nicholl), in
British Museum.

202. Metopoceras omar (Oberth.).

Cleophana omar Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Entom. France. 1887, p. 57 (Oued Leber, Tunis).

Of this purely Mauretanian species, the series at Tring contains 329 specimens
from Ain Sefra, May 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Guelt-es-Stel, April 1912-1913
(W. R. and K. J., and Faroult) ; Bou Saada March, Laghouat March 1912,

NOVITATES ZOOLOG1CAE XXVII. 1920. 51

Djebel Kerdada May 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Tilghemt, April 1911-1912 (W. R. and
E. H., and Faroult) ; Ghardaia, April 1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Bordj Saada,
Bordj Chegga, Kef-el-Dohr, February 1912 and March 1917 (Hartertand Hilgert,
and Faroult) ; Biskra, March— April 1908-1914 (W. R. and E. H., and Faroult,
and Staudinger) ; El Kantara March 1911, El Hamel May 1912 (V. Faroult) ;
Constantine, Tunis (F.T.) (Staudinger) ; Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ;
Oued Nea, April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Ai'n Sefra May 1915, Mecheria,
May 1918 (V. Faroult) ; Hammam R'hira May 1917, Bou Saada May 1911 (V.
Faroult) ; Sidi-bel- Abbes, May 1918 (M. Rotrou) ; Foret de Tenira, May 1918
(P. Rotrou).

In the British Museum are 1 <$, 1 $ Algiers ; 1 $ Biskra, March 1897, P. A.
Buxton ; 2 <$$ Hammam-es-Salahin, April 1904, Lord Walsingham.

203. Metopoceras morosa Rothsch. (PI. XV. f. 20.)

Metopoceras morosa Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 326. No. 133 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

2 $6 Guelt-es-Stel, April 1913 (V. Faroult). I have received no more of this
species, which differs from purplish varieties of omur in the antemedian band.

204. Metopoceras khalildja O berth.

Metopoceras khalildja Oberthiir, Etiid. Entom. livr. ix. p. 38. pi. 3. f. 1 (18S4) (Sebdou).

Our series at Tring consists of 120 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel, March —
April 1913 (Victor Faroult) ; Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Turns
(Dannehl) ; Berrouaghia and Lalla Marnia, April 1914 (V. Faroult) ; Environs
de Batna, 1911-1912 (A. Nelva coll.) ; Environs de Tunis, March— April 1915
(M. Blanc) ; Sebdou, May 1918 (P. Rotrou).

In the British Museum are 1 <£ Hammam Meskoutine, March 1911, Meade-
Waldo.

205. Scotogramma implexa (Hiibn.).

Noctua implexa Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 414 (1827).

Our series at Tring consists of 225 specimens from Khenchela, May 1912
(W. R. and K. J.) ; Batna, 1909-1914 (A. Nelva coll.) ; Souk Ahras, April 1914
(W. R. and K. J.) ; Guelt-es-Stel, April— May 1912-1913 (W. R. and K. J., and
Faroult) ; Sebdou, Foret de Tenira, May 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Sidi-bel- Abbes,
May 1918 (M. Rotrou).

The British Museum has 4 Khenchela ex Tring Museum.

206. Centropodia inquinata (Mab.).

Hadena inquinala Mabille, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 18S8, p. 43 (Gabes).

I have only received this insect from Guelt-es-Stel.
69 Guelt-es-Stel, October 1912-1913 (V. Faroult).
The British Museum has 1 <J Egypt.

207. Antitype flavicincta (Schiff. and Den.).

Plialaena flavicincta Schiffemiiiller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 72 (1775)
(Vienna).

I have 55 Algerian specimens of this insect from Blida les Glacieres, October —
November 1910 (Dr. Nissen) ; Environs de Batna, 1910-1914 (A. Nelva and

52 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, November 1916-1918 (M. Rotrou) ; Hammam R'hira,
December and January 1916-1918 (V. Faroult) ; Lalla Marnia December 1914,
Lambiridi October 1910, Blida November 1915, Guillaumet December 1913
(V. Faroult).

[Antitype nigrocincta (Treit.).

Polia nigrocincta Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vol. v. pt. 2. p. 31 (1825) (Modling, nr. Vienna).
I have never received this species from, or found it in, Mauretania.]

208. Antitype dubia (Dup.).

Polia dubia Duponchel, Lipid. France, Supp. vol. iii. p. 286. pi. 26. f. 4 (1836) (Aix).

I received a <J of this species from Monsieur A. Nelva and 1 from Monsieur
M. Rotrou.

1 (J Environs de Batna, 1911-1912 (A. Nelva coll.) ; 1 <J Sidi-bel-Abbes,
December 1916 (M. Rotrou).

209. Antitype subvenusta Piing.

Antitype subvenusta Piingler, Iris, vol. xix. p. 94 (1906) (Jerusalem).

Although this species was described from Palestine, so many Steppe and
Desert insects have a very wide distribution, that it is not very strange for it to
turn up in Algeria.

The specimens I have are all paler than the drawing made from Herr
Piingler's type, but as they are not quite fresh and vary also much inter se, I do
not venture to separate them subspecifically.

I have 12 <$<$, 1 ^ of this species.

12 (JcJ, 1 $ Environs de Batna, September 1910-1914 (A. Nelva and Faroult).

210. Antitype argillaceago deliciosa (Oberth.).

Polia venu-sta deliciosa Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1907, p. 345 (Sebdou) ; Etud. Lipid
Comp. fasc. iii. pi. xxvii. ff. 147, 154 (1909).

Mr. William Warren in Seitz (Grossschm. Erde, vol. iii. p. 136) treats this insect
as an aberration of argillaceago ; this is certainly wrong, as typical examples of
itigillaceago do not occur in Algeria. Mr. Oberthiir originally described this as a
subspecies of argillaceago Hiibn. (vetntsta Boisd. was described in 1840, and so
must sink, as argillaceago dates from 1827) ; but in 1919 (Etud. Entom. Comp.
fasc. xvi. p. 143) he treats it as a distinct species. I think the original status
attributed to this very beautiful insect by its describer is the correct one, and
therefore it is here enumerated as a subspecies of argillaceago, notwithstanding
my contrary statement in 1914 (Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 330, sub No. 158 (1914)).

I have 65 <J<J and 7 $$, all from Guelt-es-Stel, of which 11 rftf, 1 $ are ab.
squamosa Rothsch. ( = f. 147 Oberthiir).

54 <$<$, 6 $$ Guelt-es-Stel, September— November 1912-1913 (V. Faroult).
ab. squamosa Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 330, sub No. 158 (1914)
f Guelt-es-Stel).

II tJ(J, 1 $ Guelt-es-Stel, September— November 1912-1913 (Faroult).

NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920. £3

211. Antitype germana Rothsch.

Antitype germana Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 330. No. 159 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

Polia rosinata Oberthiir, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 142. pi. xdvi. f. 4119 (1919) (Guelt-es-Stel).

Mr. Oberthiir as usual has renamed my insect, because I had not figured it.
7 cJcJ, 3 $? Guelt-es-Stel, September— October 1913 (V. Faroult).

1 <J in the British Museum from same source ex Tring Museum.

212. Antitype hagar Rothsch. (PI. XVII. f. 1.)

Antitype hagar Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xix. p. 125. No. 4 (1912) (Bou Saada).

2 <J(J Bou Saada, March— April 1911-1912 (V. Faroult).

213. Antitype sahariensis Rothsch.

Antitype sahariensis Rothschild, Ann. Mag. Nat. Iilbt. (8) xvi. p. 251. No. 23 (1915) (Rharis).
Polia salmonea Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 142. pi. xdvi. f. 418 (1919) (Biskra).

Once more Mr. Oberthiir creates a useless synonym.

I have received 3 specimens of this rare insect ; I had completely overlooked
the Colomb-Bechar specimen.

1 <$ Colomb-Bechar, February 1915 (V. Faroult) ; 1 $ Rharis, Central Sahara.
April 1914- (Geyr von Schweppenburg) ; 1 jj Djebel Antar, May 1918 (V. Faroult),

214. Antitype discalis Rothsch.

Antitype discalis Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xix. p. 125. No. 3 (1912).

1 cJ, 1 ? Batna, October 1910 and 1912 (A. Nelva and Faroult).

215. Antitype rosea Rothsch.

Antitype rebecca ab. rosea Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 330. sub No. 157 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).
Epuntla concolor Oberthiir, Etud. Lipid. Comp. p. 143. pi. xdvii. ff. 4120, 4121 (1919) (Geryville).

In 1914 I wrongly identified this insect with rebecca Stdgr.

It therefore is rather unfortunate that my aberrational name rosea has to
stand for the species.

The ground-colour varies from whitish cream or bufHsh grey to rosy or
salmony cinnamon.

The ab. suffusa is densely powdered with mouse-grey scales.

I have 37 <J<J, 5 $$, all from Guelt-es-Stel.

37 <5S, 5 ?$ Guelt-es-Stel, September— October 1912—1913 (V. Faroult).

In the British Museum 2 <$■$ Guelt-es-Stel ex Tring Museum.

216. Eumichtis lichenea (Hiibn.).

Noclua lichenea Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmetl. Noct. ff. 562, 563 (1827).

I have 71 Mauretanian specimens from Guelt-es-Stel, October 1912-1913 (V.
Faroult) ; Environs de Batna (A. Nelva coll.) ; Aflou October 1916, Hammam
R'hira February 1918, Lalla Marnia October 1914 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes,
October — November 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Foret de Tenira, November 1918 (P.
Rotrou) .

54 NOVJTATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVII. 1920,

217. Aporophyla chioleuca (Herr.-Sch.).

Polici chioleuca Hemch-Scliiiffer, Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Eur. vol. ii. p. 255. No. 221. Noel. pi. 16. ff. 76-
78 (1845) (S. Europe).

Sir George Hampson employs the name mioleuca Treit. [Schmett. Eur. vol. x.
Suppl. pt. ii. p. 43 (1835) (Sicily)) for this insect. There is grave doubt as to
this being correct ; Treitschke quotes his insect as being Hiibner's mioleuca,
giving Samml. Schmett. Eur. Xoct. ff. 545, 746 as the citation ; now Hiibner's
mioleuca has been quite correctly identified by Sir George Hampson as Agriopis
aeruginea Hiibn., and must stand as aeruginea mioleuca Hiibn.. or only as aetu-
ginea ab. mioleuca should it be shown that it occurs together with the type.
Moreover, Treit scke lays stress in Ins description (p. 44) on the basal area of the
forewing being marked grey and yellow, which is the case in aeruginea, but
certainly not in the Aporophyla. I am therefore convinced that mioleuca and
chioleuca Treit. (p. 46) are both referable to aeruginea Hiibn., and that the first
name available for this insect is chioleuca H.-S. Mr. Oberthur considers
mioleuca Rami), a distinct local race of chioleuca, but I feel sure it is only a more
sombre-coloured aberration.

The Tring series consists of 11 (JcJ from Hammam R'hira, December 1917
(V. Faroult); Blida March 1915, Bordj-ben-Aneridj October 1912 (V. Faroult) ;
Aflou, October 1916 (V. Faroult); Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 191S (M. Rotrou) ;
Foret de Tenira, November 1918 (P. Rotrou).

218. Aporophyla nigra (Haw.).
Noctua nigra Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 192 (1809).

Our series of Mauretanian examples at Tring consists of 50 specimens from
Guelt-es-Stel October — November 1913, Aflou October 1916, Lalla Marnia
November 1914 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, November 1916 (M. Rotrou).

219. Eombycia chretieni (Rothsch.).

Calophasia chretieni Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 327. No. 137 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).
Bombycia viminalis emir Oberthur, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 146. pi. xdvi. II. 4122, 4123 (1919)
(Sebdou, Lauibessa).

Mr. Oberthur has placed this insect as a subspecies of viminalis Fabr. and
of course renames it emir because I did not figure it.

It is certainly a distinct species and not a race of viminalis ; but it may
turn out to be angularis Chret. If, however, the drawing in the British Museum
made from Mr. Chretien's type is correct, it is not angularis, for the hindwing in
$ angularis is white and the pattern is different.

I have at Tring 9 $<$, 27 $$, viz. 2 JJ, 2 ?$ Sebdou, June 1918 (P. Rotrou) ;
1 $ Hammam Meskoutine, May 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ; 2 ?$ Guelt-es-Stel,
May 1913 (V. Faroult) ; 1 $ Sakamodi, August 1912 (V. Faroult).

The $ from Sakamodi is different from the 5 other $$ ; the hindwings aro
nearly white, the orbicular stigma is smaller, rounder, and more distinct, and the
central one-third of the forewings is much blacker ; this is probably aiigularis
Chret.

[Valeria oleagina (Schiff. & Den.).

Bombyx olexvjina Schulerm tiller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 59 (1775) (Vienna).
I have not received this species from Mauretania.]

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 55

220. Meganephria oxyacanthae (Linn.).

Phalaena oxyacanthae Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 516. No. 113 (1758).

1 have only received 3 specimens of this insect from Algeria.

2 ^ Hammam R'hira, December 1917 and January 1918 (V. Faroult) ;
1 ^ Environs de Batna, 1914 (A. Nelva coll.).

Mr. Oberthur unites the Algerian examples with oxyacanthae benedictina
Stdgr., but my 3 specimens from Algeria are very different from all my 226 speci-
mens of o. benedictina from Amasia. The Algerian form will probably require a
new subspecific name, but I have too few to venture on this course.

[Agriopis aprilina bouveti D. Lucas.

Agriopis bouveti Daniel Lucas, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, 1905. p. 51. pi. 5. ff. 2, 3 (Le Tarf).
I have never received this.]

221. Trigonophora meticulosa (Linn.).

Pluilaena meticulosa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 513. No. 95 (175S) (Sweden).

The Mauretanian series at Tring consists of 75 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel,
May 1913 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, September— October 1917-1918 (M.
Rotrou) ; Environs de Batna (A. Nelva coll.) ; Am Draham September 1911,
Boghari May 1913, Hammam R'hira March 1916 (V. Faroult).

222. Rhizotype fiammea (Esp.).
Bombyx fiammea Esper, Schmelt. vol. iii. p. 269. No. 79. pi. 53. f. 3 (1785) (South Italy).

Mr. Oberthur uses Hubner's name of empyrea for this species, because he
says the name fiammea has been applied to so many noctuids. As, however, they
all belong to different genera and subfamilies, the danger of mistakes is not so
formidable as Mr. Oberthur thinks ; certainly in this case it cannot justify the
discarding of a name which has 32 years' priority over that of Hiibner.

My Algerian material is very poor, 1 8 <$<$, 5 ?? from Lambessa and Environs
de Batna, October 1912-1914 (A. Nelva coll.) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, November 1917
(M. Rotrou) ; Foret de Tenira, October 1918 (P. Rotrou).

223. Rhizotype crassicornis obscura (Oberth.).

Phlogophora crassicornis obscura Oberthur, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 152. pi. cdlxxxii. ff.
3974, 3975 (1919) (Lambessa).

Mr. Oberthur on pages 148-152 gives an elaborate history of jodea H.-S.
and very clearly points out the differences between the present species and that
one. While both jodea and crassicornis occur together in Europe, in Mauretania
only crassicornis occurs. Mr. Oberthur points out also that Algerian crassicornis
differs considerably from those of Digne ; he, however, only names a $ aberration
of it. As the whole of the Algerian crassicornis are different from typical Digne
specimens, Mr. Oberthiir's aberrational name becomes the subspecific nime,
and the Mauretanian form must be called Rhizotype. crassicornis obscura (Oberthur).

The Tring series is very poor, 16 rJJ, 4 $$ from Lambessa and Batna,
October 1912-1914 (A. Nelva coll.).

56 Novitates Zoolocicae XXVII. 1920.

224. Euplexia lucipara leonhardi Rebel.

Euplexia leonltardi Rebel, Verk. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wim, vol. 59. p. 331. No. 1. text fig. 2 (1909)
(Alma).

Of this species the Tring series of Mauretanian examples consists of 129
specimens from A'in Draham, August — September 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Environs
d' Alger, March- April, 1906-1911 (W. R. and E. H. and Dr. Nissen) ; Guelt-es-
Stel September 1913, Environs de Setif 1911 (V. Faroult). This is a darker,
duskier local subspecies, but the pattern differences given by the author are
not confirmed in my series of 129 specimens.

225. Polyphaenis xanthochloris graslini C'ulot.

Polyphaenis xanthochloris var. graslini C'ulot, Noel, el Geom. a" Ear. pt. i. vol. i. p. 200. pi. 37. f. 5 (1913)
(Castille).

My two Mauretanian specimens agree well with Culot's figure of the
Castille specimen, allowing for the difference of sex.

1 (J Ai'n Draham, September 1910 (V. Faroult) ; 1 <$ El Mahouna, September
1919 (V. Faroult).

226. Luperina leucophaea (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena leucophaea Schiffermiiller and Denis, Ante. Syst. Werlc. Schmelt. Wienergeg. p. 82 (1775)
(Vienna).

This insect is stated b}- Mr. Oberthiir to be very abundant near Lambessa,
but I have only received 2 specimens.

2 £3 Environs de Batna, 1914 (A. Nelva coll.).

227. Scotogramma sodae rosacea subsp. nov.

Mr. Oberthiir states that Algerian examples of sodae Ramb. are much more
rose-coloured than French examples. This is a constant character, and so I have
named this form rosacea.

Our series consists of 27 examples from El Mesrane June 1913, Bou Saada
May 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Biskra, March— April 1908-1914 (W. R. and E. H.).

The British Museum has 1 q Gafsa, Tunisia, 1913, G. C. Champion; 1 3
Hammam-es-Salahin, April 1904, Lord Walsingham.

228. Scotogramma trifolii cinnamomina Rothsch.

Scotogramma cinnamomina Rothschild, Xovit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 121. No. 36 (1913) (Nza-ben-Rzig).

The Mauretaman examples are all more rosy-cinnamon, less grey, in tint
than European ones, and so my name, given to an extra strikingly coloured
specimen, must stand for the subspecies.

Sir George Hampson and others have united with the typical form of this
species treitschkei Boisd. ; this is, however, erroneous, as the genitalia are very
different ; treitschkei is identical with Hiibner's pugnax, so this species will have
to stand as Scotogramma pugnax (Hiibn.).

The Mauretanian series at Tring consists of 285 specimens from Bou Saada
April— May 1911-1912, Laghouat and Tilghemt April 1912, El Kantara March-
April 1911, Environs de Setif 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Ghardaia May 1912, Oued

NOVITATES ZoOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 57

Nca April 1914, Sands of El Arich May 1912, Mraier February 1912 (Hartert
and Hilgert) ; Bordj Chegga, March 1917 (V. Faroult) ; Biskra March — April
1908-1909, Bordj Saada April 1909 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Environs de Batna,
1913-1914 (A. Nelva coll.) ; Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Hammam
Meskoutine, May 1914 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Ain Draham, September 1911 (V.
Faroult) ; Hammam R'hira, May 1908-1913 (W. R., E. H., and K. J.) ; Perregaux
October 1915, Aflou October 1916, Guelt-es-Stel May— November 1912-1913
(V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel- Abbes, June- August 1916-1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Mecheria
June 1918, Ain Sefra May 1914, Colomb-Bechar March— April 1912 (V. Faroult) ;
Foret de Tenira October 191S, Tlemcen August 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Environs de
Taourirt, Morocco, July 1918 (M. Rotrou).

The British Museum has 1 $ Algeria, Mrs. Nicholl.

229. Scotogramma chimaera sp. nov. (PI. XVII. f. 6.)

(J. Differs from t. cinnamomina in its large size, bright sandy cinnamon ground-
colour, proportionately narrower wings, very large and rounded reniform stigma,
and the black submarginal band on the fore wings. On the hind wings all the
veins are picked out in blackish grey.

Length of forewing, 19 mm. ; expanse, 43 mm.

1 <$ Ain Sefra, March 1915 (V. Faroult).

230. Cardepia deserticola Hmpsn. (PI. XVII. ff. 2, 3.)

Cardepia irrisor ab. deserticola Hampson, Cat. Lepid. Phal. Brit. Mus. vol. v. p. 235, sub No. 1457,

1905 (Syria).
Cardepia affinis Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 122. No. 40 (1913) (Kef-el-Dohr).

Sir George Hampson when diagnosing his new genus Cardepia gave as the
principal difference the reniform truncate and strongly protruding frontal
prominence, which was excised below. I may add from examination at Tring
that this prominence has a distinct rolled edge or rim.

Now Sir George Hampson places in this genus Cardepia two species,
irrisor Ersch. and nova Smith.

Under irrisor he describes from Syria an aberration under the name ab.
deserticola. I have a number of specimens agreeing with his ab. deserticola from
the desert regions of Algeria, all showing the strongly developed reniform frontal
process, with a distinct rolled rim.

When, however, Dr. Jordan examined our Ural and Turkestan irrisor, he
found that the frontal prominence was quite different, being round, flatter, and
devoid of the rolled rim.

We found 12 specimens, mostly from the Central Hauts Plateaux of Algeria,
agreeing in the shape and morphology of the frontal prominence with irrisor. It
therefore becomes quite clear that at least two species have been confounded
under the name irrisor, and they must for the present stand as Cardepia irrisor
(Ersch.) (PI. XVII. f. 4) and Cardepia deserticola Hmpsn.

Of deserticola we have at Tring 30 Mauretanian specimens from El Outaya
March 1911, Bou Saada May 1910, 1911, Guelt-es-Stel March, El Mesrane
June 1913, Colomb-Bechar March— April 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Bordj Chegga,
February— March 1912 and 1917 (Hartert and Hilgert, and Faroult) ; Kef-el-

58 « NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920.

Dohr, February 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Bir Djefair, March 1909 (W. R. and
E. H.).

The British Museum has 2 £$, 1 $ Hammam-cs-Salahin, February — April
1904, Lord Walsingham.

231. Cardepia irrisor mauretanica subsp. 'nov. (PI. XVII. f. 5.)

^$. Differ from irrisor irrisor in having rounder shorter wings, in the ground-
colour of the forewings being browner less whitish, and in the hindwings being
much less white. The pattern on the forewings is also much less distinct.

9 $$, 1 $ El Mesrane, June 1913 (V. Faroult) ; 1 £ Bou Saada, May 1912 (V.
Faroult) ; 1 ^ Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ; I J Perregaux, Sep-
tember 1915 (V. Faroult).

This species has the frontal process rounded, and the rolled rim found in
deserticola is absent.

232. Miselia oleracea variegata (Aust.).

Mamwlra variegata Austaut, Le Nat. ser. i. vol. vii. p. 142 (1885) (Oudjda).

Monsieur Oberthiir is quite right when he says that the ground-colour of
the Mauretanian race is vinous maroon rather than reddish ochraceous. He
is also right in saying that the late Mr. Warren had not any accurate knowledge
of the Mauretanian form of oleracea. I find under ab. variegata Aust. in the col-
lection at Tring (the part arranged by Mr. Warren), 7 specimens from the
Issykul and Thian Shan regions agreeing exactly with the figure in Seitz of
variegata, i.e. of a greyish ochraceous colour, while Mr. Warren had placed 7
Mauretanian examples among the series of typical oleracea.

The Tring series of oleracea variegata (vera) consists of 104 specimens from
Hammam R'hira, May 19CS-1917 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult) ; Environs
d' Alger, March— May 1907-1911 (W. R. and E. H., and Dr. Nissen) ; Environs
de Setif, 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Mazagan, Morocco, February 1903 (W. Riggenbaeh) ;
A'in Draham, August— September 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel- Abbes, Messer,
September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Environs de Taourirt, Morocco, July 1918 (M.
Rotrou) ; Souk Ahras, April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ; El Mahouna, June 1919
(V. Faroult).

233. Eumichtis solieri (Boisd.).

Hadena solieri Uoisduval, I ml. Meth. p. 120 (1S40) (Provence, Sicily).

Our series from Mauretania consists of 198 specimens from Mazagan and
Mhoiwla, Morocco, October 1902, Seksawa, Morocco, April 1905 (W. Riggenbaeh) ;
Oudjda, Morocco, November 1914 (V. Faroult) ; Lalla Marnia, November 1914
(V. Faroult) ; Foret de Tenira, October 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Sidi-bel- Abbes
September— October 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Bou Saada, March 1912 (V. Faroult),
February— March 1908 and 1916 (W. R. and E. H., and Faroult) ; El Kantara,
Biskra, March— April 1911 (W. R. and E. H., and Faroult) ; Lambiridi, October
1910 (V. Faroult) ; Lambessa and Environs de Batna, 1911-1914 (A. Nelva coll.) ;
Hammam Meskoutine, April 1914 (W. R. and E. H.) ; A'in Draham, September —
October 1911 (V. Faroult); Bordj-ben-Aneridj, November 1911 (V. Faroult);
Hammam R'hira, January— May 191 1-1918 (W.R., E. H., and K. J., and Faroult) ;
Environs d'Alger, March— May 1907-1912 (W. R., E. H., and K. J., and Dr.
Nissen) ; El Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faroult).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 59

234. Parastichtis arabs arabs (Oberth.).

Hadena solieri var. (ou aberr.) arabs Oberthiir, Elud. d'Entom. livr. vi. p. 88. pi. xi. f. 8 (1881)
(Sebdou).

Mr. Oberthiir quite rightly says that standfussi Turati and ribbei Piingl. are
only local subspecies of arabs ; of which there are now 5 subspecies described :
(1) arabs arabs Oberth., (2) arabs biskrae Oberth., both confined to Algeria, the
first in the Hauts Plateaux region, the second in the Desert Zone ; (3) arabs
standfussi Turati ; (4) arabs ribbei Piingl. ; (5) arabs polyglypha Stdgr. Of the
three latter we know No. 3 from Sicily and the coast region near Alger, while
No. 4 is so far known only from Spain and No. 5 is known only from Palestine.

Of arabs arabs we have at Tring 28 specimens from Sebdou, May 1918 (P.
Rotrou) ; Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Batna, May 1915 (A. Nelva
coll.).

235. Parastichtis arabs standfussi (Turati).

Hadena standfussi Turati, Nat. Sic. vol. xx. p. 27. pi. vi. ff. 17, 18 (1908) (Busambra).

This form is at once recognisable by its much greyer ground-colour, though
not so clear grey as in arabs ribbei.

Described from Sicily, the specimens recorded below are, I believe, the first
record for Algeria.

1 (J Blida les Glacieres, June 1908 (W. R. and K. J.) ; 1 J Sebdou, June 1918
(P. Rotrou).

[Parastichtis arabs biskrae (Oberth.).

Hadena arabs liskrae Oberthiir, Etiid. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 157 (1919) (Biskra).
I have no specimens of this pale sandy desert form.]

236. Eremobia alpigena (Boisd.).

Hadena alpigena Boisduval, Icon. Hist. Lipid. Tome ii. pi. 84. f. 5 (1834).

The series of this insect at Tring consists of 1 specimen from Digne (Victor
Cotte) and 26 from Algeria taken by ourselves.
26 Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.).

237. Eumichtis monochroma (Esp.).

Phalaena monochroma Espcr, Schmett. vol. iv. pt. ii. p. 521. No. 21G. pi. civ. ff. 3-6 (1791) (Florence).

Of this species the Mauretanian series at Tring consists of 47 specimens from
Environs de Batna May 1915, Lambessa October 1915 (A. Nelva coll.) ; Aflou,
October 1916 (V. Faroult) ; Ain Draham, September 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-
bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Guelt-es-Stel, October 1912-1913
(V. Faroult) ; El Mahouna, September 1919 (V. Faroult). Of these 20 are the
grey form and 26 the dark form, and 1 is ab. suberis.

60 NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920.

238. Eumichtis roboris cerris (Boisd.).

Hadena roboris var. cerris Boisduval, Ind. Meth. p. 121, sub No. 961 et footnote (1) (1840) (Spain,
S. France).

Mr. Oberthiir says that this insect is common at Lambessa in October and
November, and that Mr. Harold Powell took over 80 specimens ; I have only
3 Algerian specimens, and a specimen without locality out of the Sand collection.

1 <J Hammam Meskoutine, April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) : 1 cJ, 1 ? Aflou,
October 1910 (V. Faroult).

239. Dryobota furva (Esp.).

Phalaena furva Esper, Schmetl. vol. iv. pt. ii. p. 530. pi. 158. ff. 1, 2 (1789) (Florence).

Here again Mr. Oberthiir states that this insect is very common, while I have
only received from Algeria 4 specimens. Mr. Oberthiir employs the name occlusa
for this species and gives as the author Esper. The name occlusa, however, was
given by Hiibner in 1827, 38 years subsequent to the date of Esper's furva, and
so the latter must be used.

3 (J(J, 1 ? Batna (A. Nelva coll.) ; 1 r? Guelt-es-Stel, October 191 3 (V. Faroult).

239a. Eumichtis accipitrina (Esp.).

Phalaena accipitrina Esper, Schmett. vol. iv. pt. ii. p. 393. pi. 129. f. 4 (1788) (Erlangen).

The series of this species at Tring consists of 56 Mauretanian specimens from
Aflou, October 1916 (V. Faroult) ; Lambessa and Batna, October 1911-1915 (A.
Nelva) ; Aflou October 1916, Guelt-es-Stel October— November 1913 (V. Faroult).

240. Eumichtis protea (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena protea Schiffermuller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 84 (1775) (Vienna).

Of this very variable insect I have 154 Algerian specimens from Environs de
Batna and Lambessa, October 1911-1915 (A. Nelva coll.) ; Aflou, October 1916
(V. Faroult) ; Guelt-es-Stel, October 1913 (V. Faroult).

241. Lophoterges millierei (Stdgr.).

Lithocampa millierei Staudinger, Berl. Entotn. Zeitschr. vol. xiv. p. 119 (1S70) (Catalonia).

I have only received 1 <$, 4 $$ of this very beautiful species.

1 $, 1 ?Sebdou July 1918, 1 $ Foret de Tenira August 1918 (P. Rotrou) ;
1 $ Hammam R'hira, May 1916 (V. Faroult) ; 1 ? El Mahouna, July 1919
(V. Faroult).

242. Dichonea areola mustapha (Oberth).

Xylorampa lithorhiza mustapha Oberthiir, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 164. pi. xdvi. f. 4124
(1919) (Lambessa).

Mr. Oberthiir uses for this species Borkhausen's name of lithorhiza. because
Guenee used it, but he acknowledges that it is the areola of Esper. As Esper's
name antedates Borkhausen's by 3 years, the species must stand as areola Esp.

We have at Tring 7 Mauretanian specimens from Alger, March 1914 (V.
Faroult) ; Blida February 1916, Hassi Baba November 1917, Hammam
R'hira February 1918, Lalla Marnia November 1914, Guelt-es-Stel October
1912 (V. Faroult).

Novitates Zoological XXVII. 1920. 61

243. Axylia exsoleta (Linn.).

Plialaena exsoleta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 515. No. 104 (1758).

Almost all authors subsequent to Linnaeus spell the specific name of this
species exolela, but Linnaeus spells it exsoleta, both as regards the name he
bestows on the present insect and in the diagnosis ; he also spells it so in a
footnote. Now although the method of spelling the adjective exoletus is more
often used than the spelling exsoletus, both are correct Latin according to
standard dictionaries, and therefore as Linnaeus deliberately uses the spelling
with the s this must be adopted.

This insect appears to be rather uncommon in Mauretania. We have 6
specimens from Chauzy 1914 (M. Rotrou) ; Blida February 1916, Guelt-es-Stel
March— September 1913 (V. Faroult) ; 1 larva A'in Sefra, May 1913 (W. R. and
E. H.) ; 1 larva Hammam R'hira (V. Faroult); 1 $ Aflou, October 1916 (V.
Faroult).

244. Lithophane semibrunnea (Haw.).

Nociua semibrunnea Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 171 (1809).

The Algerian specimens I have are greyer than European ones. Mr. Oberthur
also mentions this, but states that Tunisian (Am Draham) specimens are very
red. As I have too few to judge, I refrain from naming it.

1 $ Batna October 1910, 1 £ Perregaux November 1915, 2 $$, 1 $ Hammam
R'hira February 1918 (V. Faroult).

245. Giapholitha lapidea ochreimacula (Rothsch.).

Cloantha ochreimacula Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 329. No. 148 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

It was unfortunate that I described this insect from the form with the
yellow reniform.

The Algerian subspecies differs from the European by being a duller purer
grey with the pattern more obliterated.

1 S Guelt-es-Stel, November 1913 (V. Faroult) ; 1 <J Batna, October 1910
(V. Faroult).

246. Cucullia verbasci (Linn.).

Plialaena verbasci Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 515. No. 105 (175S).

T never received this insect in any numbers, only 7 specimens coming to
hand in eleven years.

1 c?, 1 $ Hussein Dey, Alger, April 1910 (Captain Holl) ; 2 <$£ Batna, May
1915 (A. Nelva) ; 1 <J Hammam Meskoutine, April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ; 1 <J
Souk Ahras, 1 <$ Tebessa, April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.)

247. Cucullia thapsiphaga Treit.

Cucullia tlutpsipltarja Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vol. v. pt. 3. p. 120. No. 16 (1826) (Styrian Frontier).

Of this species I only received 1 <J, 2 §§.

1 cJ, 1 $ Batna, May 1912 (A. Nelva coll.) ; 1 $ Hammam R'hira, May 1916
(V. Faroult).

62 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII, 1920.

248. Cucullia scrophulariphaga Ramb.

Cucullia scrophulariphaga Rani bur, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, 1833, p. 20. pi. 1. f. 4 (Corsica).

Of this species I have also not received many.

5 cJcJ, 1 ? Environs de Batna, May 1912 (A. Nelva).

249. Cucullia oberthuri Rothsch. (PI. XVI. f. 6.)

Cucullia oberthuri Rothschild, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) viii. p. 232. No. 3 (1911) (Bou Saada).

This is the insect Mr. Oberthur identified as anceps Stdgr. I have compared
it with anceps from various localities at Tring and in the British Museum, and Sir
G. Hampson agrees that it is a distinct species and not anceps (PI. XVI. f. 5).

The series now at Tring has been augmented by 3 specimens to 7 in all.
4 (JcJ Bou Saada April —May 1911, 1 (J El Kantara March— April 1911, 1 <J
Hammam R'hira April 1917 (V. Faroult) ; 1 $ Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R. and
K. J.).

250. Cucullia blattariae (Esp.).

Phalaena blattariae Esper. Schmett. vol. iv. pt. ii. p. 518. No. 214. pi. 154. f. 4 (1786) (Florence).
1 cj Plaines au Sud de Sebdou, May 1918 (P. Rotrou).

251. Cucullia scrophulariphila Stdgr.

Cucullia scrophulariphila Staudinger, Stett. Entom. Zeit. vol. xx. p. 215. No. 10 (1859) (Chiclana).

The ground-colour is more whitish in my Algerian specimens than in Spanish
ones, but this seems to be the case in all the Mauretanian C'ucullias of the verbasci
group. The Khenchela specimen is also much darker than the A'in Sefra ones.

1 <J Khenchela, June 1911 (V. Faroult) ; 2 (J;?, 1 $ A'in Sefra, March 1915
(V. Faroult).

251a. Cucullia biskrana berth.

Cucullia biskrana Oberthur, Elud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 167. pi. xdvi. ff. 4125, 4126 (1919)

(Biskra).

I have only received 1 J of this species.

1 o 20 kil. S. of Bledet Amar, December 1913 (Geyr von Schweppenburg).

252. Cucullia beata sp. nov. (PI. XVI. f. 7.)

jj. This I consider the handsomest species of the innbratica group.

Antennae brown, basal 10th white: head ash-grey: thorax pale bluish ash-
grey ; abdomen paler, more whitish ash-grey, slightly tinged with cream colour
laterally, median dorsal line and anal tuft darker.

Forewing pale bluish ash-grey, slightly freckled with brown-grey scales,
nervures in outer half darker, a median black line from base to halfway along
and below median nervure followed by a much heavier oblique black band at
the base of which is a cross bar. Above vein 4 is a narrow black line.

Hindwings semi-vitreous white, nervures and marginal band ash-grey.

Length of forewing, 17 mm. ; expanse, 39 mm.

1 <J Sebdou, September 1918 (P. Rotrou).

This species is nearly allied to ianiceti Schiff., but is much smaller, and the
black markings are very different.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII, 1920. 63

253. Cucullia chamomillae calendulae Trcit.
Cucullia chamomillae var. calendulae Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vol. x. pt. 2. p. 127 (1835) (Sicily).

I have 61 Algerian specimens from Guelt-es-Stel, March — November 1912-
1913 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult) ; Bou Saada, March— May 1911-1912 (V.
Faroult) ; Souk Ahras and Tebessa, April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Khenchela,
May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ; El Kantara, March— April 1911 (W. R. and E. H.,
and Faroult) ; Bordj Chegga, February 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Lalla
Marnia May 1914, Hammam R'hira February 1918 (V. Faroult) ; Berrou-
aghia, April 1914 (V. Faroult); Mazagan, Morocco, March — April 1902 (W.
Riggenbach). Among these are several fine examples of ab. amoenissima
Oberthur, Etud. Lepid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 169. pi. xdvi. f. 4129 (1919) (Biskra).

In the British Museum is 1 $ Morocco, January — February 1902, Meade
Waldo.

254. Cucullia santolinae Ramb.

Cucullia santolinae Rambur, Ann, Soc. Entom. France, vol. iii. p. 387. pi. 8. f. 4 (1834) (Corsica).

Of this species the series at Tring from Mauretania numbers 37 from Guelt-
es-Stel, March— April 1912-1913 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult) ; Bou Saada,
May 1912 (V. Faroult); El Kantara March — April 1911, Boudj-ben-Aneridj
November 1911, Hammam R'hira February 1918 (V. Faroult); Batna (Nelva
coll.) ; Khenchela May 1912, Hammam Meskoutine April 1914 (W. R. and
K. J.) ; Environs d' Alger and Hussein Dey, January — December 1908-1911
(W. R. and E. H, and Captain Holl) ; Mazagan, Morocco, February 1902 (W.
Riggenbach). One of the 2 specimens from Hammam Meskoutine was bred from
a larva found April 1914 and emerged at Tring March 1915.

255. Copicucullia syrtana (Mab.).

Cucullia sijrlana Mabille, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1888, p. 51 (Gab&s).

Of this species the Tring series consists of 85 specimens from Colomb-Bechar
February— March 1912, Bir Stil March 1917, El Kantara March— April 1911,
Bordj Chegga March 1917, Ai'n Draham September 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Bordj
Chegga, Bordj Saada, Nca-ben Rzig, February 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ;
Ghardala, April 1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Arefidji, March 1912 (Hartert and
Hilgert) ; Biskra, March 1909 (W. R. and E. H.); Oued Abou, January 1914
(Geyr von Schweppenburg).

In British Museum 3 $,$, 5 $$ Hammam-es-Salahin, January — March 1904,
Lord Walsingham.

256. Empusada argentina (Fabr.).

Noctua argentina Fabricius, Mant. Ins. vol. ii. p. 162. No. 185 (1787) (South Russia).

The Tring series from Mauretania consists of 50 specimens from A'in Sefra,
May 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Mecheria, May 1918 (V. Faroult) ; Batna (A.
Nelva and Faroult) ; Bou Saada, May 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Tilghemt, April 1911-
1912 (W. R. and E. H., and V. Faroult) ; Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ;
Les Pins August 1918, Environs de Taourirt September 1918 (M. Rotrou).

g4 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

257. Brachygalea albolineata (Blach.).

Oolophasia albolineata Blachier, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1905. p. 53 (Gafsa).

Mr. Warren was perfectly correct in Seitz, when he said that Brachygalea
leucorliabda and Criophasia albolineata Hampson are one and the same. As the
Zoological Record only comes out more than a year later than the one recorded,
it is not astonishing that Sir George Hampson missed Mr. Blachier's article ;
but it is certainly an unfortunate slip, that he did not notice that his leucorhabda
was the same as the insect he received from Bang-Haas under the name albolineata.
As leucorliabda is designed as the type of Brachygalea and albolineata as that of
Criophasia and Brachygalea has 114 pages priority over Criophasia, it is quite
evident that Brachygalea must stand as the genus-name.

Our series at Tring from Mauretania numbers 167 specimens from Biskra,
February— March 1908-1914 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Bir Djefair, March 1909 (W. R.
and E. H.) ; Ain Sefra, March— May 1913-1915 (W. R. and E. H., and Faroult) ;
Guelt-es-Stel April— May 1913, Bou Saada March 1912, El Kantara March-
April 1912 (V. Faroult); Bordj Chegga, February — March 1912-1917 (Hartert
and Hilgert, and Faroult) ; Kef-el-Dohr, Mraier February, Arefidji, north of
Ouargla March 1912, Oued Nca April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert).

In the British Museum are 1 <$ Tunis ; 3 <$$, 1 $ Hammam-es-Salahin, April
1904, Lord Walsingham.

258. Hypomecia quadrivirgula (Mab.).

Epimecia quadrivirgula Mabille, Bull. Soc. Enlom. France, 1888, p. 51 (Gabes).

Our series at Tring of this species consists of 138 specimens from Guelt-es-
Stel, October— November 1912-1913 (V. Faroult); Alger January 1914, Bou
Saada March 1912, El Mesrane November 1913, Hassi Baba November 1917
(V. Faroult).

259. Rabinopteryx subtilis (Mab.).

Epimecia subtilis Mabille, Bull. Soc. Enlom. France, 1888, p. 51 (Gabes).

Mabille was almost right in placing this insect in Epimecia, as it is next to
that genus, differing in the upturned instead of porrect palpi.

Our Tring series numbers 258 from Guelt-es-Stel March — May 1913, Bou
Saada April 1911, Berrouaghia April 1914, Mecheria May 1918 (V. Faroult);
Bordj Chegga, February— March 1912-1917 (Hartert and Hilgert, and Faroult) ;
Biskra, March— April 1908-1914 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Ain Sefra, March— May
1913-1915 (W. R. and E. H., and Faroult).

The British Museum has 1 <J, 4 $$> Hammam-es-Salahin, March — April 1904,
Lord Walsingham.

260. Rabinopteryx <nelvai sp. nov. (PI. XVI. f. 4.)

$. Antennae brown ; head and thorax brown-grey variegated and irrorated
with dark brown ; abdomen yellowish pale grey.

Forewing brown-grey, densely striolated with dark brown ; 3 oblique bars
on middle of costal area and the orbicular and reniform brown, a somewhat
obscured white band below median vein from base almost to termen, beneath

NOVITATES ZOOT.OGICAE XXVII. 1920. 65

which and coalescing with it is a similar black-brown band. Hindwings creamy
grey, somewhat suffused with brownish grey.

Length of forewing, 13 mm. ; expanse, 28 mm.

1 $ Batna, 1914 (A. Nelva coll.).

261. Catamecia mauretanica Stdgr.

Catamecia jordana var. mauretanica Staudinger, Cat. Lepid. Palaear. Faun. pt. i. p. 213. No. 2192ft
(1901) (Biskra).

Mr. Oberthiir, agreeing with Mr. Culot and Staudinger, places this insect
as a subspecies of jordana Stdgr., but after examining it with Sir George Hampson
I have come to the conclusion that it is a distinct species, both from jordana
Stdgr. and minima Swinh. (=bacheri Stdgr.). It differs from both in the white
claviform patch edged with black.

1 have 15 specimens.

2 Biskra, March 1909-1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ; 12 Bordj Chegga, 1 Bir Stil,
March 1917 (V. Faroult).

The British Museum has 1 $ Tkout, April 1906, 3 $$, 3 ?$ Hammam-es-
Salahin, April 1904, Lord Walsingham.

[Catamecia jordana balestrei D. Lucas.

Catamecia jordana var. balestrei Daniel Lucas, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1907, p. 181 (Nefta).
I have never received this species.]

262. Omia cyclopea (Grasl.).

Cleopliana cyclopea Graslin, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, vol. v. 570. pi. 17 B. f. 7 (1836) (Alfakar,
Grenada).

All the Omias are extremely rare.

1 c?, 1 ? Lambessa (Staudinger) ; 1 $ Algeria (Deyrolle) ; 1 $ El Kantara,
May 1909 (W. R. and E. H.).

263. Omia oberthuri Allard.

Omia oberthuri Gaston Allard, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, vol. sxxvi (aer. iv. vol. 3). p. 320. pi. 6.
ff. 3a, 36 (1807) (Lambessa).

1 (J, 1 ? Lambessa (Staudinger).

264. Amephana warionis (Oberth.).

Cleophana warionis Oberthiir, Elud. Entom. livr. i. p. 48. pi. 2. f. 3 (1876) (Bou Saada).

Our series at Tring contains 185 specimens from Ain Sefra, May 1913 (W. R.
and E. H.) ; Guelt-es-Stel, April— May 1912-1913 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult) ;
Bou Saada March — April 1912, El Outaya March, El Mantara March — April

1911 (Victor Faroult) ; Biskra, Gafsa, Tunis (Staudinger) ; Tilghemt, April 1911-

1912 (W. R. and E. H., and Faroult) ; Mecheria, Djebel Antar, May 1918 (V.
Faroult) ; Sebdou, May 1918 (P. Rotrou).

In the British Museum are 2 $$ Tunis, Staudinger and Bang-Haas.
5

66 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

265. Cleophana boetica diluta Rothsch. (PL XV. ff. 16, 17 [18].)

Cleophana boeiica diluta Rothschild, Ann. Hag. Sat. Hist. (8) viii. p. 232 (1911) (Bou Saada).

Mr. Oberthiir as usual ignores my name, because unaccompanied by a figure ;
but acknowledges himself that the Algerian form is paler than the two European
races.

Our series at Tring contains 409 specimens from Lalla Marnia May 1914,
Bou Saada March — April 1912, Berrouaghia April 1914, Masser Mines May
1914, Mecheria May 1918 (V. Faroult) ; Khenchela, May 1912, Souk Ahras
April, Tebessa April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.); Batna, May 1915 (A. Nelva) ;
Guelt-es-Stel, April— May 1912-1913 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult); Sebdou,
May 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, May 1918 (M. Rotrou).

In British Museum 1 (J Bou Saada ex Tring Museum.

265a. Amephana warionis x CI. boetica diluta. (PL XV. f. 19.)

This specimen, taken at Guelt-es-Stel by Victor Faroult, April 8th, 1913,
appears to me undoubtedly a hybrid between the above two species. It is some-
what intermediate in pattern, and while the general facies and colour are that
of boetica diluta it is strongly suffused with green.

266. Omphalophana serrata (Treit.).

Cleophana serrata Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. (Suppl.) vol. x. pt. 2. p. 121 (1835) (Sicily).

This species is rather rare in Mauretania.

We have from Mauretania 100 specimens at Tring from Mazagan, Morocco,
April 1902 (W. Riggenbach) ; Morocco (Staudinger) ; Moroccan Frontier S.W. of
Lalla Marnia May 1914, Lalla Marnia May 1914 (V. Faroult); Environs d'Alger
May 1908, Hammam Meskoutine April, Souk Ahras April 1914, Khenchela
May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.); Am Draham and Djerba, Tunisia (Staudinger,
Bartels, and Dannehl) ; Sidi Ferruch, April 1911 (Andre Thery) ; Hammam
R'hira, May 1908-1917 (W. R., E. PL, and K. J., and Faroult) ; Batna, May 1915
(A. Nelva) ; El Mahouna, May— June 1919 (V. Faroult).

267. Cleophana jubata Oberth.

Cleophana jubata Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. livr. xiii. p. 31. pi. 6. f. 40 (1890) (Gabes).

This is a rare species.

The Tring series contains 71 specimens from A'in Sefra, May 1913 (W. R.
and E. H.) ; Mecheria May 1918, Bou Saada April — May 1912 (V. Faroult) ;
Tilghemt, April 1911 (VV. R. and E. H.) ; Guelt-es-Stel, April— May 1912-1913
(W. R. and K. J., and Faroult) ; Sebdou, May 1918 (P. Rotrou).

In the British Museum are 1 (J, 1 $ Tunis, Staudinger and Bang-Haas.

268. Omphalophana pauli (Stdgr.).

Cleophana pauli Staudinger, Iris, vol. iv. p. 30. pi. 4. f. 4 (1891) (Jerusalem).

Of this species there are 74 Mauretanian specimens at Tring from Lalla
Marnia April 1914, Mecheria May 1918, Berrouaghia April 1914, Guelt-es-Stel

NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 67

April— May 1913, Bou Saada March— April 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Tunis (Stau-
dinger) ; Ain Sefra, May 1913 (W. R. and E. H.).

In the British Museum 1 $ Tunis, Staudinger and Bang-Haas.

269. Cleophana pectinicornis Stdgr.

Cleophana pectinicornis Staudinger, Stett. Entom. Zeil. vol. xx. p. 215. No. 9 (1859) (Chiclana).

This fine species is abundant in some localities in Algeria.

The Mauretanian series at Tring numbers 454 specimens from Lalla Marnia
May 1914, Bou Saada March— April 1912, El Kantara March— April 1911 (V.
Faroult); Fontaine Chaude, April 1909 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Gafsa, Tunisia
(Staudinger) ; Guelt-es-Stel, April— May 1912-1913 (W. R. and K. J., and
Faroult) ; Sebdou, April 1918 (P. Rotrou).

Mr. Oberthiii' states that the typical Spanish form of this insect differs from
Mauretanian examples in the brown being duller and darker. I have never seen
Spanish specimens, but Rambur's figure (Cat. Syst. Ins. de VAndal. pi. xii. f. 4)
only shows the fringe of the forewings less yellow, otherwise it agrees exactly.

In the British Museum 1 <J Tunis.

270. Copiphana gafsana (Blach.).

Cleophana gafsana Blachier, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1905. p. 53 (Gafsa).

Mr. Oberthiir quite rightly points out that Cleophana albino, B.-H. is
nothing but an albinistic gafsana Blach. and rightly says it is intermediate between
Mr. Culot's figures 14 and 15, pi. 59. I propose for Mr. Culot's figure 14 the
name of ab. intermedia ab. nov., so that there would be 3 named aberrations of
yafsana, viz. (1) ab. intermedia Rothsch., pattern of wings fully developed, though
much paler than typical form, on a pale ground-colour ; (2) ab. albina B.-H.,
ground-colour pure white, pattern partially obliterated ; (3) ab. blachieri Oberth.,
entirely white nervures showing darker.

This insect appears to be much more confined to the desert regions.

We have at Tring 62 specimens from Colomb-Bechar March — -April 1912,
Bou Saada April 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Tilghemt, April 1911-1912 (W. R. and E. H.,
and Faroult) ; Gharda'ia, April 1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Tunis (Staudinger) ;
Bir Djefair, March 1909 ( W. R. and E. H.) ; Oued Nca April 1914, N. of El Golea
March, Mraier March 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert).

In the British Museum 1 J, 1 $ Tunis.

271. Cleophana vaulogeri Stdgr.

Cleophana vattlogeri Staudinger, Iris, vol. xii. p. 378. pi. 5. f. 9 (1899) (Biskra).

Mr. Oberthiir says this is very common ; I have only had few specimens
compared to the numbers of some other species of this group.

The Mauretanian series at Tring consists of 80 specimens from El Outaya
March 1911, El Kantara March 1911, Ain Draham September 1911, Colomb
Bechar March — April 1912, Bou Saada, Laghouat March — April 1912, Tilghemt
April 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Ain Sefra May 1913, Biskra March— April 1908-1914
(W. R. and E. H.) ; Oued Nca, April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert).

In the British Museum are 3 rftf, 3 $$ Hammam-es-Salahin, April 1904, Lord
Walsingham.

68 Novitates ZOOLOOI0A.E XXVII. 1920.

272. Cleophana fatinia B.-H. (PI. XV. ff. 13-15.)

OUophana fatima Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. xx. p. 73. p. 3. f. 14 (1907) (Tunis, Gafsa, etc.).

Both Herr Bang-Haas and Mr. Oberthiir have mixed up two species under
the name fatima — Herr Bang-Haas when sending out specimens to clients and
Mr. Oberthiir when figuring the species (Etud. Lipid. Camp. fasc. v. pt. i.) ; in
fact Mr. Oberthiir has mixed more than two species, as his figure 599 agrees well
with versicolor Stdgr.

The diflluem-vaulogeri group are very difficult to unravel, but I am con-
vinced that Staudinger and Hampson have treated too many good species as
varieties of diffluens and its European relations. I shall figure these to show the
differences more clearly to Mr. Oberthiir and his friends, who will not acknow-
ledge any other method of identification.

I have only 4 specimens of this species, which appears to be essentially
Tunisian and very rare in Algeria. 1 specimen each from Gafsa, Tunisia
(Staudinger) (co-type) ; Tilghemt, April 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Ghardaia, April
1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Oued Xca, April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert).

In the British Museum 1 $ Tunis, Staudinger and Bang-Haas.

273. Cleophana affinis sp. nov. (PI. XV. f. 6.)

Differs from fatima at first sight by its larger size and bright rufous not
yellowish grey ground-colour.

This is the insect figured by Mr. Oberthiir (Etud. Lipid. Gomp. fasc. v. pt. i.
ff. 596, 597, 598) as fatima Bang-Haas ; but which is not that species. This
mistake probably arose through Mr. Oberthiir having received from Dresden
some of the later specimens sent out by Bang-Haas as fatima, but if not, then it
is much more easily accounted for, because the photographic figure of fatima
in the Iris would be easily confounded with the present species.

cj $. Head and thorax deep rufous, not cream-white as in fatima, variegated
grey and dark brown edgings ; abdomen wood-brown not yellowish grey.

Forewing rufous, not bluish grey washed with buff as in fatima ; the fringe
is rufous and brown, not dark wood-grey and buff ; the postmedian line is much
more deeply angled, especially at vein 5 ; the lunate mark in the centre of the
reniform is rufous, not black as in fatima. Hindwing basal half yellowish wood-
grey, not cream- white as in fatima. (Type ? Mecheria.)

Length of forewing, fatima $, 10 mm. ; expanse, 24 mm.

Length of forewing, affinis ?, 14 mm. ; expanse, 33 mm.

16 specimens from Bou Saada May 1911, Guelt-es-Stel April, Bou Sedraia
X. of Djelfa May 1913, Mecheria May 1918 (V. Faroult) ; Ain Sefra, May 1913
(W. R. and E. H.) ; Sebdou, May 1918 (P. Rotrou).

274. Cleophana chabordis Oberth.

Cleophana chabordis Oberthiir, Elud. Entom. livr. i. p. 47. pi. ii. f. 2 (1876) (Bou Saada).

This in the more southern and desert regions appears to be very common.

The series at Tring numbers 543 specimens. Mr. Oberthiir, because the white
variety named albicans Stdgr. was not figured, calls this albino aberration niveata.
Although aberrations are not supposed to be subject to the law of priority, still
Staudinger's name, having been given fourteen years earlier, ought, I think, to

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 69

be used. The numerous specimens intermediate between the ab. albicans and
normal chabordis I propose to call ab. semialbicans ab. nov.

Our 547 examples are from El Kantara March — April 1911, Tilghemt April
1912, El Hamel May 1912, Bou Saada March— April, Djebel Kerdada May 1912,
Guelt-es-Stel April 1913, Colomb-Bechar March — April 1912, Bordj Chegga March,
Bir Stil March 1917 (V. Faroult) ; Biskra March— April 1908-1914, Mraier
April 1909 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Laghouat, March— April 1911-1912 (W. R. and
E. H., and Faroult) ; Ain Sefra, May— July 1913-1915 (W. R. and E. H., and
Faroult) ; Dehibat, Ain Draham, and Gafsa, Tunisia (Staudinger) ; South Oued
Mya halfway between Ouargla and Touggourt, El Alia between Touggourt and
Guerrara, Guerrara, Hassi Sidi Mahmud March — April 1912, Oued Nca April
1914 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Oued Amrah, April 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg).

Of the 547 specimens 102 are ab. semialbicans and 42 ab. albicans.

In the British Museum are 3 (J^, 3 $$ Hammam-es-Salahin, March — April
1 904, Lord Walsingham ; 1 <J ab. albicans, Tunis.

275. Amephana anrita (Fabr.).

Noctua aurila Fabrioius, Mant. Ins. vol. ii. p. 179. No. 282 (17S7) (Spain).

The series at Tring from Mauritania consists of 512 examples from Moroccan
Frontier S.W. of Lalla Marnia May 1914, Lalla Marnia May 1914, Berrouaghia
April 1914, Bou Saada May 1914 (V. Faroult) ; Batna, May 1911-1915 (A. Nelva) ;
Hammam Meskoutine April — May 1914, Tebessa and Sunk Ahras, April 1914
(W. R. and K. J.); Khenchela, May— June 1911-1912 (W. R. and K. J., and
Faroult) ; Environs d'Alger, April— May 1908 (W. R., E. H., and K. J., and Dr.
Nissen) ; Sidi Ferruch, April 1914 (A. Thery) ; Les Pins, June 1918 (M. Rotrou) ;
Hammam R'hira, May 1908-1917 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult) ; Gabes, Tunisia
(Staudinger); Guelt-es-Stel, April— May 1912-1913 (W. R. and K. J., and
Faroult) ; Sebdou, Foret de Tenira, May 1918 (P. Rotrou); El Mahouna, June
1919 (V. Faroult).

Mr. Oberthiir employs for this species the name of dejeanii Dup., as aurita
Fabr. is not accompanied by a figure ; but aurita has forty years' priority over
dejeanii.

276. Cleophana diffluens mauretaniae subsp. nov. (PI. XV. f. 11.)

<J ?. Differs from diffluens diffluens Stdgr. in having no shade of red-brown
whatever ; d. mauretaniae differs from diffluens lusitanica Culot in having the
distal half of the forewings sharply divided from the basal half, the basal half
being almost deep black while the distal half has the ground-colour brown-grey.
In this it is much nearer d. diffluens, as d. lusitanica has the distal half of the
forewings sooty, so that in many specimens there is hardly any difference of
ground-colour of the whole forewing.

This is the insect Mr. Oberthiir enumerates as diffluens diffluens from Tunisia.
This is the first record for Algeria.

I have at Tring of this new form 25 specimens from Hammam Meskoutine,
May 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ; El Mahouna, May 1919 (V. Faroult).

I have compared this with Chiclana specimens of d. diffluens (PI. XV. f. 10),
and a series of 113 d. lusitanica collected by Dr. Jordan at Monchique in Portugal.

70 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

[Cleophana difBuens lusitanica Culot. (PI. XV. f. 12.)

Cleophana diffluent form, lusitanica Culot, Noct. et Gkom. d'Eur. pt. i. vol. ii. p. 107. pi. 59. f. 10
(1915) (South Portugal).

Differs from diffluens diffluens and d. mauretaniae in having the whole fore-
wing black, the basal half only in some specimens being of a deeper black.

This form was distributed by Staudinger and Bang-Haas under the name
of lusitanica, but I find the name was not published, so Mr. Culot's figure and
description of ground-colour prove to be the first publication and he stands as
the author.]

277. Cleophana versicolor Stdgr. (PI. XV. ff. 7, 8.)

Cleophana diffluens ab. versicolor Staudinger, Cat. Lipid. Pal. Faun. pt. i. p. 214. No. 221Ga (1901)
(Mauretania).

Mr. Culot and Sir George Hampson have also treated this as an aberration
of diffluens, while Mr. Oberthiir calmly ignores it altogether. It is, however, a
perfectly distinct species and occurs together with diffluens mauretaniae.

We have at Tring 30 specimens from Constantino (Staudinger) ; Am Draham
September 1911, Hammam R'hira May 1917, Bou Saada March — April 1912,
Guelt-es-Stel April 1913, Mecheria May 1918 (V. Faroult) ; Ai'n Sefra, May 1913
(W. R. and E. H.) ; Sebdou, May 1918 (P. Rotrou).

278. Cleophana marocana Stdgr. (PI. XV. f. 9.)

Cleophana diffluens var. marocana Staudinger, Cat. Lipid. Pal. Faun. pt. i. p. 214. No. 22166 (1901)
(Morocco).

Mr. Oberthiir is somewhat doubtful as to the status of this insect, but I am
convinced it is a good and distinct species.

There are 12 specimens at Tring : 4 Tangier (Staudinger) ; 1 Rabat (A.
Thery) ; 7 Sebdou, Morocco (A. Thery).

The British Museum has 3 <$<$ Forest of Marmora, March 1903, Meade- Waldo.

[Omphalophana adamantina (Blach.).

Calophasia adamantina Blachier, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1905, p. 214 (Rabat).

I cannot understand how all the authors, except the late William Warren,
who mention this species have placed it in the genus Calophasia. Except for
its black hindwings it is almost identical with pauli Stdgr., in fact Mr. Meade-
Waldo (Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond. 1905) described and figured the specimen now
in the British Museum as Cleophana pauli Stdgr.

I have not received this species.

The British Museum has 1 $ Forest of Marmora, April 1903, Meade- Waldo.]

279. Calophasia kraussi Rebel.

Calophasia kraussi Rebel, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 1895 p. 34S (Oued Nouemra, Sahara).

Mr. Culot (Noct. et Geom. d'Eur. pt. i. vol. ii. p. 101. pi. 58. f. 6) describes
and figures the white aberration of kraussi as form, nmozim ; but already in 1913
(Novit. Zool. vol. xx. pp. 124-125) I have described two aberrations of this
species, the second ab. albo-ochracea being very close to Mr. Culot's maozim.

.NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920. 71

There are therefore three described aberrations : ab. maozim Culot, almost pure
white ; ab. albo-ochracea Rothsch., white with buff lines ; ab. brunnea Rothach.,
like the typical form, but whole wings suffused and saturated with brown. I
further propose to name the specimens intermediate between kraussi and ab.
albo-ochracea ab. intermedia ab. nov.

The series at Tring consists of 118 examples from Colomb-Bechar March —
April 1912, Bou Saada March 1912, Laghouat March 1912, A'in Draham Sep-
tember 1911, Guelt-es-Stel April 1913 (V. Faroult) ; Tilghemt April, Ghardaia
April 1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ; halfway between Touggourt and Ouargla, Arefidji
north of Ouargla, Hassi-el-Hadjar, halfway between Ouargla and El Golea, north
of El Golea, South Oued Mya, March— May 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert).

Of these 118 specimens there are 2 ab. maozim, 3 ab. brunnea, 12 ab. albo-
ochracea, and 27 ab. intermedia, leaving 74 typical kraussi.

The British Museum has 1 $ Hammam-es-Salahin, April 1904, Lord
Walsingham.

280. Calophasia platyptera (Esp.)

Noctua platyptera Esper, Schmett. vol. iv. pt. 2. p. 396. No. 138. pi. 130. f. 5. (1788) (Frankfort).

The proportion of albinistic specimens in this species is very large.

Our series at Tring numbers 26 specimens, of which 20 are albinistic = ab.
subalbida Stdgr.

26 examples from Ai'n Draham, August 1911 (Faroult and Staudinger) ; Souk
Ahras, April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Hammam R'hira, April— May 1912-1917
(W. R. and K. J., and Faroult) ; Tizi Ouzou August 1914, north side of Djebel
Zaccar August 1916 (Faroult) ; Environs d'Alger (Captain Holl).

281. Calophasia almoravida Grasl.

Calophasia almoravida Graslin, Ann. Soc. Bntom. France, 1863. p. 319. pi. 8. f. 6 (Grenada).

Of this species I have 10 Algerian examples from Guelt-es-Stel April 1913,
Bou Saada April 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Hammam Meskoutine April 1914, Khenchela
May 1912 (W. R, and K. J.).

282. Calophasia stigmatica Rothsch. (PI. XV. f. 26.)

Calophasia stigmatica Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 125. No. 49 (1913) (halfway between
Ouargla and El Golea).

So far I have only received three specimens of this rare species ; Herr Piingler
of Aachen has two others from Biskra.

1 £ South Oued Mya April, 1 $ halfway between Ouargla and El Golea
March 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; 1 $ Guelt-es-Stel, April 1913 (V. Faroult).

283. Metapistis picturata (Rothsch.). (PI. XVI. ff. 2, 3.)

Cleophana picturata Rothschild, Entom. Zeilschr. vol. xxii. p. 142 (1909) (Mraier).

When Sir George Hampson first examined the single type specimen, he
considered it belonged to the genus Harpagophana, but on my procuring three
further specimens a thorough re-examination proved that this pretty little species
was not a Cucullid at all, but must be placed in the Noctuinae under the genus
Metapistis. Herr Bang-Haas of Dresden has received from Tunisia a fifth
specimen.

72 NOVITATES ZOOLOG1CAE XXVII. 1920,

4 $? from Oued Nca April 1914, Arefidji north of Ouargla March 1912
(Hartert and Hilgert) ; AIn Sefra, May 1915 (V. Faroult).; Mraier, April 1909
(W. R. and E. H.).

284. Rhodocleptria incarnata (Frej'er).

Noctua incarnata Freyer, Xeu. Beilr. Schmett. vol. iii. p. 91. pi. 256. f. 4 (1839) (Constantinople).

64 Mauretanian specimens of this species are at Tring from Environs d'Alger,
May 1908 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Bou Saada, May 1910-1911 (V. Faroult) ; Souk
Ahras, April 1914 (VV. R. and K. J.) ; Guelt-es-Stel, April— May 1912-1913 (W. R.
and K. J., and Faroult).

285. Xylina delphinii darollesi (Oberth.).

Chariclea darollesi Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. livr. i. p. 49. pi. 4. £. 5 (1S76) (El Hacalba).

This insect appears to be rare in Algeria, as I have only received 5 specimens.
2 Bou Saada May 1911 (V. Faroult); 2 Foret de Tenira, 1 Sebdou June
1918 (P. Rotrou).

286. Chloridea nubigera (H.-Sch.).

Heliothis nuliigera Herrich-Schaflier, Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Eur. p. 366 (1845) (Asia Minor).

The Mauretanian series at Tring consists of 155 specimens from Biskra
March 1908, Col de Sfa (bred) (W. R. and E. H.) ; Khenchela June 1911, Bou
Saada May 1911, Lalla Marnia May 1914, El Kantara August 1917, Mecheria
May 1918, Djebel Antar May 1918 (V. Faroult) ; Oued Nca April 1914, Ghardaia
May 1914, north of Am Guettera April 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Sidi-bel-
Abbes, May 1916-1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou, July 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Am Sefra,
May 1913-1915 (W. R. and E. H., and Faroult) ; Saida, May 1913 (W. R. and
E. H.) ; Environs d'Alger (Captain Holl) ; Guelt-es-Stel, May 1913 (V. Faroult) ;
Oueds Amra, Dehin, Ag-elil, March 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg) ; Les Pins,
Titen Yaya May — August 1915 (M. Rotrou).

The British Museum has 1 ? Algeria, Mrs. Nicholl.

287. Chloridea peltigera (Schiff. and Den.).

Phalaena peltigera Schifferniuller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 89 (1775)
(Vienna).

Of this world-wide species, the series at Tring from Mauretania comprises
285 specimens from Hammam Meskoutine, May 1909-1914 (VV. R., E. H., and
K. J.); El Kantara, June— August 1909-1917 (Sidi Brahim and V. Faroult);
Khenchela June 1911, Bou Saada May 1911, Perregaux September 1915, Masser
Mines June 1914, Lalla Marnia May 1914, Moroccan Frontier May 1914, Mecheria
and Djebel Antar June 1918, A'in Sefra May 1915, Djelfa June 1913, AIn Draham
August 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Titen Yaya May 1915, Sidi-bel-Abbes June — Septem-
ber 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Biskra, March 1908 (W. R. and E. H.), Hammam R'hira,
May — June 1908-1916 (W. R., E. H., and K. J., and Faroult) ; Mazagan, Morocco
June 1901, Rio de Oro, south of Morocco August 1902 (W. Riggenbach) ; Guelt-
es-Stel, March— October 1912-1913 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult) ; Environs
de Taourirt, Morocco, July 1918 (M. Rotrou); El xMahouna, June 1919 (V.
Faroult).

In the British Museum are 1 cJ, 1 $ Algeria, Mrs. Nicholl.

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 73

288. Chloridea obsoleta (Fabr.).

Noctua obsoleta Fabricius, Entom. Syst. vol. iii. pt. i. p. 456. No. 155 (1793) (South American Islands).

I have very few Algerian specimens of this widespread species.
15 specimens from Mazagan, Morocco, July 1903 (W. Riggenbach) ; Sidi-bel-
Abbes, June— July 1917-1918 (M. Rotrou).

289. Melicleptria scutosa (Schiff. and Den.).

Phalaena scutosa Schiffermuller and Denis, An!:. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 89 (1775) (Vienna).

Of this very widespread insect the Mauretanian material at Tring consists
of 158 examples from Bou Saada April — May 1911-1912, Djebel Kerdada May
1912, Puits Baba May 1913, Guelt-es-Stel April— October 1913 (V. Faroult) ;
Guelt-es-Stel, April 1912 (W. R. and K. J.).

290. Chloridea dipsacea (Linn.).

Phaiatna dipsacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. xii. p. 856. No. 185 (1767) (Sweden).

This insect appears to be rare in Mauretania. I have only 9 specimens from
Djebel Mekter, Ain Sefra May 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Batna (Nelva coll.) ;
Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.) ; El Misab, June 1918 (P. Rotrou).

The British Museum has 1 $ Forest of Marmora, Morocco, Meade-Waldo.

[Erithrophaia canroberti Oberth.

JSrythrophaia canroberti Oberthiir, Elud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 182. pi. xdvii. f. 4130 (1919)
(El Outaya).

This species must be extraordinarily rare, as only the single (J? in Mr.
Oberthur's collection are known.]

291. Heliothis chanzyi (Oberth.).

Anihotcia chanzyi Oberthiir, Elud. Entom. livr. i. p. 51. pi. 2. ff. 4a, b. (1876) (Oued Djeddi).

I have only a single $ of this species taken by ourselves.
1 ? Guelt-es-Stel, April 1912 (W. R. and K. J.).

292. Xanthodes malvae (Esp.).

Noctua malvae Esper, Schmett. vol. iv. pt. 2. sect. 2. p. 63. No. 241 (1796) (Hungary).

I have only received 12 Algerian specimens of this species. 2 (JcJ Environs
d' Alger (Captain Holl) ; 1 $ Biskra, April 1909 (W. R. and E. H.) ; 2 $$, 1 $ El
Kantara August 1917, 1 $ Perregaux October 1915 (V. Faroult) ; 3$$ Sidi-bel-
Abbes, August — September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; 2 $$ Foret de Tenira, July 1918
(P. Rotrou).

293. Aegle vespertalis (Hiibn.).

Pyralis vespertalis Hubner, Samml. Eur. Schmett. Pyr. f. 159 (1818).

Of this species there are at Tring 179 Mauretanian specimens from Guelt-es-
Stel May — June 1913, Lalla Marnia May 1914, Sakamodi August 1912, Nedroma
May 1914, Moroccan Frontier May 1914, Zoudj-el-Beghal July 1914, Masser

74 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

Mines May 1914, Ain Draham August 1911, Khenchela June 1911, north side of
Djebel Zaccar August 1916, El Mesrane June 1913 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes,
June— August 1916-1918 (M. Rotrou) ; Hammam R'hira, May 1913 (W. R. and
E. H.) ; Hammam Meskoutine, May 1909-1914 (W. R., E. H., and K. J.) ; Sebdou,
Foret de Tenira, June 1918 (P. Rotrou).

Some of these specimens have lost all the brown transverse bands of the
fore- and hindwings, and look exactly like Metaegle pallida Stdgr., which caused
me to record this latter from Guelt-es-Stel.

[Erastria trabealis trabealis (Scop.).

Phalaena trabealis Scopoli, Entom. Carn. p. 240 (1763) (Carniola).

This form is confined to the countries north of the Mediterranean Sea. Some
specimens from West Algeria and Morocco approach this almost indistinguishably,
but alongside of them occur the strange medley of colour varieties treated under
the next subspecies.]

294. Erastria trabealis deleta (Stand.).

Agrophila deleta Staudinger, Stetl. Entom. Zeit. vol. xxxviii. p. 190 (1877) (Algeria).

Agrophila flavonitens Austaut, Le Xat. vol. ii. pt. xbc. p. 156 (1880) (Sebdou).

Emmelia sulphuralis var. algira Oberthiir. EUid. Entom. livr. vi. p. 90. pi. 2. f. 2 (1881) (Bone).

I have given the full synonymy of the Mauretanian race of trabealis because
there has been considerable confusion as to the status of the forms to which
the three names apply. Mr. Oberthur's algira is the aberration with the black
markings reduced ; deleta is the form where the black is reduced to one mark only ;
and flavonitens is the aberration with no black on the forewings. The specimens
from Morocco and West Algeria in which the black markings are practically the
same as in Europe I propose to call ab. parallela ab. nov. and the aberration with
all the black markings replaced by stramineous olive I call ab. olivina ab. nov.

At Tring we have 170 Mauretanian specimens, of which 12 are ab. parallela
and 4 halfway between that and algira, and 18 are algira ; the remaining 136 are
mixed flavonitens, deleta, and olivina. The 160 are from Mazagan, Morocco, April —
June 1902 (W. Riggenbach) ; Biskra, April 1908 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Sidi-bel-
Abbes, May— August 1916-1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Masser Mines, June 1914 (V.
Faroult) ; Sebdou, Foret de Tenira, July 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Rabat, May 1913 (A.
Thery).

The British Museum has 1 $ Biskra, March 1897, A. E. Eaton.

295. Tarache lucida (Hufn.).

Noctua lucida Hufnagel, Bert. Mag. vol. iii. p. 302 (1766) (Berlin).

This is a very variable species, occuring almost black = ab. lugens Alph. and
almost white = ab. insolatrix Hiibn. ; in between are the aberrations albicollis
Fabr. and Solaris Oberth., but much whiter specimens exist than ab. insolatrix,
and I propose the name ab. extremaab. nov. for the specimens with only a dark
border and a few black dots in the white disc.

We have at Tring 427 Mauretanian examples from Mazagan and Cape Blanco
May— October 1902, Imitanut May 1904, Truchan May 1904, Rohama April-
May 1903, Seksawa April 1905, Morocco (W. Riggenbach) ; Oum-re-Biah, Morocco,

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVTI. 1920. 75

April 1901 (Hartert): Biskra, March— April 1908-1914 (W. R. and E. H.); El
Kantara February — May 1909, Hammam Meskoutine May 1909 (W. R. and
E. H.) ; Environs d' Alger (Dr. Nissen) ; Casba, Alger (Captain Holl) ; Khenchela
May 1912, Hammam Meskoutine May 1914, Souk Ahras April 1914 (W. R. and
K. J.) ; Environs de Batna, 1913-1914 (A. Nelva) ; El Kantara March— August
1911-1917, Masser Mines May 1914, Ain Draham July 1911, Perregaux October
1915, Hammam R'hira April — June 1916-1917, Berrouaghia April 1914, Bou
Saada and Djebel Kerdada May 1912, El Hamel May 1912, El Mesrane June
1913, Oued Hamidou June 1912, Terres Blanches May 1913, Guelt-es-Stel April-
September 1912-1913, La Macta, Perregaux September 1915, Lalla Marnia and
Moroccan Frontier May 1914, Puits Baba May 1913, Laghouat March 1912,
Mecheria May 1918, Nedroma May 1914, Msila May 1915 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-
Abbes July — September 1916 (M. Rotrou) ; Belvedere, Tunis, August — September
1915 (E. Blanc) ; Sebdou, August 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Oued Nca, April 1914
(Hartert and Hilgert) ; Environs d'Alger, May 1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Oran,
April 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Les Pins, September, 1918 (M. Rotrou) ; Grottes de
Tafna, Ain-El-Berd July— September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Rabat, Morocco, June
1913 (A. Thery).

The British Museum has 1 (J, 1 $ Algeria, Mrs. Nicholl ; 1 $ Philippeville
1 ? Hammam-es-Salahin March— May 1904, Lord Walsingham ; 1 $ Tangier, 1 <j|
1 $ Mogodon, Leech ; 1 Biskra, April 1903, A. E. Eaton.

296. Tarache biskrensis (Oberth.).

Aconlia biskrensis Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1887. p. 58 (Biskra).

We found this species far from common.

The series at Tring numbers 63 from Colomb Bechar March — April 1912,
Bou Saada May 1912, Djebel Kerdada May 1912, El Outaya August 1910, El
Hamel May 1912, Ain Draham September 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Ghardaia, April
1911 (W. R, and E. H.) ; Oued Nca April 1914, Sidi Hassi Mahmud April 1914,
Oued Abiod May 1912, El Alia May 1914, north of El Golea, halfway between
Ouargla and El Golea, Hassi el Hadjar, South Oued Mya March— May 1912
(Hartert and Hilgert).

This species is apparently as variable as lucida.

297. Acontia luctuosa (Schiff. and Den).

Phalaena luctuosa Schiffermiiller and Denia, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergcg. p. 90 (1775) (Vienna).

Of this species we have at Tring 259 Mauretanian specimens from Mazagan,
Morocco June— August 1900-1903 (W. Riggenbach) ; Environs d'Alger, May
1908-1912 (W. R., E. H., and K. J., and Dr. Nissen) ; Sidi Ferruch, August 1911
(A. Thery) ; Batna (A. Nelva) ; Hammam Meskoutine, May 1914 (W. R. and
K. J.) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, July— August 1916-1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Hammam R'hira,
May— June 1911-1917 (W. R. and E. H., and Faroult) ; Perregaux September
1915, Zoudj el Beghal July 1914, Masser Mines May 1914, Environs de Setif 1911,
Tizi Ouzou July 1914, Debrousseville September 1914, north side of Djebel Zaccar
August 1916, Ain Draham September 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Rabat, Morocco, June
1913 (A. Thery).

76 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

298. Lipatephia eremophila (Rebel).

Armada eremophila Rebel, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, vol. xlv. p. 350. No. 10 (1895) (Ouargla-

Ghardaia).
Armada lacroixi D. Lucas, Bull. Soc. Enlom. France, p. 312 (1914) (Tunis).

This pretty species has been entirely misunderstood. Mr. William Warren
in Seitz figures and describes a totally different insect, entirely ignoring Rebel's
statement that the forevving of his eremophila had a general resemblance in colour
and pattern to Aedia funesta (Esp.). Dr. Rebel's name has priority over Monsieur
Daniel Lucas's by twenty years, but Mr. Oberthiir and his friends will not agree
as Dr. Rebel gives no figure.

We have at Tring 15 specimens from Ghardai'a, April 1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ;
Ain Sefra March 1915, Colomb Bechar March— April 1912 (V. Faroult).

There is 1 specimen of ours from Ghardaia in the British Museum.

299. Nereisana oranaria (Luc).

Chesias oranaria Lucas, Explor. Scient. d'Algerie, vol. iii. p. 392. No. 132. pi. 4. f. 4 (1848) (Oran).

This insect was considered by its author to be a Geometer, and Mr. Oberthiir
and others have followed him, but it is really a Noctuid and belongs to the
Erastriinae.

I have a single pair of this rare species.

1 ? Souk Akras, April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ; 1 $ Environs d'Alger, Feb-
ruary 1908 (W. R. and E. H.).

The British Museum has 2 ?$ Algeria, Mrs. Nicholl ; 4 £<$ Hammam Mes-
koutine, March 1911, Meade- Waldo.

300. Hadjina viscosa (Frr.).

Mythimna viscosa Freyer, Neu. Beitr. vol. i. p. 39. pi. 21. f. 3 (1831) (Sicily).

Victor Faroult caught two specimens of this species during his unfortunate
trip to Perregaux, whence he had to flee for his life.
1 {J, 1 $ Perregaux, September 1915 (V. Faroult).

301. Iambiodes incerta (Rothsch.). (PI. XVI. f. 1.)

Bryophila incerta Rothschild, Novil. Zool. vol. xx. p. 125. No. 51 (1913) (Oued Nca).

This is almost certainly the insect Mr. Oberthiir enumerates under the
name of Erastria juscula gueneei Fall.

If this is so, it has been wrongly identified by Mr. Oberthiir, for the insect
here enumerated is certainly not Lithacodia fasciana gueneei (Fall.).

There are 7 specimens of this rare species at Tring from Oued Nca, April — June
1912-1914 (Hartert and Hilgert).

302. Eublemma scitula (Ramb.). (PI. XVI. ff. 21, 22.)

Erastria scitula Rambur, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, 1833. p. 26. pi. ii. f. 16 (Corsica).

Mr. Oberthiir remarks that he has no personal knowledge of this species
having occurred in Algeria, but he was convinced it had been taken, and therefore
included it.

Novttates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 77

1 have received 35 specimens of it from Monsieur Maxime Rotrou and
others. It is very strange that I never received it either from Tlemcen or Sebdou,
seeing that these places produce great numbers of olive trees. The strange
habits of the larva in being carnivorous and living on the Coccid (Lecanium oleae)
are not unique, many of the tropical species of Eublemma feeding on Coccidae.

21 Sidi-bel-Abbes, August— September 1915-1918 (M. Rotrou) ; 1 Ras
Chergui, Ain Sefra July 1915 (V. Faroult) ; 9 Foret de Tenira, September 1918
(P. Rotrou) ; 2 Messer, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Sidi Ferruch, July 1911
(A. Thery).

303. Catablemma geyri (Rothsch.). (PI. XVI. 1 23.)

Eublemma geyri Rothschild, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8). xvi. p. 252. No. 28 (1915) (Tahihout).

Of this species I only have 4 specimens.

3 $$ Tahihout, April 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg) ; 1 $ Ain Sefra, July
1915 (V. Faroult).

304. Eulocastra diaphora (Stdgr.).

Brastria diaphora Staudinger, Hor. Entom. Soc. Ross. vol. xiv. p. 415 (1878) (Kerasdere, Asia Minor),

Of this I have received 7 specimens.

2 South Oued Mya, May 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; 1 Colomb-Bechar,
March 1912 (V. Faroult) ; 4 Oued-Gif-Aman, Oued Tamoudat, Oued Ahmra,
Ti-n-Tabarik March — April 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg).

The British Museum has 1 <J, 3 ?? Hammam-es-Salahin, April — May 1903-
1904, Lord Walsingham.

[Phyllophila numerica (Boisd.).

Agrophila numerica Boisduva!, Gen. et Ind. Meth. edit. ii. p. 175. No. 1403 (1840) (Corsica).

There have been 3 subspecies described : disjecta Warr. from Spain, not
Sardinia as Mr. Oberthur states ; ornatula Christ, from Turkestan ; and deserti
Oberth. from El Outaya, Algeria. Both Mr. Warren and Sir George Hampson
make ornatula occur in Algeria, while Mr. Oberthur denies it, while erroneously
applying disjecta Warr. to the large strongly marked Sardinian form. In addition
to my 12 Algerian examples there are at Tring 9 European specimens, 7 from
Sardinia and 2 without locality. The two latter appear to be typical numerica.
As Mr. Oberthiir has erroneously applied Mr. Warren's name disjecta to the
Sardinian form, in spite of the fact that in Seitz Mr. Warren expressly states
that his name disjecta was given to the Ab. 1 of Hampson and its habitat was
Spain, in order to prevent the perpetuation of the error I propose the name
numerica sardoa subsp. nov. for the Sardinian form, which differs from n. numerica
in its larger size and more conspicuous pattern.

The 11 Algerian specimens consist of 1 from Sebdou, 2 from Guelt-es-Stel,
2 from Bou Saada, and 7 from Ain Sefra. The 1 from Sebdou, 1 from Guelt-es-
Stel, and 4 from Ain Sefra agree well with Guenee's figure of the Andalusian $,
while the 6 others agree with " var. deserti Oberth." This proves deserti not to be
a local race, but simply an aberration, and that the Algerian form is disjecta Warr.]

78 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

305. Phyllophila numerica disjecta Warr.

Phyllophila numerica ab. disjecta Warren in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde, vol. iii. p. 274 (Spain).

3 ?$ Sebdou, June 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; 1 (J, 1 $ Guelt-es-Stel, May— Septem-
ber 1913 (V. Faroult) ; 2 J^J, 1 $ Bou Saada, May 1911 (V. Faroult) ; 3 <£<£, 4 ?$
Aln Sefra, May^July 1913-1915 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult).

Of these the <$ from Guelt-es-Stel, the 2 <$<$, 1 ? from Bou Saada, 1 $ from
Sebdou, and 1 $, 2 $$ from Aln Sefra, are ab. deserti Oberth.

[Eublemma velox (Hiibn.).

Noetaa velox Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct. B. 507, 515 (1818).

Mr. Oberthur does not mention this form, only velox velocior Stdgr.

Mr. Warren has described a $ from Algeria ! as griseimargo which differs in
being larger and more suffused with red ; I have a second still larger specimen
of this form from Bou Saada. Although Mr. Warren's name was given to an
aberration it will have to stand for the Algerian subspecies which differs from the
type in being larger and less grey. The form velocior Stdgr. from Sicily is very
distinct.]

306. Eublemma velox griseimargo (Warr.).

Leptosia griseimargo Warren, Novil. Zool. vol. six. p. 36. No. 79 (1912) (Algeria).

My series consists of 31 specimens from Algeria : Bou Saada April — May
1911, Lalla Marnia May 1914, Perregaux September 1915 (V. Faroult) ; Hammam
Meskoutine, May 1914 (W. R. and K. J.); Ain Draham, September 1911 (V.
Faroult) ; Guelt-es-Stel, October 1913 (V. Faroult) ; Foret de Tenira, Sebdou
June — September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Les Pins August, Environs de Taourirt
July 1918 (M. Rotrou) ; Rabat (A. Thery) ; Mazagan, September 1903 (W.
Riggenbach).

[Eublemma polygramma (Dup.).

Anthophila polygramma Duponehel, Lipid. France, Suppl. III. p. 519. pi. 44. f. 3 (1836) (Digne).

I have never received this species.]

307. Eublemma permixta (Stdgr.) (PI. XVI. ff. 1-5.)

Thalpochares permixta Staudinger, Iris, vol. x. p. 266. pi. 4. f. 7 (1897) (Chellala).
Eublemma mozabitica Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol xix. p. 126. No. 5 (1912) (Ghardaia).

I am confident that my fellow- lepidopterists will not blame me very much
for having redescribed permixta Stdgr. ; for I believe nine out of ten would have
done so, if they had compared my type with the sandy yellow specimens of this
variable insect in the British Museum or with Staudinger's original description,
where the ground-colour is given as grey- green marked with brown.

As it turns out on examination of more specimens, there are intermediate
specimens between my mozabitica and the extreme sandy yellow form, but so far
we have no example at Tring agreeing with Staudinger's original description.

I propose to call the sandy yellow form ab. arenosa ab. nov. and the inter-
mediate form ab. intermedia ab. nov., while the specimens with violet-mauve
ground-colour will stand as ab. mozabitica Rothsch.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 79

We have at Tring 23 specimens from Ghardaia April 1911, Ain Sefra May 1913
(W. R. and E. H.) ; halfway between Ouargla and El Golea March 1912, South
Oued Mya April 1912, Oued Nca April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; BouSaada,
March— May 1911-1912 (V. Faroult).

Of these 23 examples, 10 are ab. mozabitica, 5 ab. arenosa, 7 ab. inter-
media., and 1 ab. nivescens.

The extreme white form is ab. nivescens ab. nov.

The British Museum has 1 $ Hammam-es-Salahin, May 1906, Lord Walsing-
ham (type of ab. nivescens).

308. Eublemma parva (Hiibn.).

Noctua parva Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 356 (1808).

This species is almost as variable as ostrina, going from cream- colour without
markings to specimens with basal half of forewing chestnut- brown and outer half
almost black.

The series of Mauretanian examples at Tring comprises 177 from Mazagan,
July 1900 (W. Riggenbach) ; Hammam R'hira, May— June 1913-1916 (W. R.
and E. H., and Faroult) ; Sidi Ferruch, July 1911 (A. Thery) ; GuehVes-Stel
November 1913, Perregaux September 1915, Lalla Marnia May 1914 (V. Faroult) ;
Ain Sefra, May— June 1913-1915 (W. R. and E. H., and Faroult) ; Sebdou, June
— September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, June — October 1916-1918 (M.
Rotrou) ; Sebdou, El Misale, June — September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; A'inDouz, Les
Pins, Environs de Taourirt, July — August 1917-1918 (M. Rotrou) ; La Mocta,
September 1915 (V. Faroult).

Of the 177 specimens 74 are from Sidi-bel-Abbes and 51 from Sebdou.

In the British Museum are 1 $ Hammam-es-Salahin, April 1904, Lord
Walsingham ; 1 <j> Batna, August 1910, E. A. Eaton ; 1 Tozeur, Tunisia, 1913,
G. C. Champion ; 1 $ Tangier, Leech coll.

309. Eublemma deserti (Rothsch.). (PI. XVI. f. 26.)

Thalpocluires deserti Rothschild, Entom. Zeit. Stuttgart, vol. xxiii. p. 142 (1909) (Mraier).

This very rare species at first sight looks like a minute washed-out parva,
but in reality it belongs to a different section of the genus.

2 <J<J Mraier, April 1909 (W. R. and E. H.) ; 1 $ Ain Taiba, May 1914 (Geyr
von Schweppenburg).

310. Eublemma cochylioides (Guen.).

Micra cochylioides Guenee, Hist. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gen. Lipid, vol. vi. Noct. vol. ii. p. 245 (1852) (Island
of Bourbon).

This beautiful little species has a very wide distribution, ranging from the
Canary Islands to Australia and the Fiji Islands.

1 cj Sidi-bel-Abbes, July 1916 (M. Rotrou).

This specimen is very bright, especially the yellow of the thorax and basal
one-third of forewings.

80 Novitates Zoologicae XXVII. 1920.

311. Eublemma ostrina (Hiibn.).

Noctua ostrina Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noel. ff. 399, 648 (1808).

We find in Algeria all the forms of this extremely protean species from ab.
cartliami H.-S. uniform yellowish to the darkest ab. porphyrina Frr., with abs.
numida Lucas, purpurata Led., aestivalis Guen., and a host of others more or less
intermediate.

We have at Tring a Mauretanian series of 287 examples from Guelt-es-Stel
March— May 1912-1913, Hammam R'hira May 1913-1916 (W. R., E. H., and
K. J., and Faroult) ; north side of Djebel Zaccar August 1916, Tilghemt April
1912, Masser Mines June, Lalla Marnia May 1914, Ain Draham May 1911, El
Kantara August 1917, Mecheria and Djebel Antar May 1918, Ain Sefra June
1915, Bou Cedraia May 1913, Bordj-ben-Aneridj November 1911, Oued Hamidou
June 1912, Bou Saada March 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Environs de Batna, 1913-1914
(A. Nelva); Sidi Ferruch, July 1911 (A. Thery) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, Ain Dour,
June — August 1916-1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou, Foret de Tenira, August 1918
(P. Rotrou) ; Environs d'Alger May 1912, Khenchela May 1912, Hammam Mes-
koutine April— May 1914, Souk Ahras April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Ghardaia
April 1911, Biskra 1911, Oran April 1913, Tlemcen April 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ;
Rabat, July 1913 (A. Thery); Environs de Taourirt, July 1918 (M. Rotrou);
El Mahouna, July 1919 (V. Faroult).

The British Museum has 3 9$ Algeria, Mrs. Nicholl ; 1 $ Philippeville, 2 <$$,
4 $?, 1 larva, Hammam-es-Salahin, April — May 1904, Lord Walsingham ; 1 <$ El
Kantara, April 1913, P. A. Buxton ; 1 <J Morocco, Stainton coll. ; 6 <$$ Tangier,
Leech coll.

312. Eublemma pseudostrina Rothsch. (PI. XVI. f. 25.)

Eublemma pseudoslrina Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 339. No. 210 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

At first sight this might be mistaken for one of the innumerable varieties of
ostrina, but the sooty-grey fringe and apex at once distinguish it.
1 $ Guelt-es-Stel, August 1913 (V. Faroult).

313. Eublemma subvenata (Stdgr.).

Thalpochares subvenata Staudinger, Iris, vol. v. p. 288. No. 64. pi. iii. f. 13 (1892) (Tunis).

4 Ain Sefra, July 1915 (V. Faroult).

In the British Museum is 1 $ El Kantara, May 1903, Lord Walsingham.

[Eumegethes tenuis (Stdgr.).

Thalpochares (Eumegethes) tennis Staudinger, Iris, vol. x. p. 268. pi. iv. f. 6 (1S97) (Sfax).

Mr. Oberthiir states that he is doubtful what family this belongs to ; this
shows that because he will not acknowledge unfigured species, he also ignores
all the rest of articles in which such unfigured species may be described.

In my article on the " Lepidopterous Fauna of Guelt-es-Stel " in vol. xxi.
Novit. Zool. p. 341, No. 228, I expressly point out that both Mr. Prout and Mr.
William Warren had examined the insect and found it to be a Geometer and not
a Noctuid.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 81

Its right position is in the subfamily Oenochrominae, and Mr. Prout places it
immediately after Myinodes inter punctaria Herr.-Sch. and in front of Theozena
tenuis Meyr.

The series at Tring consists of 45 examples from Guelt-es-Stel, November
1913 (V. Faroult).]

314. Eublemma albida (Dup.).

Anthophila albida Duponchel, Lipid. France, Suppl. iv. p. 382. pi. 81. f. 1 (1842) (Marseilles).

Mr. Oberthiir figures specimens of ab. gratissima Stdgr. from the Djebel
Aures, and the ab. brunnescens Culot is from Lambessa.

Among the 65 examples at Tring only typical albida and ab. albidior Culot
are represented from Algeria and gratissima from Tunis.

46 Environs de Batna, June 1900-1914 (Dr. A. Seitz and A. Nelva) ; 6 Tunis
Dannehl, 10 Sebdou El Misab, June — July 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; 1 Hammam R'hira,
June 1916 (V. Faroult)'; 1 Ain Fezza, June 1917 (M. Rotrou); El Mahouna, July
1919 (V. Faroult).

315. Eublemma grata (Guen.).

Anthophila grata Guenee, Hist. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gen. Lipid, vol. vi. Noct. ii. p. 251. No. 1048 (1852)
(South Spain).

Of this species a number of forms have received names, viz. albicans Ramb. ;
candicans Ramb. ; extranea Ramb. ; extraria Ramb. ; faroulti Rothsch. ; and
ramburi Culot. Of these all but faroulti Rothsch. = ramburi Culot are un-
doubtedly only aberrations. The status of faroulti is rather more complex ; while
it undoubted^ occurs as an aberration among the other forms of grata, the fact
remains that in the Guelt-es-Stel region it forms the bulk of the specimens, but I
fear this is not sufficient to give it the rank of subspecies. Therefore the aberra-
tions are as follows :

ab. albicans Ramb., white, pattern obsolete.

ab. candicans Ramb., white, pattern distinct, lines narrow.

ab. faroulti Rothsch., white, pattern heavy, lines very broad.

ab. extranea Ramb., greyish white, pattern medium.

ab. grata Boisd., greyer, pattern feeble.

ab. extraria Ramb., grey-brown, pattern strong.

In the British Museum Catalogue Sir George Hampson has grata and candi-
cans as two species, but this is natural in view of the very few specimens he
had for comparison.

The series at Tring consists of 173 examples from Guelt-es-Stel May — June
1913, Bou Saada May 1911-1912, El Hamel May 1912, Zmila nr. Oran June
1913, Terres Blanches and Puits Baba May 1913 (V. Faroult) ; Batna, July 1910
(Dr. A. Seitz and A. Nelva) ; Sebdou, June 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Les Pins, July
1917 (M. Rotrou).

In the British Museum are 1 <$ Bou Saada ; 2 <JJ Guelt-es-Stel ex Tring
Museum.

[Eublemma albicans (Guen.).

Anthophila albicans Guenee, Hist. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gen. Lipid, vol. vi. Noct. ii. p. 251 (1852)
(Andalusia).

The confusion surrounding this species is astounding, and the examination
of the Uterature has been worse than perfunctory. We have to thank Messrs.
6

82 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

Oberthiir and Culot for the final solution ; though even Mr. Oberthiir has not
got it quite right. The error arose in the first place by Boisduval, in his Genera
and Index Melhodicus, edit. ii. 1840, p. 104, No. 1314, giving "Albicans Ramb.
Faun. Andal." Now Rambur's Faune de I'Andaloitsie, although evidently more
complete in manuscript, was never fully published. Of the Lepidoptera, pages
213-330 of text and pi. 8-18 of figures are all that has appeared, the text running
from Papilio podalirius to Sesia rltingiaejormis and the plates from Zegris to the
Hesperidae among the Diurni and from Zygaena to Caradrina among the Nocturni.
Thus Boisduval's Haemerosia, including albicans, was never published in that
work. In 1858-1800 Rambur, however, published his Catalogue Systematique
des Lepidopteres de V Andalousie, pp. 1-412 and Plates 1-22 ; the text, however,
was never completed and probably some plates also are wanting, as livraison iii.,
which was to complete the work, was never published. Page 412 ends up with
Pterostoma palpina unfinished, so that there is no text to the plates- 0-22, but
as the figures are named, the new species stand good.

On plates 10. ff. 4, 5 ; 13 f. 2 and 15 f. 1 Rambur figures four aberrations, to
one of which he gave the name albicans, of a very different Eublemma to the one
he proposed to call albicans in that part of the Faune never published.

Meanwhile, however, Guenee in 1852 described as albicans (see above) the
specimen in Boisduval's collection which was to have been published by Rambur
as albicans in the Faune ; and as he gives a very good description and his type
exists (see Culot, Noct. et Geom. d'Eur. pt. i. vol. ii. pi. 00, f. 15), albicans must
stand for that species.

Sir George Hampson in the Catalogue has divided albicans Ramb. (nee
Guen.) = grata Guen. into two species, candicans Ramb. and grata Boisd. (see
vol. x. pp. 125 and 155), and placed both albicans Guen. and albicans Ramb. under
grata, quite failing to grasp the truth owing to the great confusion due to the non-
publication of the part of Rambur's Fcmne containing the original figure and
description of Boisduval's albicans. The correct solution of this complicated
question is that there are two species grata Guen. and albicans Guen. But albicans
Ramb., candicans Ramb., extranea Ramb., and extraria Ramb. are all colour
variations of grata Guen. (see antea sub. No. 314), while albicans Guen. is a distinct
species.

.Mr. Oberthiir records 2 specimens of this species from El Outaya, but I have
never received it.]

310. Eublemma virginalis (Oberth.).

Anthophila virginalis Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. livr. vi. p. 90. pi. xi. f. 1 (18S1) (Sebdou).
Anlliophila caid Oberthiir ( = ab. caid), Etud. Entom. livr. vi. p. 91. pi. xi. f. 2 (1881) (Sebdou).
Eublemma subterminalis Rothschild, Novit. Znol. vol. xxi. p. 338. No. 209 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

I have 82 examples, other than from Guelt-es-Stel, of this species, and that
I consider too few to say anything about it, beyond that I agree with Mr. Oberthiir
in his recent conclusion that his caid is only an aberration of virginalis. My
subterminalis is a pure synonym of virginalis, and due to carelessness on my part.

Of ab. caid there are 54 specimens and 28 virginalis among the 82 not from
Guelt-es-Stel. All the 112 from Guelt-es-Stel are virginalis.

The Tring series totals 194: 112 Guelt-es-Stel, June— July 1913, 1
Djelfa June 1913 (V. Faroult) ; 5 Am Sefra June— July 1915, 1 Bou Saada

N'OVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920. 83

May 1911 (V. Faroult) ; 15 Sebdou July— August 1918, 2 El Mizab, Foret de
Tenira (P. Rotrou) ; 1 Sidi-bel-Abbes July 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; 49 Les Pins,
August 1918 (M. Rotrou) ; 8 Environs de Taourirt July 1918 (M. Rotrou).

317. Eublemma emir (Culot).

Thalpochzres emir Culot, Noel, et Giom. d'Eur. pt. i. vol. ii. p. 153. pi. 68. f. 4 (1916) (Geryville).

Of this insect I have a very poor series, 9 Guelt-es-Stel June — July 1913 (V.
Faroult).

318. Eublemma deserta (Stdgr.).

Thalpochares deserta Staudinger, Iris, vol. xii. p. 383 (1899) (Biskra).

Of this purely desert species we have at Tring 47 specimens, 2 from north of
and 45 from south of In Salah.

1 $ north of Ai'nGuettera, 1 $ S. Oued Mya, April 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ;
45 Timassinin, Oued Ag'elil, Oued Dehin, Ideles, 20 kil. N. of Ideles, Oued
Tamoudat, Oued Ahmra, Aceksem, Ti-n-Tabarik, Ai'n Tahart, Amgid, and
Tahihout, Hoggar Mts. and Desert N. of Hoggar Mts. January — April 1914 (Geyr
von Schweppenburg).

In the British Museum are 1 ^ Biskra, Staudinger and Bang-Haas ; 1 $
Hammam-es-Salahin, May 1903, Lord Walsingham.

319. Eublemma arida Rothsch. (PI. XVI. f. IS.)

Eublemma arida Rothschild. Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 127. No. 65 (1913) (S. of El Golea).

1 (J, 1 $ S. of El Golea, May 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert).

320. Catablemma cremorna Hmpson. nom. nov.

Catahlemma conistrota Hampson, part., Cat. Lepid. Phal. Brit. Mies. vol. x. p. 192. No. 5296. pi. cliv.
i. 29 (1910) (Beloochistan).

cj$. Head and thorax white ; abdomen cream colour, washed with pale
yellowish grey.

Forewings costal area white, rest of wings and fringe yellow-grey powdered
with black scales, more densely between the nervures. Hindwings yellowish grey.

Length of forewing : largest 12 mm., smallest 9 mm.

Expanse: largest 27 mm., smallest 20 mm.

In British Museum 1 $ Tozeur, South Tunisia, 1913 (G C. Champion) (type).

The series at Tring numbers 61 from Ain Sefra, May 1913-1915 (W. R. and
E. H., and Faroult) ; Hassi Sidi Mahmoud, Hassi Dinar, El Alia, E. of Guerrara
Oued Nca April 1914, El Meksa April, S. of El Golea, South Oued Mya May 1912
(Hartert and Hilgert) ; Oued Abiod, April 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Fontaine
Chaude, April 1909 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Colomb-Bechar, March— April 1912
(V. Faroult).

321. Eublemma ernesti Rothsch.

Eublemma ernesti Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxii. p. 232. No. 38 (1915) (Oued Nca).

The 5$ and the 1^1 placed with this species, on closer examination prove
not to belong here.

1 <5 (type) Oued Nca, April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; 1 <$ Ain Sefra, May
1913 (W. R, and E. H.).

84 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

322. Eublemma albivestalis Hmpsn.

Eublemma albivestalis Hanipson, Cat. Lepid. Phal. Brit. Mus. vol. x. p. 191. No. 5292. pi. oliv.
f. 25 (1910) (Dead Sea).

3 $$ Oued N9a, April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; 2 <J<J, 7 $$ Les Pins, May
—August 1918 (M. Rotrou) ; 1 <J Sebdou, September 1918 (P. Rotrou).

323. Eublemma wollastoni N. C. Rothsch.

Eublemma wollastoni N. C. Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. viii. p. 430. No. 27 (1901) (Sheiuji).

3 $$ Oued Nca, April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert).

324. Eublemma lacteola Rothsch.

EubUmma lacteola Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xxi. p. 339. No. 210 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

15 from Guelt-es-Stel, May 1913 (V. Faroult) ; Am Sefra, May — July 1913-
1915 (W. R. and E. H., and Faroult) ; South Oued Mya May 1912, Oued Nca
April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Ras Chergui, July 1915 (V. Faroult).

325. Eublemma albidior Rothsch.

Eublemma albidior Rothschild, Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist. (8) xvi. p. 253. No. 30 (1915) (Oued Ahmra).

4 I deles, Oued Ahmra, Amgid, north of and in Hoggar Mts., March — April
1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg) ; 2 Ai'n Guettera May 1912, Oued Nca April
1914 (Hartert and Hilgert).

326. Eublemma pernivea sp. nov. (PI. XVI. f. 20.)

cJ $. Dazzling snow-white all over.

Length of forewing, 10 mm. ; expanse, 22 mm.

4 (JcJ, 1 ? Am Sefra, May— August 1913-1915 (W. R. and E. H., and V.
Faroult) ; 1 $ Sebdou, August 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; 1 $ Les Pins, September 191S
(M. Rotrou). (? Ain Sefra, type.)

327. Eublemma crocea sp. nov. (PI. XVI. f. 19.)

$. Head dark yellow ; thorax and abdomen yellow-buff. Forewings saffron-
yellow ; hindwings cream-colour.

Length of forewing, 9 mm. ; expanse, 20 mm.

1 $ A'in Tahart, north of Hoggar Mts., April 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg).

I had thought this was a very bright aberration of deserta Stdgr.

328. Eublemma confusa sp. nov.

<J $. These 1 7 specimens had been mixed up with and mistaken for cremarna.
They can at once be distinguished by the strongly produced acutely pointed apex
of the forewing and the dark line running in from apex. Also by the strange
accentuation of the median fold.

cJ$. Head white, rest of insect whitish grey. Forewings irregularly dusted
with black scales, subapical area washed broadly with rusty yellow, a dark line
running in obliquely from apex ; central fold very deep and abnormally developed,

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 85

as is a shorter fold below, both strongly powdered with black scales. Hindwings
darker grey, with pale fringe.

Length of forewing : <J 8 mm., $ 11 mm. ; expanse, $ 18 mm., $ 24 mm.

4 <$<$, ! ? Oued Nca, April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; 1 $ Ain Sefra, June
1915 (V. Faroult) ; 1 $ Gharda'ia, April 1911 (W. R. and E. H.).

[Eublemma lacemaria (Hiibn.).

Geomctra lac.ernaria Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett. Geom. f. 422 (1818).

Antkophila glarea Treitschke, Eur. Schmett. vol. v. pt. 3. p. 282. No. 6 (1826) (Dalmatia).

I have never received this species.]

[Eublemma suava (Hiibn.).

Noctua suava Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 578 (1818).

Mr. Oberthiir places Rambur's blandula ^ pergrata $ as a form of suava, and
says this is the Algerian race. Mr. Culot places Rambur's insect as a race of
arcuina, although acknowledging it to be nearer suava.

I have 1 $ from Sidi Ferruch which is red like the <J<J, but my other 6 $$ are
all sooty slate-grey. There is, however, an apparently constant difference from
European suava in that the black basal portion of the postmedian band is much
broader, therefore I shall place the Algerian race for the present under Rambur's
name, until it is possible to compare a good series from Spain with Algerian
material.]

329. Eublemma suava blandula (Ramb.).

Noctua blandula Rambur, Cat. Syst. Lipid, de V And. pi. x. f. 2 (1858) (Andalusia).

Sir George Hampson has put blandula as a synonym of arcuina ; this is at
once disproved by the non angulate postmedian band.

We have 9 £<$, 1 1 ?? from Mauretania : Mazagan, Morocco, September
1902 (W. Riggenbach) ; Sidi Ferruch, July 1911, Rabat (A. Thery) ; Masser
Mines June 1914, Ain Draham July 1911, Perregaux September 1915, Blida
November 1915 (V. Faroult) ; Hammam Meskoutine, May 1914 (W. R. and E. H.) ;
Sebdou, Foret de Tenira, June — September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; El Mahouna,
September 1919 (V. Faroult).

330. Eublemma syrtensis Hmpsn.

Eublemma syrtensis Hampson, Cat. Lepid. Phal. Brit. Mus. vol. x. p. 112. No. 5137. pi. cli. f. 28
(1910) (Hamniam-es-Salahin).

The type in the British Museum has hitherto been unique ; 1 $ Hammam-
es-Salahin (Lord Walsingham).

The small series at Tring shows no 'variation. 7 <J^ Environs de Batna,
1913-1914 (A. Nelva).

331. Eublemma jucunda (Hiibn).

Noctua jucunda Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct. ft". 486, 492 (1S18).

Our series from Mauretania of this contains 43 specimens from Sidi-bel-
Abbes, July — October 1916-1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Masser Mines June 1914, Ain
Sefra June 1915, Guelt-es-Stel August 1913 (V. Faroult) ; Sebdou, Foret de
Tenira, August — September 1918 (P. Rotrou).

86 Novitates Zooloqicae XXVTI. 1920.

332. Eublemma purpurina (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena -purpurina Schifferniuller and Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 88 (1775)
(Vienna).

I have 9 Mauretanian specimens: 2 <$<$ Ain Draham, September 1911
(V. Faroult); 1 $ Khenchela, May 1912 (W. R. and K. J.); 2 $$, 4 $$ El
Mahouna, June 1919 (V. Faroult).

The 2 Am Draham $$ are ab. secunda Stdgr. with the mauve-lilac colouring
reduced to a patch at the apex of forewing.

333. Eublemma candidana (Fabr.).

Pyralis candidana Fabricius, Entom. Syst. vol. iii. pt. ii. p. 245. No. 11 (1794) (Montpellier).
1 ? Sidi Ferruch, July 1911 (A. Thery).

334. Azenia sabulosa (Rothsch.).

Eublemma sabulosa Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 127. No. 64 (1913) (South Oued Mya).

The type and a second $ so far are all that have been recorded.
1 $ South Oued Mya, May 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; 1 $ Amgid, February
1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg).

335. Synthymia fixa australis (Oberth.).

Meloptria monngramma australis Oberthiir, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xvi. p. 199. pi. xdvii. f. 4137
(1919) (Geryville).

I have a very poor series of this handsome species.

5 <3<3, 5 $$ from Sidi-bel-Abbes, June 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Masser Mines,
Moroccan Frontier May 1914, Oued Hamidou June 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Foret de
Tenira, June 1918 (P. Rotrou).

336. Eriopus latreillei (Dup.).

Noclua latreillei Duponchel, Lepid. France, vol. vii. Noct. vol. iv. pt. 1. p. 327. pi. 120. f. 2 (1827)
(Provence).

Our Mauretanian series is very scanty : 13 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel
October 1913, Ain Sefra July 1915, Masser Mines June 1914, Bou Saada March
— May 1912, Metlili north of Laghouat September 1917, Ain Draham September

1911 (V. Faroult) ; Sebdou, July 1918 (P. Rotrou).

337. Eriopus juventina (Cram.).

Phalacna juventina Cramer, Pap. Exoi. vol. iv. pt. xxxiv. p. 245. pi. cecc. i. N. (1782) (Surinam ! !).

Of this elegant species I have only 6 examples, 5 from Tunisia. I believe
this is the first record for Mauretania.

All 6 specimens (4 <$<3, 2 $$) are very pale, and the ground-colour some-
what rufous, but as they are rather worn, it is not possible to say if the North
African examples belong to a separate subspecies.

3 cJcJ, 2 ?$ Ain Draham, Tunisia, September 1911, 1 <2 Oued Hamidou, June

1912 (V. Faroult).

Novitates Zoolooicaz XXVII. 1920. 87

338. Phlogophora adulatrix (Hiibn.).

Noctua adulatrix Hiibner, Samml. Europ. Schmelt. Noct. S. 517, 649, 650 (1818).

Of this conspicuous insect the series at Tring from Mauretania consists of
161 specimens from Hammam R'hira, May 1908-1911 (W. R., E. H., and K. J.,
and Faroult) ; Environs d'Alger, May 1908 (W. R., K. J., and Dr. Nissen) ;
Biskra, March 1908 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Hammam Meskoutine, May 1914 (W. R.,
E. H., and K. J.) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, August-September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Am
Draham September 1911, Environs de Setif 1911, El Kantara August 1917, Oued
Hamidou June 1912, El Hamel May 1912, Bou Saada and Djebel Kerdada May
1912, Masser Mines June 1914 (V. Faroult); Guelt-es-Stel, May— October 1912-1913
(V. Faroult) ; Sebdou, Foret de Tenira, May— June 1918 (P. Rotrou).

The British Museum lias 1 $ Hammam-es-Salahin, April 1904, Lord
Walsingham.

339. Phytometra orichalcea (Fabr.).

Noctua oricluilcea Fabricius, Syst. Entom. p. 607. No. 70 (1775) (India).
Noctua aurifera Hubner, Samml. Eur. Schmelt. Noct. f. 463 (1822).

Mr. Oberthiir adopts Hiibner's name for this species, as lie figures it, but even
under his system in regard to figures he ought to have adopted Martyn's name of
chrysitina of twenty-five years' earlier date, as he gives a good figure in Psyche ;
perhaps however Mr. Oberthiir, like many other people, adopts the very legitimate
doubt as to Martyn's Psyche having been properly published.

We have 34 Mauretanian specimens at Tring from Mazagan, Morocco, July
1900 (W. Riggenbach) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, July— August 1916-1917 (M. Rotrou) ;
Oran, April 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Environs de Setif, 1911 (V. Faroult) ; En-
virons d'Alger (Dr. Nissen).

Mr. Oberthiir appears to have only one record of this species from Batna.

340. Phytometra chalcytes (Esp.).

Noctua chalcytes Esper., Schmelt. vol. iv. pt. ii. p. 447. No. 167. pi. cxli. f. 3 (1789) (Italy).

Here also Mr. Oberthiir only seems to have one record, Lambessa.

The Mauretanian series at Tring consists of 72 examples from Sidi-bel-Abbes,
Messer, June — September 1916-1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Hammam R'hira September
1916, Le Tlelat October 1915, Batna October 1910 (V. Faroult) ; Environs
d'Alger (Dr. Nissen) ; Mazagan, Morocco, July 1900 (W. Riggenbach).

341. Phytometra daubei (Boisd).

Plusia dauhei Boisduval, Gen. et Ind. Meth. p. 159. No. 1281 (1840) (S. France).

The Mauretanian examples at Tring number 13 from Biskra, March — April
1908-1911 (W. R, and E. H.) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou);
Bordj-ben-Aneridj November 1911, Bou Saada March 1912, Lalla Marnia
November 1914, El Kantara, September 1917 (V. Faroult).

342. Phytometra accentifera (Lef.).

Plusia accentifera Lefebre, Ann. Soc. Linn. Paris. 1827. p. 94. pi. 5. (I. 1, 2.

Of this species I have 4 Algerian specimens : 1 Batna (A. Nelva) ; 3 Sidi-
bel-Abbes, September 1916-1917 (M. Rotrou).

Mr. Oberthiir has no record of this species.

88 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

343. Phytometra intermixta Warr.

Phytomelra intermixta Warren in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde, vol. iii. p. 357. pi. 6ig. (1913) (Pu-Tsu-Fu.
\V. China).

This species has always been mixed up with orichalcea.
3 Mazagan, Morocco, July 1900 (W. Riggenbach).

344. Phytometra ni (Hiibn).

Noclua ni Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett. Xoct. f. 2S4 (1802).

Of this species we have 149 Mauretanian specimens at Tring.

I had at one time decided that there were two forms of this species in Algeria,
the typical form on the coast and in the Tell and a paler desert form elsewhere,
but 1 find light and dark specimens from the same locality now that I have a
good series.

The 149 examples are from Sebdou, June 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Les Pins,
Environs de Taourirt, July 1918 (M. Rotrou) ; Blida November 1915, Aflou
October 1916 (V. Faroult) ; Amgid, Ain Tahart, Oued Amra February — March
1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg) ; Biskra, March — April 1908-1909 (W. R. and
E. H.) ; Mazagan, Morocco, July 1900 (W. Riggenbach); Environs d'Alger
(Captain Holl) ; Hammam R'hira May 1908-1916 (W. R., E. H., and K. J.,
and Faroult) ; Ain Sefra, May— July 1913-1915 (W. R. and E. H., and
Faroult) ; Colomb-Bechar March — April 1912, Perregaux September 1915,
Oudida May 1914, Lalla Marnia April 1914, Djebel Kerdada and Bou Saada
May 1912, Bir Stil March 1917, El Kantara August 1917, Oued Hamidou June
1912, El Hamel May 1912, north side of Djebel Zaccar Miliana August 1916 (V.
Faroult) ; Sidi-bel- Abbes, May— September 1915-1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Oran,
April 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Guelt-es-Stel, April— May 1912-1913 (W. R.
and K. J., and Faroult) ; Oued Nca April 1914, El Golea March 1912 (Hartert
and Hilgert) ; Batna (A. Nelva) ; Hammam Meskoutine, May 1914 (W. R.
and K. J.) ; Belvedere, Tunis, August — September 1915 (M. Blanc) ; Ain Draham,
September 1911 (V. Faroult).

345. Phytometra gamma (Linn.).

Phalaena gamma Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 513. No. 91 (1758) (Sweden).

This almost world-wide species is just as abundant in Algeria as elsewhere.
I have not kept nearly all that have come to hand between the years 1908 and
1919, during which I have been amassing Algerian material.

The series retained at Tring from Mauretania consists of 268 examples from
Mazagan, Morocco, January — July 1901-1903 (W. Riggenbach) ; Blida les
Glacieres, June 1908 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Biskra January— May 1908-1914,
Tlemcen April 1913, Oran April 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Environs de Batna,
1909-1912 (A. Nelva) ; Lambessa, July 1914 (A. Nelva) ; Environs d'Alger, May
1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Hammam R'hira, February— May 1908-1918 (W. R.,
E. H., and K. J., and Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, Ain Fezza, Les Pins, July —
September 1916-1918 (M. Rotrou) ; Khenchela May 1912, Souk Ahras April
1914, Hammam Meskoutine May 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Guelt-es-Stel, April-
October 1912-1913 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult) ; Perregaux October 1915,

NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 89

Oued Hamidou June 1912, Bordj-ben-Aneridj November 1911, Lalla Marnia
April — May 1914, Blida February 1916, Nedroma May 1914, Masser Mines May
1914, Mecheria June 1918, Ai'n Draham August — September 1911, Bou Saada
March— May 1911-1912, Tilghemt April 1912, Boghar May 1912 (V. Faroult) ;
Sebdou, May 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Slassel Danoun, December 1913 (Geyr von
Sen weppenburg) .

In British Museum are 1 $ Hammam-es-Salahin April 1904, 1 $ Tkout, April
1906, Lord Walsingham ; 1 cJ, 1 ? Hammam Meskoutine, April 1913, P. A. Buxton ;
1 c? Tangier, Leech coll.

[Protomeceras mimicaria (Oberth.).

Cimelia mimicaria Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1887. p. 58 (Sebdou).

In spite of the continued doubts evinced by Mr. Oberthiir as to the exact
classificatory position of this very remarkable insect, I think there can be no
doubt that its correct position is next to Synthimia and in front of Megalodes
towards the end of the subfamily Zenobiinae (Acronyctinae).

I have never received this insect.]

346. Scoliopteryx libatrix (Linn.).

Phaktena libatrix Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 507. No. 54 (1758) (Sweden).

I have only had three Mauretanian examples : 1 <J, 1 $ Sidi-bel-Abbes, Sep-
tember 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; 1 $ El Mahouna, June 1919 (V. Faroult).

347. Amphipyra pyramidea (Linn.).

Phalaena pyramidea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 518. No. 119 (1758).

I have just one dozen Mauretanian examples : from Blida les Glacieres
June 1908 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Batna (A. Nelva) ; Ain Draham September 1911,
Hammam R'hira July 1917 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, July— August 1917
(M. Rotrou).

These all belong to the large and fine form ab. variegata Warr. ; if this form is
proved to be constant in Algeria and Tunis it would have to stand as a distinct
subspecies —

Amphipyra pyramidea variegata Warr.

Amphipyra pyramidea ab. variegata Warren in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde, vol. iii. p. 158. pi. 386-
(1911) (Algeria).

348. Pyrois effusa (Boisd.).

Amphipyra effusa Boisduval, Eur. Lepid. Ind. Meth. p. 68 (1829) (Sicily).

This insect is widely distributed in Algeria, being found far into the interior
and also along the coast, though at Tring we have only examples from the Tell
regions.

24 specimens from Hammam R'hira, May— June 1911-1916 (W. R. and
E. H, and Faroult) ; Blida les Glacieres, June 1908 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Hammam
Meskoutine, May 1909-1914 (W. R., E. H., and K. J.) ; El Mahouna, June 1919
(V. Faroult).

90 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

349. Amphipyra tetra (Fabr.).

Noctua tetra Fabricius, Manl. Ins. vol. ii. p. 138. No. 31 (1787) (Austria).

Of this species the Tring Museum possesses a very poor Mauretanian series :
7 specimens from Guelt-es-Stel October 1913, Ai'n Sefra July 1915 (V. Faroult).

350. Amphipyra tragopoginis distincta subsp. nov.

$. This insect is a very distinct subspecies of tragopoginis Linn., being larger
and more brightly coloured.

Head and thorax deep black-brown ; abdomen smoky wood-brown ; palpi
and antennae black. Forewings basal three-fourths deep black -brown, powdered
with dark grey, orbicular represented by a black spot or streak and reniform
by two black spots ; outer one-fourth sooty blackish grey. Hindwings rusty
wood-brown washed with sooty grey.

Length of forewing, 20 mm ; expanse, 47 mm.

1 $ north side of Djebel Zaccar, nr. Miliana August 1916, 1 $ Hammam
R'hira May 1917 (V. Faroult).

Mr. Oberthiir does not record tragopoginis.

351. Mania maura (Linn.).

Phalaena maura Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 512. No. 88 (175S) (Mauretania).

The series from Mauretania at Tring consists of 82 specimens from Batna
(A. Nelva) ; Guelt-es-Stel August 1913, north side of Djebel Zaccar, nr. Miliana
August 1916, Ai'n Draham July 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Hammam R'hira, May — June
1913-1916 (W. R. and E. H, and Faroult) ; Sebdou, Foret de Tenira, September
1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, July 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Lambessa 1912 (A.
Nelva).

352. Apopestes spectrum maura Warr.

Apopestes spectrum maura Warren in Seitz, Grosssehmett. Erde, p. 370. pi. 686. (1913) (Algeria).

The name maura could not be used for this insect before the genus was split
in two, as it is antedated twenty-five years by Staudinger's maura, a species near
catapfianes, described by its author as a subspecies of cakiphanes, but is quite in
order now.

This is not a very distinct subspecies of spectrum, but it appears fairly
constant, the lines being less diffuse and narrower.

The Tring series comprises 64 specimens from Batna (A. Nelva) ; El Kantara,
March 1908-1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Mazagan, Morocco, July 1901 (W. Riggen-
bach) ; Leila Kredidja, Tala Rana, Kabylie, July 1907-1908 (Dr. Nissen) ; Foret
de Tenira, Sebdou, September 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes July 1917, Les
Pins August 1918 (M. Rotrou) ; Guelt-es-Stel, April— October 1912-1913 (W. ft
and K. J., and Faroult) ; Perregaux October 1915, Aflou October 1916 (V.
Faroult) ; Am Sefra, May— June 1913-1915 (W. R. and E. H., and Faroult) ;
Bordj-ben-Aneridj October 1912, Medjes October 1912, north side of Djebel
Zaccar, nr. Miliana August 1916 (V. Faroult).

N0V1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 91

353. Autophila maura (Stdgr.).

Spintherops catapkanes var. maura, Staudinger, Slett. Enlom. Zeit. vol. 49. p. 63 (1888) (Lambessa).
Spintherops roseata Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xix. p. 126. No. 6 (1912) (Ghardata).

One would not look generally for the description of an Algerian moth in an
article dealing with Asiatic species, so I unfortunately redescribed the present
species.

Mr. Oberthur as well as Staudinger and most other authors have placed
this insect under cataphanes Hiibn. as a race or variety, but Sir George Hampson
is convinced that it and several other forms placed under cataphunes are distinct
species.

The series at Tring numbers 78 specimens from Biskra, March — April 1908-
1909 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Guelt-es-Stel July— October 1913, Ain Sefra May
1915, Ras Chergui July 1915, Colomb Bechar March— April 1912, Msila May 1915,
Bordj Chegga March 1917, Tilghemt April 1912, Laghouat March 1912, Bou
Saada April — May 1911-1912 (V. Faroult) ; El Kantara March — August 1911-
1917 (V. Faroult); El Kantara March— August 1911-1917 (W. R. and E. H.,
and Faroult) ; Sebdou, June — July 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Oued Abbou, January
1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg) ; Ghardaia, April 1911 (W. R. and E. H.)
(including type of roseata) ; north of Ain Guettera, Ain Guettera, South Oued
Mya, In-Salah Tidikelt Oases, Fort Miribel, north of El Golea April— May 1912,
Oued Nca April 191-1 (Hartert and Hilgert).

The British Museum has 1 $ Algeria, Mrs. Nicholl ; 2 <$£, 7 <j*j> Hammam-
es-Salahin, March — May 1903-1904, Lord Walsingham.

354. Autophila ligaminosa (Eversm.).

Spintherops ligaminosa Eversniann, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1851. p. 630 (Georgia and Armenia).

This was taken by Mr. Oberthur to be typical cataphunes. Sir George
Hampson considers it a distinct species.

6 cfcj, 9 $$ Sebdou, August 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; 1 ? Environs de Batna (Nelva) ;
1 $ Sidi-bel-Abbes, June 1916 (M. Rotrou) ; 1 <J Hammam R'hira, February 1918.

Mr. Oberthur does not record this species, having in error put it down as
cataphanes.

355. Autophila dilucida libanotica (Stdgr.).

Apopestes dilucida v. ? libanotica Staudinger, Cat. Lepid. Palaear. Faun. edit. iii. p. 251. No. 2723c
(1901) (Lebanon).

Staudinger, Mr. Oberthur, and most other entomologists have identified
this insect as dilucida dilucida Hiibn., but I consider it agrees best with the sub-
species libanotica Stdgr.

In the Stett. Entom. Zeit. vol. xlix. p. 63 (1888) (Biskra) Dr. Staudinger
separated a more rosy red Autophila as Spintherops dilucida var. rosea, and hitherto
everyone has followed him without carefully examining a series of this very
common insect. I was first struck by the longer and narrower wings of rosea,
and then I found that I had both rosea and dilucida libanotica from Guelt-es-Stel
and no specimens showing any intermediate characters.

I at once got Rr. Jordan to examine the <$ genital armature, and we found
that this differed in the two insects. I then looked up my non-Mauretanian

92 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

material and perceived at once that there was a much greater resemblance
between rosea Stdgr. and cerealis Stdgr. than between rosea and the forms of dilu-
cida. Dr. Jordan on examining the genital armature of cerealis found that it
really agreed with that of rosea. Therefore rosea is a subspecies of cerealis and
not of dilucida, and must stand as Autophila cerealis rosea Stdgr.

We have at Tring 102 Algerian examples of dilucida libanotica Stdgr. from
El Kantara, March— April 1908-1911 (W. R. and E. H., and Faroult) ; Batna,
June 1909-1914 (A. Nelva) ; Guelt-es-Stel, May— June 1913 (V. Faroult) ;
Djebel Chelia, June 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Environs d'Alger (Captain Holl) ; Sidi-
bel-Abbes, June 1915-1917 (M. Eotrou) ; Bou Saada May 1912, Oued Hamidou
June 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Hammam R'hira, May— June 1913-1917 (W. R. and
E. H., and Faroult) ; Masser Mines, June 1914 (V. Faroult).

The British Museum has 1 <$ Algeria, Mrs. Nicholl.

356. Autophila cerealis rosea (Stdgr.).

Spintherops dilucida var. rosea Staudinger, Stett. Entom. Zeit. vol. 49. p. 63 (18S8) (Biskra).

As the genital armature of the (J of this insect differs from that of dilucida
and agrees with that of cerealis Stdgr., it proves rosea to be a distinct species from
dilucida and that it is a subspecies of cerealis.

We have at Tring 333 specimens of this species from Biskra, March 1908
(W. R. and E. H.) ; Gafsa and Biskra (Staudinger) ; El Hamel May 1912, Mograr
Foukani November 1916, Guelt-es-Stel May 1913, Bou Saada May 1912, Laghouat
March 1912, Tilghemt April 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Oued Nca April 1914, South
Oued Mya, north of Ain Guettera, El Golea, April — May 1912 (Hartert and
Hilgert) ; Oued Abbou January 1914, south of Ouargla December 1913 (Geyr
von Schweppenburg) ; Ain Sefra, May 1913-1915 (W. R and E. H., and Faroult).

The British Museum has 1 <$ Mauretania. Staudinger and Bang-Haas ; 1 §
Biskra, February 1894, A. E. Eaton ; 2 $? Hammam-es-Salahin, February 1894,
Lord Walsingham ; 1 <$ Hammam Meskoutine, March 1911, Meade- Waldo ; 1 $
Sbietla, Tunisia 1913, G. C. Champion.

357. Tathorhynchus exsiccata (Led.).

Spinlherops exsiccata Lederer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ver. Wien, vol. v. p. 204. pi. 2. f. 12 (1855) (Beirut).

This species is by no means numerous in Algeria.

I have only received 15: 5 Guelt-es-Stel, April— May 1912-1913 (W. R.
and E. H., and Faroult) ; 3 Ain Sefra July 1915, 1 Bou Saada May 1912 (V.
Faroult) ; 3 Sidi-bel-Abbes, June 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; 2 Amgid February, 1 Oued
Ag'elil March 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg).

358. Anthracia ephialtes (Hiibn).

Nortua ephialtes Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmmett. Noel. i. 652 (1822).

Of this species I have only 8 specimens from Algeria.

7 $? Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; 1 $ Sebdou, September
1918 (P. Rotrou).

The British Museum has 1 (J, 1 $ Morocco, Meade- Waldo.

NOV1TATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVII. 1920. 93

359. Pandesma anysa distincta subsp. nov.

cj$. Differ from anysa anysa in being smaller, less stoutly built, and more
uniform deep grey in colour.

Length of forewing: <J a. anysa 22 mm., a. distincta 15 mm.

Length of forewing : $ a. anysa 24 mm., a. distincta 18 mm.

Expanse : a. anysa <$ 51 mm., $ 55 mm. ; a. distincta <J 36 mm., $ 42 mm.

1 cJ, 1 $ Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; 1 ? Belvedere, Tunis
(M. Blanc) ; 2 &J Ain Sefra, July 1915 (V. Faroult).

Mr. Oberthur pointed out the difference from anysa anysa, but did not name
the form, though he figures it.

360. Pandesma anysa sennaarensis Feld. & Rog.

Pandesma sennaarensis Felder and Rogenhofer, Reise der Novara, Zoology, vol. ii. sect. 2. pi. cxi. and
Tafel-Erkl. f. 26 (1872) (Cape Colony and Sennaar).

This form occurs in the interior of the Sahara ; the $<$ are much whiter
and the $$ paler and less pure grey.

4 (JcJ, 5 $$ Amgid, Oued Ag'elil, I-n-Kelemet, Oued Amra, February — March
1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg). I identified this in 1915 as a. terregena Christ.,
but it agrees best with Felder's form.

Mr. Oberthur does not record this.

361. Cortyta acrosticta (Piingl.).

Pericyma acrosticta Piingler, Iris, vol. xvi. p. 290. pi. vi. f. 6 (1903) (Engeddi, Dead Sea).

This is quite distinct from vetusta, under which Sir George Hampson has placed
it as an aberration.

1 (J Ti-n-tabarik, April 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg).
This is also not recorded by Mr. Oberthur.

362. Cortyta rosacea (Rebel). (PL XVI. f. 17.)

Pericyma rosacea Rebel, Denkschr. Math. -Nat. Akad. Wissensch. vol. lxxi. p. 60 (1907) (Socotra).

I have a fine series of this very rare insect from the Algerian Sahara ; it does
not vary except in size.

1 $ South Oued Mya, April 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; 19 <J<J, 6 ?$ Oued
Dehin, Amgid, Rharis, Aceksem, Oued Gif-Aman, Oued Tamoudat, Oued Ag'elil,
north of Ideles, February — April 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg).

Mr. Oberthur does not record this.

363. Cortyta leucoptera (Hmpsn.).

Hypaelra leucoptera Hampson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1896, p. 264. pi. x. f. 1 (Aden).
Pericyma dispar Piingler, Iris, vol. xvi. p. 290. pi. v. ff. 7, la (1903) (Engeddi, Dead Sea).
Pericyma fasciolala Warren, Novit. Zool. vol. xii. p. 24. pi. iv. ff. 11, 21 (1905) (Nakheila, Egypt.

Sudan).
Polydesma halnearia Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) I. p. 228 (1898) (Waterburg, Transvaal).
Cortyta impar Hampson, Cat. Lepid. Phal. Brit. Mus. vol. xiii. p. 317. No. 8129. pi. ccxxxii. f. 21

(1913) (Punjab).
Homoptera eremochroa Hampson, Journ. Bomh. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxi. p. 1222 (1912) (Deesa, Bombay).

In the British Museum Catalogue of Moths Sir George Hampson has all the
above 6 insects as separate species, but since the publication of vol. xiii. of the

94 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

above Catalogue, two very remarkable series of specimens have come to hand,
first a series of 1 8 specimens from the Algerian Sahara sent me by Herr Geyr von
Schweppenburg in 1914, and secondly a very large series received by Professor
Poulton from Mr. Feather collected in Somaliland. In these two series every
intergradation between the 6 insects named above is represented, proving them
all to belong to a single protean species with an extraordinary range of variation.
Unfortunately leucoptera Hampson, as the oldest name, has to be used for the species,
for the very white form to which it was originally given appears to be the rarest ;
in my series of 21 Algerian specimens, only the <$ from Colomb-Bechar is of this
form.

1 <J Colomb-Bechar, March— April 1912 (V. Faroult) ; 5 ££, 13 $$ Amgid,
Oued Pehir, Oued Gif-Aman, Oued Tamoudat, Oued Amra, Rharis. Am Tahart,
February — April 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg) ; 2 $$ South Oued Mya, and
north of Ain Guettera, April 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert).

The last two are type and cotype of fasciolata subsimilis Warren, but are only
further aberrations of leucoptera, as is my Cortyta pungleri.

This is also not recorded by Mr. Oberthiir.

364. Hypoglaucitis benenotata moses Stdgr.

Hypoglaucitis moses Staudinger, Iris, vol. vii. p. 284. pi. 9. f. 17 (1894) (Egypt [Cairo? ]).

Of the 6 o;J, 6 ?$ from Algeria at Tring, 2 ,$<$ are typical moses, 1 <J is too
worn to be sure of, and 3 <$<$ are ab. ochrea Warr. Of the 6 $$, 5 are ab. ochrea
and 1 typical moses. 4 (JcJ, 3 $$ South Oued Mya, April 1912 (Hartert and
Hilgert) ; Laghouat March 1912, Nedrorna and Lalla Marnia May 1914 (V.
Faroult) ; 1 $ Aceksem, 1 $ Tahihout, April — May 1914 (Geyr von Schweppen-
burg).

Not recorded by Mr. Oberthiir.

365. Mageutica alchymista alchymista (Schiff. & Den.).

Phalaena alchymista Schiffenniiller and Denis, Ank. Syst, Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 89 (1775)
(Vienna).

Of typical alchymista I only have 3 specimens: 1 Hammam R'hira, June 1917
(V. Faroult) ; 2 Batna (A. Nelva).

Of ab. varia I have 1 $ from Batna (A. Nelva).

The British Museum has 1 <J, 1 $ Batna, Staudinger and Bang-Haas.

366. Mageutica alchymista uniformis (B.-H.).

Catephia alchymista var. uniformis Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. xxiv. p. 41 (1910) (Ain Draham).

This form is not found in Europe, and in Eastern Algeria and Tunisia at
least 95 per cent, of the individuals belong to it, so 1 consider it a good subspecies.
(I have placed the form varia as an aberration under a. alchymista, but 1 am
doubtful as to its status. Mr. Oberthiir says it is the prevailing form at
Lambessa, but I have only 3 Batna examples, 2 being typical alchymista and 1
varia. My material is useless for decision, being so poor in numbers.)

Of a. uniformis we have at Tring 67 specimens from Ain Draham July —
August 1911, Environs de Setif 1911 (V. Faroult).

Of these 67 examples 4 are intermediate between uniformis and alchymista.

XOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920. 95

367. Catephia leucomelas (Linn).

Phalaena leucomelas Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 518. No. 121 (1758) (Europe).

Mr. Oberthiir makes use of Rambur's name, which is 71 years later than
Linnaeus's, although the latter's leucomelas is figured in Clerck's Icones.

We have 7 Mauretanian examples : 4 Environs d'Alger, May — June 1908
(W. R. and K. J., and Dr. Nissen) ; 3 Hammam R'hira, July 1917 (V. Faroult).

368. Anumeta atrosignata harterti Rothsch.

Anumeta henkei Itarterti Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. si. p. 469 (1913) (El Golea).

This unfortunate insect has been banded about from pillar to post by Sir
George Hampson, Mr. Warren, Mr. Oberthiir, and myself. It lias been called
henkei Stdgr., spilota Ersch., henkei harterti Rothsch., and atrosignata Walk.
The truth is that spilota Ersch., harterti Rothsch., and atrosignata Walk, are 3
subspecies of one widely-spread desert species.

The Tring Museum has 16 specimens: 2 <J(J, 1 $ El Golea, 1 <J, 1 $ San-
dana, south of Ghardaia, May 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; 2 <$<$ Bordj Mgeitla,
April 1909 (W. R. and E. H.) ; 4 <?<?, * $$ Amgid, Aceksem, Tahihout, Oued
Dehin, Ain Tahart, February — April 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg) ; 1 Colomb-
Bechar, March— April 1912 (V. Faroult).

369. Anumeta sabulosa Rothsch. (PI. XVI. f. 15.)

Anumeta sabulosa Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 129. No. 78 (1913) (South Oued Mya).

Of this very distinct species we have 1 1 examples at Tring from South Oued
Mya, May 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Amgid, Oued Dehin, Ain Tahaut, February
— April 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg).

The type was unfortunately recorded in the original description as a <J ; it
is in reality a <j>.

370. Anumeta spatzi Rothsch. (PI. XVI. ff. 11, 12.)

Anumeta spatzi Rothschild, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvi. p. 257. No. 51 (1915) (Amgid).

Of this fine species the Tring series contains 11 specimens from Amgid,
Tahihout, Ain Taiba, April — May 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg).

371. Anumeta major Rothsch. (PI. XVI. ff. 13, 14.)

Anumeta major Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 130. No. 79 (1913) (N. of El Golea).

In my article on Herr Geyr von Schweppenburg's collection (see above) I
recorded 2 <$<$ and 1 $ as being major. On closer examination I find all 3 speci-
mens from Ain Taiba are $3.

1 ? north of El Golea, May 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; 3 <J<J Ain Taiba,
May 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg).

The most striking difference at first sight between spatzi and major is that the
black spot in the hindwing is free in the white patch in major, while in spatzi it
coalesces with the brown shadow band. This is the insect Warren described as
harterti while figuring the real harterti.

96 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

[Anumeta cestis cestis (Menet.).

Catephia cestis Menetries Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Pet. Scien. Nat. vol. vi. Descr. Ins. Iiec. feu Lehmann,
p. 74. No. 870. pi. vi. f. 10 (1848) (Bachkirie).

This is a pure desert-loving insect, and where we caught it in 1909 in the
Oued Souf region it was taken among the sand-dunes.

The series from Algeria when contrasted with my series from Central Asia
appears less robust, and the pattern of the forewings, when the whole of each
series is compared with the whole of the other series, gives a different impression ;
but the real difference lies in the dark patches in the hindwing, which are very
heavy and generally confluent in cestis cestis and smaller and generally separated
into three in the Algerian race.

Of cestis cestis the Tring Museum has 25 examples, of which 4 are ab. punctata
Men. and 5 ab. uniformis Warr.]

372. Anumeta cestis parvimacula subsp. nov.

^ 5- Differ from cestis cestis in being less robust and in the black markings
on the hindwings being smaller in extent and generally broken up.

65 specimens, of which 10 are ab. uniformis Warr., from Bordj Ferdjan Bordj
Mgeitla, Bordj Mecht-el-Kaid, April 1909 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Arefidji, halfway
between Ouargla and El Golea, north of El Golea, Hassi el Hadjar, Hassi Dinar,
March 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Tilghemt April, Bou Saada May 1912 (V.
Faroult).

373. Anumeta hilgerti (Rothsch.).

Palpangula hilgerti Rothschild, Entom. Zeit. Stuttgart, vol. xxiii. p. 142 (1909) (Bordj Ferdjan).

The series at Tring contains 34 examples, of which 3 are ab. brunnea Warr.
from Amgid, Oued Dehir, Temassinin, Oued Gif-Aman, Ain Taiba, Oued Amra,
and north of Ideles, January — May 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg) ; Oued
Abiod, Hassi el Hadjar, El Golea, halfway between Ouargla and El Golea,
Arefidji, March — May 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Colomb Bechar, March —
April 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Bordj Ferdjan, Bordj Mgeitla, April 1909 (W. R. and
E. H.).

[At the end of the paragraph on Palpangula harterti Mr. Oberthiir mentions
Anumeta sabulosa, stating it was described by Warren in Seitz, but that as it was
not figured it was a " nomen nudum." This is Mr. Oberthiir's usual proceeding,
but as he goes so far as to tell his readers that such a creature had been
described, he might at least have given the author's name correctly. Anumeta
sabulosa was described by me, and therefore the author of the name is Rothschild
not Warren. As to the question of the authenticity of a name depending on a
good figure, I maintain that far oftener a good description is more easily recog-
nised than even a good figure ; especially as the figure only represents one speci-
men and not a whole series, and in nine times out of ten represents the peculiari-
ties which struck the artist's eye, while the differentiating characters may not be
those emphasised in the drawing.

In addition the International Rules of Nomenclature nowhere insist on
anything more than a fairly accurate and consequently recognisable description,

Novitates Zoolooioae XXVTI. *1920. 97

and therefore Mr. Oberthiir and his friends who support him in his view about
figures are not in accord with the general body of zoological opinion all over
the world.]

374. Anydrophila sabourodi (D. Luc).

Palpangula sabourodi Daniel Lucas, Bull. Soc. Enlom. France, 1907. p. 180 (Zarcine, Tunisia).

Mr. Oberthiir as well as the author place this species in Palpangula = Anu-
meta. This is quite wrong as sabourodi, and the 4 Central Asian species which
form the genus Anydrophila are Catocalinae, whereas Anumeta {Palpangula) is a
genus of Noctuinae separated by two families from the Catocalinae.

We have the other 4 only recorded specimens, beyond the type, at Tring.
2 £<$ Oued Nca, April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; 1 ^ Aceksem, April 1914
(Geyr von Schweppenburg) ; 1 $ A'in Sefra, June 1915 (V. Faroult).

« 375. Anumeta straminea (B.-H.).

Palpangula straminea Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. six. p. 135. pi. v. f. 11 (1906) (Gafsa, Tunisia).

Of this characteristic species we have at Tring a large series ; but curiously
enough, although Mr. Oberthiir says it is common at Biskra, we only obtained
two specimens there during our four prolonged visits. 347 specimens from Colomb
Bechar March— April 1912, Bou Saada March— May 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Nza-
ben-Rzig, Mraier, Tamerna, half-way between Touggourt and Ouargla, Arefklji,
Hassi el Hadjar, north of El Golea, halfway between Ouargla and El Golea
February — May 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; south of Bledet-Ahmar, south of
Ouargla, Slassel Dhanoun, Hassi Abbou, Oued Abbou, Timassinin, I-n-Kelemet,
Amgid, December 1913 — February 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg) ; Biskra
February 1908-1911, Bordj Ferdjan, Bordj Mgeitla April 1909 (W. R. and E. H.) ;
Tunis (Staudinger).

The British Museum has 2 $$ Hammam-es-Salahin, March 1904, Lord
Walsingham ; 1 <J, 2 $$ Colomb-Bechar, February 1912, V. Faroult ex Tring
Museum.

376. Leucanitis kabylaria B.-H.

Leucanilis kabylaria Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. six. p. 136. pi. v. f. 7 (1906) (Gafsa, Tunisia).

We have at Tring 48 specimens of this insect from halfway between Ouargla
and El Golea, March 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Bordj Mgeitla, Bordj Ferdjan
April 1909, Ghardai'a April 1911 (VV. R. and E. H.) ; Bou Saada April 1911,
Bordj Chegga March 1917 (V. Faroult) ; Amgid, north of Ideles, Oued Ag'elil,
Oued Lehin, Oued Gif-Aman, February — March 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg).

The British Museum has 1 $ Tunis, Staudinger and Bang- Haas.

377. Drasteria oranensis sp. nov. (PI. XVI. f. 16.)

<J $. Antennae black-brown ; head and thorax pale sandy cinnamon, central
streak on tegulae and edge of patagia deep rufous ; abdomen pale sandy
cinnamon.

Forewing sandy cinnamon, basal one-fourth almost completely saturated with
brown with a number of irregular lines and rings of black, a clear transverse convex

7

98 KOVKTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

sandy band followed by two-thirds of remainder of wing being suffused with brown
and covered with irregular black lines, leaving a whitish buff irregular patch, outer
part beyond brown greyish sandy cinnamon, with brown marginal hair line, fringe
white with brown central line and a dark cinnamon patch between veins 3 and 4.
Hindwing white on basal two-fifths, black on outer three-fifths, black central
stigma joined to black outer part in which fringe and large patch between veins
4 and apex and a small patch at vein 2 are white.

Length of forewing, 15 mm. ; expanse, 33 mm.

2 cJcJ, 3 $$ Am Sefra, May 1913 (VV. R. and E. H.).

378. Acrobyla panaceorum distincta (Rothsch.).

Armada panaceorum distincta Rothschild, Nooil. Zool. vol. xxii. p. 234. Xo. 49 (1915) (Oued Nca).

The Tring series of this insect contains 5 gg, 4 $$ from Oued Nca, Hassi
Sidi Mahmud April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Bou Saada May 1912, Am
Sefra May 1915, Colomb Bechar March— April 1912 (V. Faroult).

379. Syneda cailino cailino (Lef.).

Heliolhis cailino Lefebre, Ann. Soc. Linn. Paris. 1827. p. 94. t. 5. f. 1 (Sicily).

Of this species we have at Tring 24 Algerian examples from Bou Saada,
Djebel Kerdada, April— May 1911-1912 (V. Faroult) ; El Kantara, March— April
1911 (W. R. and E. H., and Faroult) ; Oued Nca, April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert).

380. Syneda cailino philippina (Aust.).

Lucanitis philippina Austaut, Le Nat. vol. ii. p. 237 (1880) (Oran).

Differs from c. cailino in its darker more rufous colouration and wider dark
outer portion of hindwings.

1 cJ, 1 $ Colomb-Bechar, March— April 1912 (V. Faroult).

381. Raphia hybris (Hiibn.).

Noct-ua hybris Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Hchmett. Xocl. f. 518 (1818).

I have received 19 specimens in all from Algeria.

6 <J<J, 9 $$ Sidi-bel-Abbes, 3 $$ Messer, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; 1 5
Foret de Tenira, September 1918 (P. Rotrou).

1 ^, 5?$ are normal in colouration ; the rest are very melanistic.

382. Catocala elocata (Esp.).

Koctua elocata Esper, Schmelt. vol. iv. pt. i. p. 127. No. 43. pi. xcix. ff. 1, 2 (1786).

I have received comparatively few specimens of this species.

We have 36 Mauretanian examples : Mauretania ! ! (Staudinger) ; bred
ex larvae ex Batna (Dr. A. Seitz) ; Environs de Batna, 1909-1914 (A. Nelva) ;
Bordj-ben-Aneridj October 1912, A'inDraham July — September 1912 (V. Faroult) ;
Sidi-bel-Abbes, August 1916 (M. Rotrou) ; Ain Sefra, June 19J5 (V. Faroult).

N0V1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 99

383. Catocala oberthuri Aust.

Catocala oberthuri Austaut, Le Nat. vol. i. p. 85 (1879) (Sidi-bel-Abbes).

I have received a large series of this insect, mostly from the topotypical
locality. It appears to be much commoner in the province of Oran than in
Eastern Algeria.

The series at Tring contains 386 examples from Environs d' Alger (El Biar),
August 1905 (Captain Holl) ; Alger and Mauretania ! ! (Staudinger) ; Batna
and ex larva ex Batna, July — August 19U3-1912 (A. Nelva, Dr. A. Seitz, and
Maitre Sellier Taillefer) ; Ain Sefra, July 1915 (V. Faroult) ; Am Draham, July —
September 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, August 1918 (M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou,
September 1918 (P. Rotrou).

The series varies much in the shade of colour and accentuation of pattern in
the forewings and in the width of the black outer margin of the hindwings.
Among this series are specimens distinctly referable to ab. transient B.-H., but 1
have not received either ab. flavicans Oberth. or ab. haroldiana Oberth.

Among the Ain Sefra series are 3 <$,$ and 2 $$ of a very strange aberration,
very large and suffused with red ; this I propose to call ab. erubescens ab. nov.

The genitalia of oberthuri and elocata are alike, and there are in my series
some which look suspiciously like intermediates more or less. I am therefore
very doubtful as to the validity of the two species ; it may very well turn out that
oberthuri is a subspecies of elocata still in the making.

The British Museum has 1 $ Morocco, August — September, Meade- Waldo ;
2 (JcJ Crowley coll. ; 4 <3<S, 2 $$ Staudinger and Bang-Haas and Leech coll.

384. Mormonia dilecta powelli (Oberth.).
Catocala dilecta powelli Oberthur, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. iii. expl. pi. and pi. xii. f. 13 (1909) (Daya).

The Algerian race of dilecta Hiibn. diifers from dilecta dilecta by its more
intense crimson hindwings and its greater variation in colour and pattern of
forewing. The ab. dayremi Oberth. is the extreme melanistic phase and =
ab. obscurata Spul. of dilecta dilecta Hiibn.

The large series at Tring includes most of the intergradations as well as
extreme dayremi.

We have 1,035 examples from Environs d' Alger (Captain Holl) ; Ain Draham,
September 1909-1911 (V. Faroult); Sebdou, July— August 1918 (P. Rotrou);
Sidi-bel-Abbes, August 1918 (M. Rotrou).

The British Museum has 1 J Batna, August 1910, A. E. Eaton ; 1 cj, 1 ? Ain
Draham, Staudinger and Bang-Haas.

385. Mormonia sponsa laeta (Oberth.).

Catocala sponsa laeta Oberthur, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. iii. expl. pi. and pi. xii. i. 15 (1909)
(Yakouren).

The Algerian race of sponsa Linn, differs from sponsa sponsa in being larger
and brighter and more variegated with white. Mr. Oberthur has also named a
melanislic form ab. obscura.

The Algerian series at Tring is a very poor one, and mostly not in good
condition.

22 specimens from Ain Draham, September 1909-1911 (Faroult and Stau-
dinger) ; Sebdou, August 1918 (P. Rotrou) .

N0VITATE3 Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

386. Catocala promissa hilaris Oberth.

Oatocala promissa hilaris Oberthiir. Etud. Lipid. Cornp. fasc. iii. expl. pi. and pi. xiii. f. 17 (1909)

(Yakouren).
Catocala electra Bang-Haas. Iris, vol. xxiv. p. 41. pi. iv. f. 1 (1910) (Ain Draham).

The figure of Mr. Oberthur's hilaris from Yakouren is considerably darker
and the median black band on the hindwing is shown much broader than in any
Ain Draham specimen ; it also is smaller than most of those from there.

Dr. Jordan has examined the genital armature for me of this and European
promissa, and finds them similar. My readers will surely take me to task for
adopting Mr. Oberthur's views here as to the status of promissa and hilaris, while
I keep the much more similar insects as regards outward appearance, elocata
and oberthuri separate.

Although the genitalia are alike, I can only say that in that case they occur
together, while here hilaris replaces sponsa.

Time will show also whether after all the case may not be similar and that
oberthuri replaces elocata, but is not yet so fixed as hilaris and therefore still
produces a certain number of specimens, indistinguishable from elocata.

I have one specimen only other than Ain Draham ones ; of these latter we
possess 1'98 Ain Draham, July — August 1909-1911 (V. Faroult and Staudinger) ;
1 cS Le Tarf, July 1908 (Captain Holl).

The British Museum has 1 (J, 1 $ Ain Draham, Staudinger and Bang-Haas.

387. Catocala optata sultana B.-H.

Catocala sultana Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. xxiv. p. 42. pi. iv. f. 2 (1910) (Ain Draham).

Mr. Oberthiir is very emphatic as to the optata found in Algeria, Tunisia, and
Morocco being all one entity and found in two forms named amanda Boisd. and
selecta Boisd., and that Bang-Haas renamed this form sultana. Also because
he has received a single specimen from Tangier less strongly marked and
less bright than Bordeaux specimens, he says there is no fixity in local races,
i.e. snbspecies.

If these subspecies were absolutely fixed and showed a constant strong
difference they would be species and not subspecies. To my mind, if 75-80 per
cent, of specimens in one locality are constantly different from those of another
locality, the form is worthy of a name.

The Ain Draham form has at least 95 per cent, of the individuals larger and
the colour above brighter than optata optata, and it is also larger and brighter
than optata amanda Boisd., which only differs from optata optata in the sandy
tint and deeper rose-colour beneath. This large Mauretanian form extends all
along the Tell of Algeria, north of the Atlas, from Sidi-bel-Abbes in the west
to Ain Draham in Tunisia (Kroumerie) at least in the east.

The series at Tring contains 143 specimens from Ain Draham, July — August
1909-1911 (V. Faroult and Staudinger) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, July— August 1917 (M.
Rotrou).

The British Museum has 1 J, 1 9 Ain Draham, Staudinger and Bang-Haas.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1020. 101

388. Catocala optata intermedia Hmpsn. (Bang-Haas in litt.).

Catocala optata ab. intermedia Bang-Haas iiiccl. Harnpson, Cat. Lepid. Phot. Brit. Mus. vol. xii. p. 72.
ab. 1 (1913) (Algeria (Batna)).

This is the form Mr. Oberthiir says is amanda Boisd. ; it differs from both
optata optata and optata amanda in the black central band of the hindwings being
much less irregularly dentate, and in being narrow for the costal half and suddenly
becoming broader from vein 5 where it forms a sharp angle. It also is still brighter
rose than o. amanda on the underside of the hindwings.

Our series contains 38 specimens from Batna, July — August 1910-1914
(A. Nelva and Faroult).

The British Museum has 1 $ Batna, Staudinger and Bang-Haas.

389. Catocala puerpera rosea Aust.

Catocala puerpera var. rosea Austaut, Le Nat. vol. vi. p. 391 (1884) (llorocco).

The rather poor series I have are all characteristic rosea, being larger than
puerpera puerpera Giorn. with the forewings sandy cinnamon, strongly washed
with rose.

17 examples from Am Sefra, July 1915 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, July —
August 1917-1918 (M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou, July 1918 (P. Rotrou).

390. Catocala conjuncta vivida Warr.

Catocala conjuncta vivida Warren in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde, vol. iii. p. 3U8. pi. 56b (1913) (Algeria).

We have 749 Algerian examples, including the type of Warren's ab. fulva
with fulvous yellow hindwings, from Sidi-bel-Abbes September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ;
Ain Draham September 1909-1911 (V. Faroult and Staudinger); Environs
d'Alger (Captain Holl) ; Sebdou, Foret de Tenira, July 1918 (P. Rotrou).

The colour of the hindwings in Mauretanian examples is deeper and richer.

391. Ephesia nymphaea (Esp.).

Noctua nympliaea Esper, Schmett. vol. iv. pt. i. p. 158. No. 52. pi. cv. f. 4 (1787) (Lyons).

This insect is also very variable as to colour and intensity of pattern of fore-
wings, many specimens almost exactly resembling Ephesia flavescens Hampson
from India, which must stand as Ephesia nymphaea flavescens Hampson.

Our Mauretanian series contains 289 specimens from Blida les Glacieres
larvae June, emerged Alger July 1908 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Tala Rana, July 1906
(Dr. Nissen) ; Mazagan, Morocco, July — September 1901-1902 (W. Riggenbach) ;
El Kantara, June 1909 (Cheli Brahim) ; Ain Draham, July 1909-1911 (V. Faroult
and Staudinger) ; Batna, July 1908-1914 (Nelva and Taillefer) ; Ain Sefra, July
1915 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes July 1917, Les Pins July 1918 (M. Rotrou) ;
Sebdou, July 1918 (P. Rotrou).

392. Catocala conversa (Esp.).

Noctua conversa Esper, Schmett. vol. iv. pt. i. pi. ev.B. ff. 1, 2, 3 (1787).

Of this species our Algerian and Tunisian examples number 228, including
the aberrations carbonaria Staud. and seminigra Warr. 156 from Tunis (Stau-

102 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

dinger) ; Ain Draham July — August 1911, Hammam R'hira June — August 1916,
north side of Djebel Zaccar August 1916, Mecheria August 1918 (V. Faroult) ;
Batna, July 1909-1912 (A. Xelva) ; Sidi-bel- Abbes July 1917, Les Pins July 1918
(M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou, July 1918 (P. Rotrou).

393. Ephesia eutychea (Treit).

Catocala evlychea Treitschke, Schmetl. Eur. vol. x. pt. ii. p. 165 (1835) (Corfu).

Although I have only the small series of 15 specimens of this southern species
from Mauretania,' it appears widely spread. It is here recorded for the first time
for our region.

4 cJcJ, 4 ?$ Hammam R'hira June 1916, 2 £<$, 1 $ Masser Mines June 1914
(V. Faroult) ; 1 J Sebdou, 1 cJ, 1 9 Foret de Tenira June 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; 1 $
Sidi-bel-Abbes, June 1918 (M. Rotrou).

[On the status of Catocala vallantini O berth. (PL XIV.)

This insect was described as a species and figured Etud. Entom. livr. xix. p. 36.
pi. vi. f. 53 (1894) (Bone) by Mr. Oberthur. In 1901 Messrs. Staudinger and
Rebel in Cat. Lepid. Pal. Faun, on p. 250 (pt. i.) place this as a species following
nymphagoga with the number 2,716 ; but make certain remarks which I translate
as follows : " Described from a single q ; judging from the type specimen, this
appears to be an aberration of the preceding species (nymphagoga), although
Staudinger would rather see in it a subspecies. In 1912, when Sir George Hamp-
son was writing vol. xii. of the British Museum Catalogue, I lent him all my large
series of Catocalas captured by Victor Faroult at Ain Draham in July — September
1911, among which were 3 vallantini and a long series of the insect Mr. Oberthur
has recorded as nymphagoga without any qualification. Among these so-called
nymphagoga are a considerable number in which the median black band of the
hindwing is in process of reduction, and there is a complete gradation from the
normal band to a band almost obsolete. Besides these there are two specimens,
one a vallantini showing a distinct shadowy trace of the band, and a second
in which the band is present, but almost gone. I suggested to Sir George
Hampson that vallantini was only an aberration of the so-called nymphagoga.
Sir George, however, after examining the series, came to a different conclusion ;
in fact he declared, and afterwards published in vol. xii. of the Catalogue, that
vallantini was a distinct species and belonged to Hubner's genus Ephesia,
while nymphagoga was a true Catocala. In 1913 in Seitz -Mr. William Warren
published vallantini as a subspecies of nymphagoga, at the same time treating some
of the Algerian examples, with a normal central band to the hindwing, as nym-
phagoga, and describing others as subspecies ! ! under the names of griseata and
albijnixta ; while others again he described as aberrations under the names of
contorta, jasciata, and julvipennis. Finally Mr. Oberthur in the volume dealt with
in this article, viz. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, fascicule xvi., treats his
so-called nymphagoga and his vallantini as two separate species ; and under
vallantini makes the following remarks : " C'est une Espece des plus tranchees
et les moins contestables parmi les Catocala a ailes iuferieures jauues de la Faune
palearctique."

When I was working at the British Museum during the months of March —

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 103

July of this year (1919) preparing for this article and correcting identifications
of Mauretanian Noctuidae, I again submitted the series of Ain Draham so-called
ny7n.pha.g0ga and my 3 vallantini to Sir George Hampson, saying I could not feel
satisfied with his former decision, and was still of opinion that vallantini was an
aberration without the central band of the hindwings. He again said he was
sure they were different species, and now laid great stress on what he pointed out
as the different position and direction of the transverse lines of the forewings.

I was not satisfied with this answer, and got Dr. Jordan to examine a series
of these insects, both from Europe and Algeria.

Sir George Hampson in the Catalogue, vol. xii. gives long diagnoses of the
genera Catocala and Ephesia which I have carefully compared, and find all the
characters given by him for both genera are the same except the following :

Ephesia. "Fore and hind tibiae not spined ; mid tibiae spined. . . ."

Catocala. " Fore tibiae not spined ; mid and hind tibiae spined, the latter
only between the spurs. ..."

Dr. Jordan found both European nymphagoga and the Algerian specimens
with complete median band on hindwing, as well as vallantini, to have one or two
spines on the hind tibiae ; thus in the first place proving that vallantini is a true
Catocala and not an Ephesia. (These spines are more of the nature of stiff bristles,
protruding between the scales of the legs, and must not be confused with the
spars.)

Now, after Dr. Jordan had proved vallantini to be possessed of spines exactly
as in nymphagoga, he and I carefully compared the pattern of the forewings to test
the validity of Sir George Hampson's contention that the transverse lines on the
forewings were different in vallantini. At first sight this really appeared to be the
case, but we soon found that when the strongly dentate and sinuate postmedian
line had become obsolete, the ordinarily much less conspicuous submarginal band
stood out more plainly. This submarginal band is much further from the termen
than in most other groups of Noctuidae, and is easily mistaken for the postmedian
line in the specimens where this latter has become obliterated. There are, however,
in the series from Ain Draham a number where the postmedian line on the fore-
wings is quite as much absent as in vallantini, while the hindwings have the central
band. These at once proved to us that the Catocala vallantini Oberth. = Ephesia
vallantini of Hampson was nothing more than an extreme aberration in which
the greater part of the pattern of the forewings had become obliterated, and the
central band of the hindwings had disappeared altogether. To prove this and
also illustrate the great variability of this insect, I propose to publish a coloured
plate showing a complete gradation from the forewing with all markings extremely
sharp to the almost complete obliteration exhibited in Warren's ab. griseata $,
and also every gradation in the hindwing from one with a distinct sharply defined
central band = ab. normalis Rothsch. to the total absence of the band = ab.
vallantini Oberth.

But our thus proving that vallantini Oberth. is only an extreme aberration
does not entirely explain all points connected with this insect. When in 1901
Drs. Staudinger and Rebel made their observations on the type and unique
specimen, as it was then, of Catocala vallantini Oberth., there were no other
examples of a Catocala known from Algeria of the nymphagoga type, and this was
what chiefly induced Staudinger in opposition to Rebel to consider it to be the
Mauretanian subspecies of nympfiagoga. The large series sent from Algeria and '

104 NOVITATES ZOOLOG1CAE XXVII. 1U20.

Tunisia since 1901 make it at once apparent that Staudinger was wrong and Rebel
right as regards vallantini itself.

Now, however, the question arises, What arc the specimens with median bands
on the hindwings ? Are they true nymphagoga or are they not ? Esper described
and figured his Xoctna nymphagoga Schmett. vol. iv. pt. i. p. 159. No. 53. pis. cv.
f. 5 and cv.6. f. 5 (1787) from Lyons and South Italy, and I have examined at
Tring a series of 140 European specimens consisting of 8 without any locality and
138 from Quillery, France ; Landes, S. France ; Germany ; Dalmatia ; Austria ;
HerculesfiirdS, Hungary; Sorgento, Sardinia; Sicily ; and Amanus Mts.,
Syria, and I have compared them with 367 Algerian and Tunisian examples.
Among the European examples are specimens of the ab. anthracita Th. Mieg.,
ab. tinolia Led., ab. curvifascia and ab. nubilosa Schulze, as well as the type of ab.
albinata Warr. ; while among the Mauretanian examples are the ab. vallantini
Oberth., ab. normalis Rothsch., ab. leucomelas Oberth., ab. albimixta Warr., ab.
griseata Warr., ab. jasciata Warr., ab. fulvipennis Warr., and ab. contorta Warr.
I find the general run of Mauretanian examples (in fact 95 per cent.) are smaller,
and in all of them the yellow of the hindwing is very bright, and there is much
more tendency for the pattern of the forewings to become obliterated, while the
central band of the hindwings shows all degrees of reduction till it is absent
altogether in typical ab. vallantini.

In the whole of the 146 European nymphagoga at Tring there is no specimen
exhibiting any reduction of this central band, nor is there in the British Museum
series. From all these points of difference, it is clear that the Mauretanian
nymphagoga differ from the European ones. It remains to be seen what the}' ought
to be called. Of the 8 names applied to Mauretanian specimens, that of vallantini
Oberth. is not only the oldest but also was not used in an aberrational sense when
first given. Therefore the name for the Mauretanian subspecies of nymphagoga
must stand asC'atocala nymphagoga vallantini Oberth., with two extreme forms ab.
normalis Rothsch. with complete median band to the hindwing and ab. vallantini
Oberth. with this band absent.]

394. Catocala nymphagoga vallantini Oberth. (PI. XIV. ff. 1-24 & 30-39.)

Catocala vallanlini Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. livr. xix. p. 36. pi. vi. f. 53 (1894) (Bone).

This subspecies differs from nymphagoga nymphagoga Esp. in its generally
smaller size, brighter colouration, especially the yellow colour, and the narrower
outer margin of the hindwing, and in the strong tendency to obliteration of pattern
of forewing and the central band of the hindwing. There are two extreme forms :
one ab. normalis ab. nov. with pattern of forewing and central band of hindwing
strongly defined, and ab. vallantini Oberth. with the pattern of forewing almost
obliterated and the band of hindwing absent. Between these extremes all inter-
gradations occur ; for the names of the various intermediates see antea.

The Tring series contains 376 Mauretanian examples from Ain Draham,
Tunisia, July 1909-1911 (V. Faroult and Staudinger) ; Ax larva, the larvae Blida
les Glacieres May, emerged Alger July 1908 j(W. R. and E. H.) ; Tala Rana,
Kabylie July 1908, Mezarir July 1906, Leila Kredidja, Kabylie July 1907
(Dr. Nissen) ; Sebdou, Foret de Tenira, July 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes,
July 1918 (M. Rotrou) ; El Mahouna, July 1919 (V. Faroult).

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 105

[Note on the genus Ephesia Hiibn.

Sir George Hampson takes as the type of Ephesia, Phalaena fulminea Scop.

On examination of the long series of the species at Tring, Dr. Jordan found
spines present on the hind tibiae in some individuals, while they were absent in
others.]

395. Anua tirhaca (Cram.).

Phalaena tirhaca Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. ii. pt. xv. p. 110. pi. elxxii. f. E. (1777) (Cape of Good
Hope).

Of this conspicuous insect the Mauretanian series at Tring comprises 36
examples from El Kantara, March 1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Batna September
1910, Ai'n Draham September 1911, Guelt-es-Stel September — October 1912-
1913, Bou Saada July 1911, Bordj -ben- Aneridj October 1912, Perregaux October
1915, Lalla Marnia 1914 (V. Earoult) ; Sidi-bel- Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ;
Environs de Taourirt, July 1918 (M. Rotrou) ; Hammam R'hira, June 1918 (V.
Faroult).

[Minucia lunaris (Schiff. & Den.).

Pftatoena Smarts Schiffermiiller arid Denis, Ank. Syst. Werk: Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 94 (1775) (Vienna).

Mr. Oberthur records the Mauretanian race of this species under the name
of the European form, and only treats certain striking aberrations as such under
the names of maura, rufa, and murina. It is quite true that while Mr. Oberthur
has several hundred specimens from Mauretania, the Tring Museum has only 89,
but yet among those 89 there are none like typical European specimens. I
therefore propose to separate the Mauretanian race as a separate subspecies, and as
it is very appropriate I shall adopt for it Mr. Oberthur's name of maura, although
only given to an aberration.]

396. Minucia lunaris maura (Oberth.).

Pseudophia lunaris ab. maura Oberthur, Etud. Enlom. livT. ix. p. 39. pi. iii. f. 13 (1884) (Sebdou).

The Tring series of I. maura contains 5 ab. rufa Oberth., 4 ab. murina Oberth.,
but no typical maura, all the rest being intermediates between murina and maura.

89 examples from Batna, Lambessa (A. Nelva) ; Khenchela May 1912, Souk
Ahras April 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ; Sebdou, Foret de Tenira, April 1918 (P.
Rotrou) ; Lambessa May 1909, Environs d' Alger May 1908 (W. R. and E. H.).

So far as I have seen, the sandy cinnamon-grey colour of the European form
is never found in Mauretanian specimens, so that the diagnosis should read :
" Differs from I. lunaris in the less sandy, more silvery grey ground-colour and
in the much greater frequency of aberrations with red, olive, or mouse-grey ground-
colour, and with obliterated bands."

[The genus Clytie and the forms allied to illunaris Hiibn.

Mr. Oberthur records Clytie illunaris from Algeria and says he has received
specimens from various places all extremely variable, some being identical with
illunaris, while others agreed with sancta Stdgr. and syriaca Bugn. I myself have,
in addition to describing Clytie arenosa as new, from time to time recorded various

106 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

Clyties from Mauretania, viz. terrulenta Christ. ; ddunaris Stdgr. ; and syndaja
Hmpsn.

Now, the various species and races of this genus are very puzzling, owing
mainly to the variation in the submarginal or postdiscal band on the forewings.
Sir George Hampson enumerates the following as distinct species : devia Swinh. ;
scotorrhiza Hmpsn. ; sancta Stdgr. ; illunaiis Hiibn. ; haifae Habich ; distincta
B.-H. ; sydaja Hmpsn. ; aretwsa Rothsch. ; syriaca Bugn. ; sublunaris Stdgr. ;
nabataea Hmpsn. ; ddunaris Stdgr. ; and terrulenta Christ. Mr. Warren in Seiiz
has described and figured in addition to these luteonigra from the Amu Darya. I
have non-Algerian examples of all these, except distincta B.-H., scotorrhiza Hmpsn.,
devia Swinh., and nabataea Hmpsn., more or less from their typical localities, and I
find that I have among my Algerian material certainly the following : nabataea
Hmpsn., arenosa Rothsch., sancta Stdgr., and syriaca Bugn., but I have not got a
single specimen at all agreeing with illunaris. In addition to these 4 I have 1 ?
from Am Draham which agrees exactly with Warren's luteonigra, except that it is
larger than the 3 Amu Darya examples. There remain the insects I recorded
as sublunaris and terrulenta.

The series collected by Herr Geyr von Schweppenburg in and north of the
Hoggar Mountains recorded by me as ddunaris are, I am now convinced, only
very fresh and sharply marked sancta Stdgr. The insects recorded as terrulenta
are certainly very small, but I am more inclined now to admit an error of identi-
fication and consider them sandy sancta.]

397. Clytie sancta (Stdgr.).

Pseudophia sancta Staudinger, Iris, vol. x. p. 301 (1S97) (Palestine).

By far the larger number of Clytie at Tring consist of this form.

95 examples from South Oued Mya, May 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Oued
Ahmra, Oued Ag'elil, Oued Gif-Aman, Oued Tamoudat, Ideles, north of Ideles,
March 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg) ; Am Sefra July 1915. Masser Mines,
June 1914,Guelt-es-Stel October 1912, El Mesrane June 1913,Bou Saada May 1911,
El Kantara March— August 1911-1917, Batna 1910 (V. Faroult) ; Les Pins
August 1918 (M. Rotrou).

398. Clytie arenosa Rothsch.

Clytie arenosa Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 123. No. 69 (1913) (South Oued Mya).

Of this rare species we have at Tring 3 specimens : 1 <J, 1 $ Oued Mya, May 1912
(Hartert and Hilgert) ; 1 $ Oued Tahihout, April 1914 (Geyr von Schweppenburg).

399. Clytie syrdaja Hmpsn.

Clytie syrdaja Hampson (Pseudophia syrdaja, B.-H. ined.). Cut. Lepid. Phal. Brit. Mils. vol. xiii,
p. 293. No. S102. pi. ccxxxi. ft". 19, 20 (1913) (Aulie Ata).

1 $ El Mesrane June, Guelt-es-Stel July 1913 (V. Faroult).

400. Clytie luteonigra Warr.

Clytie luteonigra Warren in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde, vol. 3. p. 338. pi. fi2rf. (1913) (Amu Darya).
1 ? Ain Draham, Tunisia, September 1911 (V. Faroult).

Novitates Zoolocicae XXVII. 1920. 107

401. Parallelia algira (Linn.).

Phalaena algira Linnaeus, St/st. Nat. edit. xii. p. 836. No. 98 (1707) (Algeria).

There appear to be two forms of this species : one, a smaller one with the
median band narrow and much constricted in the centre on forewing and more
or less obscured by dark scales giving it a mauve tinge and with the band on
hindwing very narrow ; and two, a larger one with the band on forewing broad
and very little constricted and white and the band on hindwing much broader.

This latter has been placed together with Syrian, Egyptian, and Arabian
specimens under albivitta Guen. by Warren, who says in Seitz : " Always larger than
algira," forgetting that Guenee says his albivitta is the same size as algira. Warren
also attributes the name albivitta erroneously to Moore instead of Guenee.

Sir George Hampson unites torrida Guen., albivitta Guen., jestina Walk.,
olympia Swinh., and algiroides Schultz under algira, and gives it an enormous
range from France to Turkestan, all over Africa, Asia Minor, India, and Ceylon.
I have too small a material to judge if he is right or whether there are two or more
species or a series of subspecies.

We have at Tring 59 Mauretanian examples from Environs d'Alger (Dr.
Nissen); Hammam Meskoutine, May 1909-1914 (W.R.,E. H., and K. J.); Hammam
R'hira, May— August 1908-1916 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult) ; Ai'n Draham,
Tunisia August 1911, north side of Djebel Zaccar August 1916, Guelt-es-Stel
September 1913, Ai'n Sefra July 1915, Perregaux October 1915, Aflou October
1916 (V. Faroult) ; Oran, April 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Ljebel Kerdada May 1912,
El Kantara August 1917 (V. Faroult) ; Biskra, June 1912 (Hartert and ililgert) ;
Sebdou, Foretde Tenira, June 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917
(M. Rotrou) ; El Mahouna, July 1919 (V. Faroult).

402. Grammodes stolida (Fabr.).

Nocliia ptolida Fabricius, Syst. Entom. p. 599. No. 3S (1775) (East India).

Of this species the series from Algeria at Tring comprises 44 specimens from
Ghardai'a May, Oued Nca June 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Guelt-es-Stel July —
September 1912-1913, Tilghemt April 1912, Bou Saada April 1912, El Outaya
August 1918, Batna July 1910, north side of Djebel Zaccar August 1916, Alger
January 1914 (V. Faroult) ; El Kantara, June — August 1909-1917 (Cheli Brahim
and Faroult); Sidi Ferruch, July 1911 (A. Thery) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, Les Pins,
May— September 1917-1918 (M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou, Foret de Tenira, August 1918,
(P. Rotrou).

The British Museum has 1 $ Batna, August 1910, A. E. Eaton.

403. Grammodes boisdefirei (Oberth.).
Ophiusa hoisdeffrei Oberthiir, Etiul. Entom. livr. i. p. 54. pi. 4. f. 6 (1876) (Biskra),

2 c?c?, 1 9 Biskra, March 1914 (W. R. and E. H., and Staudinger).
The British Museum has 1 $ Batna, August 1910, A. E. Eaton; 3 £$, 2 ?$
Hammam-es-Salahin, April 1904, Lord Walsingham.

404. Grammodes geometrica (Fabr.).

Noctva geometrica Fabricius, Syst. Entom. p. 599. No. 37 (1775) (East India).

1 ? Aiin Draham, Tunisia, August 1911 ; 1 q Hammam R'hira, May 1917 (V.
Faroult).

108 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

[On Cerccala scajmlosa Hiibn., sana Stdgr., insana Herr-Sch.,
and algiriae Oberth.

Mr. Obertbiir is continually complaining that other authors neglect his
work and do not trouble to look up his species ; in the case of the Mauretanian
Cerocalas it is he who has neglected other people's work, and persisted in uniting
sana and his own algiriae specifically with scapulosa, with which they have nothing
to do — being very distinct species differing from each other and from scapulosa
in the genital armature, in the antennae, and in the legs. Sir George Hampson
in vol. xiii. of the Catalogue already separated the 3 forms into 3 species, but after
catching a large series at Am Sefra and receiving many from elsewhere I was not
sure if there might not be more and I asked Dr. Jordan to investigate the material
we possessed. This he did very thoroughly, and published the result in
Novitates Zoologicae, vol. xxii. pp. 267-270, text figures 1-10 (1915). While
Sir George Hampson is right in separating this group of Cerocala into 3 species,
he has not got the synonymy of the two Mauretanian species quite right, as
scapulosa Luc. nee Hiibn. belongs to sana and not to what he calls insana, but
which must stand as algiriae Oberth. I consider the figure of Herrich-Schaffer
and his locality so doubtful that the name cannot be used for either of the Maure-
tanian species and I call them Cerocala sana Stdgr. and Cerocala algiriae Oberth.
Mr. Oberthiir says he has never received what he calls the typical form of scapu-
losa, as found in Andalusia, from Algeria ; this is quite natural, for the true scapu-
losa is a perfectly distinct species from the two found in Mauretania and so far
has never been recorded from south of the mediterranean, although the 2 other
species have been at various times called scapulosa and otherwise confused with it.
Mr. Oberthiir, at the end of his article on Cerocala scapulosa, somewhat qualifies
his statements by saying that the fact of not finding the larger and darker true
scapulosa in Mauretania might lead one to consider algiriae a distinct species.
As a matter of fact Sir George Hampson's, William Warren's, and lastly Dr. Jordan's
exhaustive studies and dissections of these Cerocalas have proved beyond doubt
that there are 3 distinct species of Cerocala of this section, distinct in structure
of genitalia, legs, and antennae as well as in appearance, viz. Cerocala scapulosa
(Hiibn.), Cerocala algiriae Oberth., and Cerocala sana Stdgr.]

405. Cerocala algiriae Oberth.

Cerocala scapulosa var. algiriae Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. vol. i. p. 55. pi. iv. f. 7 (1S70) (Bou Saada).
Cerocola insana Hampson, Cat. Lipid. Phal. Brit. Mus. vol. xiii. p. 270. No. 8070 (1913) (Biskra).
? ? Grammodes insana Herrich-Schaffer, Aussereur. Schrnett. i. 395 (1850) (Cape of Good Hope).
Cerocala scapulosa form, biskrensis Culot, Noct. el Geom. d'Eur. pt. i. vol. ii. p. 182. pi. 73. i. 5 (1910)
(Biskra).

The series of this species at Tring includes individuals agreeing both with
the figures of algiriae Oberth. and biskrensis Culot, the latter being rubbed speci-
mens, and consists of 194 examples from Colomb Bechar March and April 1912,
Bou Saada March— May 1911-1912, Tilghemt April 1912, Laghouat March 1912,
El Hamel May 1912, Bordj Chegga and Bir Stil March 1917 (V. Faroult) ; Ghardaia
and Tilghemt, April 1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Guelt-es-Stel, March— April 1912-
1913 (W. R. and K. J., and Faroult); El Kantara March— April 1911, Aflou
October 1916 (V. Faroult); halfway between Ouargla and El Golea, Hassi el
Hadjar, Arefidji north of Ouargla, Bordj Chegga, north of El Golea, February —

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920. 109

March 1912, Hassi Sidi Mahmoud and Oued Nca April 191-1 (Hartert and Hilgert) ;
Biskra, March 1908 (W. R., and E. H.) ; Gafsa, Tunisia (Staudinger) ; Ain Sefra,
May 1913-1915 (W. R. and E. H., and Faroult).

The British Museum has 1 <$ Biskra, April 1894, A. E. Eaton ; 1 cJ Biskra
March 1906, 2 <$<$, 2 $$ Hammam-es-Salahin March — April 1904, Lord Walsing-
ham ; 1 $ Tozeur, Tunisia, 1913, G. C. Champion.

406. Cerocala sana Stdgr.

Cerocala scapulosa var. sana Staudinger, Cat. Lepid. Pal. Faun. p. 241. No. 2594a (1901) (Antioch,

Syria).
Cerocala scapulosa var. Lucas, Ann. Soc. Entom. France (2) 8. p. 103. pi. 2. f. 3 (1850) (Djebel Amour).
Cerocala scapulosa var.insana Staudinger, Cat. Lepid. Europ. Faun. edit. ii. p. 135. No. 1923a (1871)

(Syria).

Of this species the series at Tring consists of 192 examples from Ain Sefra,
May 1912-1915 (W. R. and E. H., and Faroult) ; Biskra March 1908, Kef-el-Dor,
Bordj Ferdjan and Bordj Mgeitha April 1909 (W. R. and E. H.) ; South Oran
(Staudinger) ; Colomb-Bechar March— April 1912, Bou Saada May 1911-1912,
Laghouat March 1912 (V. Faroult) ; Bordj Chegga, Nca ben Rzig, halfway
between Ouargla and El Golea, Arefidji north of Ouargla, north of El Golea,
Hassi el Hadjar February — March 1912 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Ghardaia, April
1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ; El Hamel May 1912, Guelt-es-Stel May 1913, Djelfa
May 1913 (V. Faroult) ; Oued Nca April 1914 (Hartert and Hilgert) ; Hammam
R'hira, May 1916 (V. Faroult).

407. Antarchaea viridaria (Clerck).

Phalaena viridaria Clerck, Icones Ins. Rar. sect. i. pi. 9. f. 12 (1759).

This species is not recorded by Mr. Oberthur ; all my 6 specimens belong
to the ab. modesta Car. with the maroon colour almost absent.

5 Hammam R'hira, May 1911 (W. R. and E. H.) ; 1 Souk Ahras, April
1914 (W. R. and K. J.).

408. Antarchaea sanctiflorentis aurantiaeus subsp. nov.

cJ$. Differ from sanctiflorentis sanctiflorentis Boisd. from Spain by theorange-
rufous.ground-colour and the generally larger size, outer half more or less suffused
with maroon red.

Mr. Oberthur records sanctiflorentis from Ain Draham with no remarks.
If he really got typical grey sanctiflorentis from Ain Draham, my insect is a new
species ; but until I have seen Mauretanian specimens of true sanctiflorentis I prefer
to treat this form as a good subspecies only.

9 Ain Draham, Tunisia, July 1911 (V. Faroult).

409. Antarchaea erubescens (B.-H). (PL XVI. f. lo.)

Prothymnia erubescens Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. 24. p. 40. pi. iii. f. 11 (1910) (South Oran).

The figure given in Seitz appears to be quite wrong. My $ is the second
specimen recorded and differs from the $ in the whole forewings being so strongly

110 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

suffused with red that the yellow ground so apparent in the $ is entirely invisible ;
the median line of forewings more complete and visible than in the (J.

1 $ Djebel Mekter, nr. Ai'n Sefra, 1,600-1,900 metres = 5,200-6,175 ft., May
1913 (W. R. and E. H.). •

410. Rivula sericealis distincta subsp. nov.

$. Differs from sericealis sericealis Schiff. and Den. in having the curved band,
leading from the reniform obliquely to the inner margin, distinctly defined instead
of being a shadowy outline only ; smaller and less yellow, more cream-buff.

$. With similarly well-defined band, but not so extended as in <J, and
ground-colour yellower.

1 (J Oued Hamidou, June 1912 (V. Faroult) ; 1 J Hammam Meskoutine, May
1909 (W. R. and E.H.) ; 1 $ Environs d'Alger, May 1908 (W. R. and K. J.) ;
1 <J Sidi-bel-Abbes, October 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; 1 (J Sebdou, September 1918 (P.
Rotrou).

411. Parascotia nisseni Turati.

Parascotia nisseni Turati, 11 Natur. Sicil. vol. xx. p. 34 (1908) (Alger).

Of this rare species I have only received 5 specimens. Neither Mr. Culot
nor Mr. Oberthur mention the insect.

1 Environs d'Alger, May 1906 (Dr. Nissen) (co-type) ; 1 Ain Draham, Tunisia,
July 1911 (V. Faroult) ; 1 Hammam Meskoutine, May 1914 (VV. R. and K. J.) ;
1 Hammam R'hira, May 1916 (V. Faroult) ; El Mahouna, June 1919 (V. Faroult).

412. Zethes insularis Ramb.

Ztthe-s insularis Rainbur, Ann. Soc. Entorn. France, vol. ii. p. 29. pi. 2. f. 1 (1833) (Ajaccio).

Of this Mediterranean species the Mauretanian series at Tring contains 38
examples from Hammam R'hira, May — September 1908-1917 (W. R., E. H., and
K. J., and Faroult) ; Hammam Meskoutine, May 1914 (VV. R., E. H., and K. J.) ;
north side of Djebel Zaccar August 1916, Guelt-es-Stel May 1913, Oued Hamidou
June 1912, Ain Sefra July 1915 (V. Faroult) ; El Mahouna, June 1919 (V. Faroult).

One of the 3 Am Sefra specimens stands out from the rest of the 37 examples
by its brilliant colouration and very sharply defined markings.

413. Hydrilla caliginosa (Hiibn.).

Noctua caliginosa Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmelt. Noel. No. 474 (1818).

I have only received a single example of this species from Mauretania.
1 <J Blida, December 1915 (V. Faroult).

414. Miselia softa luteocinnamomea subsp. nov. (PI. XVII. f. 7.)

Differs from sojla softa Stdgr. from Palestine in its sandy rufous-cinnamon
not grey ground-colour and in the pattern being more sharply defined.

1 (J El Kantara March— April 1911, 1 <J Perregaux October 1915, 2 Jd Bou
Saada May 1911 (V. Faroult).

There are 1 J, 1 $ in the British Museum from Hammam-es-Salahin, May
1904 (Lord Walsingham).

NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. Ill

415. Miselia peregrina (Treit.).
Hadena peregrina Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vol. v. pt. i. p. 330. No. 11 (1825) (South of France).

I have received 2 specimens of this species.
1 tj, 1 $ Tebessa (M. Bartel).

416. Bryophila maeonis Led.

Bryophila maeonis Lederer, Ann. Soc. Enlom. Belg. vol. ix. pp. 63 and 78. pi. iii. f. 8 (1865)
(Kisilgye-Aole).

1 (J Environs de Batna (A. Nelva).

417. Athetis euxoides sp. nov. (PI. XVI. f. 8.)

$. This is a giant among the Athetis and is like nothing hitherto described.
Antennae brown ; head and thorax purple-brown ; abdomen wood grey.

Forewings basal two-thirds purplish maroon-brown irrorated and streaked
with grey, outer one-third brighter maroon strigillated with grey ; a marginal
maroon-black band, fringe greyish rufous. Hindwings basal two-thirds semi-
hyaline white washed with grey, outer one-third more strongly suffused and
saturated with grey.

Length of forewing, 18 mm. ; expanse, 42 mm.

1 $ Batna (Nelva coll.).

418. Athetis persimilis sp. nov. (PI. XVI. f. 9.)

J. Similar to the dark form of quadripunctata F., but without the rufous
submarginal band and with shorter broader wings. Head and thorax dark
brownish grey ; abdomen slightly paler.

Forewings dark brownish grey, costal edge deep buff, the black caradrine
spots very conspicuous ; an oblique dark band from first spot, post-discal area
sooty black-brown with huffish lines. Hindwings white, veins and edge of wing
brownish grey.

Length of forewing, 15 mm. ; expanse, 35 mm.

3 S3 Souk Ahras, Apfil 1914 (W. R. and K. J.) ; 1 J Sidi-bel-Abbes,
September 1917 (M. Rotrou).

[Agrotis picata B.-H.

Agrotis picata Bang-Haas Iris, vol. xxvi. p. 140 (1912) (Batna).

This species is near glareosa Esp. and is most striking owing to the very
dark hindwings.

I have not received this and Mr. Oberthtir does not record it.]

[Epia cinochrea (Chret.).

Dianthecia cinochrea Chretien, Ann. Soc. Enlom. France, vol. lxxix. p. 500 (1911) (Gafsa).

This species is nearest to silenes Hiibn., but smaller and paler purer grey.
I have not received it, and Mr. Oberthiir believes it to be Pronolestra
silenides Stdgr.]

112 NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920.

[Miselia grisea (D. Lucas).

Polia grisea Daniel Lucas, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1908, p. 93 (Kebili, S. Tunisia).
I have not received this species.]

[Crosia hachem Dupont.

Crosia hachem Dupont, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1910, p. 369, text fig. 1 (Mascara).

I have not received this, and the type remains unique. Mr. Oberthiir should
have acknowledged this as it is figured.]

[Parastichtis spinosa (Chret.).

Hadena spinosa Chretien, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, vol. Ixxix. p. 501 (1911) (Gatsa).

This fits better into Parastichtis than Eumichtis and is surely one of the
Zenobiinae. I have never received it.]

[Athetis distigma (Chret.).

Caradrina distigma Chretien, Bull. Soc. Entom. France. 1913, p. 282 (Biskra).

The author places this near atriluna Guen. ; but I think it comes next to my
oberthuri and proximans. I have not received it.]

[Athetis halimi (Chret.).

Caradrina halimi Chretien, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1913, p. 282 (Biskra).
I have not received this species.]

[Proxenus bicolor Chret.

Proxenus bicolor Chretien. Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1913, p. 304 (Biskra).
I have not received this species.]

[Bombycia angularis (Chret.).

Calophasia angularis Chretien, Arm. Soc. Entom. France, vol. Ixxix. p. 504 (1910) (Gafsa).

I have no Tunisian Bombycia of this group, and as I said antea under Bombycia
chretieni mihi I am not sure whether the Sakamodi example enumerated under
that species is not angularis.

This question must await more material.]

419. Eublemma nelvai sp. nov. (PI. XVI. f. 24.)

(J. Antennae amber ; head and tegulae pale cinnamon, rest of thorax
apparently also pale cinnamon ; abdomen dark cinnamon-grey.

Fore wings pale rosy lavender, costal edge buff passing into rufous towards
apex, a cinnamon rufous median line edged with cream- buff strongly angled
outwards at discocellulars, inside this angle is the sooty black reniform, a
postmedian rather less distinct line rufous also angled outwards, a submarginal
broken line of sooty black spots, marginal fine cream-colour edged inwardly
with rufous, fringe rufous. Hindwings mouse-grey, marginal line cream edged
inwardly with rufous ; fringe grey, tinged with rufous.

Length of forewing, 9 mm. ; expanse, 20 mm.

1 (J Environs de Batna, 1914 (A. Nelva).

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVII. 1920. 113

Mr. Oberthiir, following Guenee 's classification, omits from his list all the
insects placed by Guenee in his Deltoid.es. This group, according to Guenee,
contains what have hitherto been called the Hypeninae, together with several
of the Noctuinae such as Bivula.

The insects formerly called Hypeninae now make up the fourteenth sub-
family of Noctuidae and must stand as Polypogoninae, according to Sir George
Hampson's classification.

420. Nodaria cornicalis (Fabr).

Phalaena cornicalis Fabricius, Entom. Syst. vol. iii. pt. ii. p. 229. No. 374 (1794) (India).

Herminia nodosalis Herrich-Schafier, Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Eur. vol. ii. p. 385. No. 607. pi. 118. f. 6U5

(1845) (Sicily).
Nodaria externalis Guenee, Hist. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gin. Lipid, vol. viii. p. 64. No. 78 (1854) (Coast of

Coromandel).

I consider both these insects to be the same, although the late Mr. William
Warren in Seitz, Grossschmetterlinge der Erde, kept them separate. Fabricius's
name is undoubtedly the oldest.

We have at Tring 35 Mauretanian examples from Environs d'Alger, May —
November 1905-1908 (W. R. and E. H., Dr. Nissen and Captain Holl) ; Oued
Hamidou June 1912, Bordj-ben-Aneridj October 1912, Ain Draham September
1911, Bou Saada June 1912, Perregaux October 1915, Moroccan Frontier May

1914 (V. Faroult) ; Rabat, Morocco, January 1913 (A. Thery) ; Blida, November

1915 (V. Faroult) ; Sebdou, September 1918 (P. Rotrou).

421. Hypena obsitalis (Hiibn.).

Pyralis obsitalis Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett. Pyr. ff. 164, 165, 179 (1827).

Of this insect the Mauretanian series at Tring consists of 119 specimens from
Mazagan, Morocco, Mhoila nr. M.-zagan, January — April 1902-1903 (W. Riggen-
bach); Rabat, Morocco, January 1913 (A. Thery); Environs dAlger, March —
May 1908-1912 (W. R., E. H., and K. J., and Dr. Nissen); Hammam R'hira
May 1916, north side of Djebel Zaccar August 1916, Ain Sefra July 1915, Blida
November 1915 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, August — September 1917 (M.
Rotrou) ; Sebdou, Foret de Tenira, May — August 1918 (P. Rotrou).

422. Pechipago (Zanclognatha auet. ) crinalis (Treit.).

Herminia crinalis Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vol. vii. p. 17. No. 8 (1S29).

We have of this species 57 Mauretanian examples from Environs dAlger,
May 1906 (Dr. Nissen) ; Hammam R'hira, May— June 1913-1916 (W. R. and
E. H., and Faroult) ; north side of Djebel Zaccar August 1916, Ain Draham
September 1916, Bou Saada October 1911, Blida November 1915 (V. Faroult);
Sidi-bel-Abbes, August — September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou, Foret de Tenira,
September 1918 (P. Rotrou).

8

114 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

423. Pechipago flavicrinalis sp. nov.

<J. Differs at a glance from criiialis Treit. in the lunate reniform and much
postmedian line of forewing, and in the greyish sandy-yellow colour of wings and
body.

9. Similar, but even brighter sand y- yellow colour.

Length of forewing, <J 13-16 mm., $ 12-15 mm. ; expanse, (J 29-35 mm.,
$ 27-33 mm.

5 £<$, 8 $$ from Am Draham August — September 1911, Bou Saada
October 1911 (V. Faroult) ; Hammam R'hira, May 1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ;
Environs d'Alger, May 1908 (W. R. and K. J.); Ain Draham (Staudinger) ;
Philippeville, bred from egg (Andreas); Foret de Yakouren, May 1909 (Mrs.
Walsh).

424. Ophiuche lividalis (Hubn.).

Hypena lividalis Hiibner, Beitr. Gesch. Schmett. vol. ii. p. 4. No. 1 (1791).

Of this species I have 2 specimens from 1 <J Sidi-bel- Abbes, September 1917
(M. Rotrou) ; 1 <J Environs de Tunis, 1916 (M. Blanc).

The Sidi-bel- Abbes $ expands 22 mm., while the Tunis one expands 32 mm.

There are doubtless several other species of Polypogonime in Mauretania,
but I cannot find records of any others.

In order to complete the list of the recorded Noctuidae from Mauretania,
I enumerate here certain Westermaniinae and others already enumerated by me
in the earlier portions of these supplemental notes.

425. Nycteola falsalis (Herr.-Sch.).

iV ijcteola falsalis Herrich-Schaffer, Deulscli. Ins. vol. i. pi. 106. f. 1 (1829) (Germany).

Our series at Tring from Mauretania consists of 58 examples from Environs
d'Alger, May 1908 (W. R. and K. J.); Sidi Ferruch, July— August 1911 (A.
Thery) ; Hammam Meskoutine, April— May 1914 (W. R., E. H., and K. J.) ;
Hammam R'hira May 1911-1913 (W. R. and E. H.) ; Guelt-es-Stel, April 1912
(W. R. and K. J.) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou, May
1918 (P. Rotrou).

The British Museum has 1 Hammam -es-Salahin, March 1904, Lord Walsingham.

One of the Sidi-bel-Abbes examples has the median band absent all but a
round black spot above inner margin.

426. Sarrothripus revayana (Scop.).

Tortrix revayana Scopoli, Annus Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 110 (1772) (Germany).

Our Mauretanian series contains 17 specimens from Environs de Batna, 1911—
1912 (A. Nelva) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, July— September 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Sebdou,
June 1918 (P. Rotrou) ; Masser Mines June 1914, Ain Sefra July 1915, Ain Draham
July— September 1911 (V. Faroult); Hammam Meskoutine, May 1909 (W. R.
and E. H.).

10 of these are ab. glaucana Lampa ; 4 are ab. obscura Warr. ; 1 is ab.
lisculana Schmid ; and 2 are ab. ilicana Fabr.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 115

427. Earias chlorophyllana Stdgr.

Earias chlorophyllana Staudinger, Iris, vol. iv. p. 249 (1891) (Mardin).

When writing on this species {Novit. Zool. vol. xxiv. p. 404 (1917)) I had no
Mauretanian specimens, but since then the Tring Museum has received 6 speci-
mens from Sidi-bel-Abbes, August — September 1917 (M. Rotrou).

428. Earias albovenosana Oberth.

Earias albovenosana Oberthiir, Etud. Lipid. Comp. fasc. xiii. p. 27. pi. cdxxxvi. ff. 3767, 3768 (1917)
(Lambessa).

The Tring series of this now numbers 10 examples from Aiin Draham
September 1911, Khenchela June 1911, Hammam R'hira June 1917, Ain Sefra,
June 1915 (V. Faroult) ; Sidi-bel-Abbes, June— August 1917 (M. Rotrou) ; Foret
de Tenira, September 1918 (P. Rotrou).

429. Earias chlorion Ramb.

Earias chlorion Rarabur, Cat. Syst. Lipid. Andal. livr. ii. pi. xv. f. 6 (1868) (Andalusia).

Of this species there are 2 at Tring from Biskra, 1911 (W. R. and E. H.).

430. Earias insulana (Boisd.).

Torlrix insulana Baisduval, Faun. Madag. p. 121. pi. 16. f. 9 (1833) (Madagascar).

Of this species we have 2 Mauretanian specimens from Sidi-bel-Abbes,
September — October 1917 (M. Rotrou).

431. Hylophila africana Warr.

Hylophila africana Warren in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde, vol. iii. p. 298. pi. 53m. (1913) (Ain
Drabam).

1 <J, 1 ? Ain Draham, <£ July 1911, $ no date (V. Faroult and Max Bartel).
432. Abrostola tripartita (Hum.).

Phalaena tripartita Hufnagel, Bed. Mag. vol. iii. p. 414 (1766) (Berlin).

Mr. Oberthiir on p. 201, after Phytometra gumma,, mentions 3 species which
he considers of very doubtful occurrence in Algeria ; among them is Abrostola
triplasia. I have not received triplasia it is true, but I myself have captured
tripartita.

1 (J Environs d'Alger, May 6th, 1908 (W. R. and E. H.).

This species was overlooked by me.

The following are the doubtful species mentioned by Mr. Oberthiir in livr. i.
of his Etudes Entomologiques in 1876 as having been taken by Dr. Seriziat and
Mr. Gandolph and afterwards proved doubtful :

Cirphis comma (Linn.).

Abrostola triplasia (Linn.).

Phytometra chrysilis (Linn.).

Phytometra festucae Linn.

116 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVII. 1920.

[Borolia sesamiodes Hmpsn.

Borolia sesamiodes Hampson, Cat. Lepitl. Phal. Brit. Mus. vol. v. p. 575. pi. xcv. £. 17 (1905)
(Hanirnani-es-Salahin).

I have never had this.

There are in the British Museum 4 (J^, 2 $ $ Hammam-es-Salahin, March —
April 1904-1906 (Lord Walsingham).
This species was overlooked by me.]

433. Pseudomecia lithoxylea (Bang-Haas).

Hypomecia Hlhoxylea Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. xxvi. p. 157. pi. vi. f. 19 (1912) (Batna).

1 (J October 1913 (V. Faroult).

The only specimen received at Tring of this species had been mislaid, and
so was omitted from its proper place in this article.

434. Miselia cappa (Hiibn.).

Noctua cappa Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett. Xoct. f. 447 (1827).

The single specimen received was mislaid when the portion of the article
treating of the Miselias was being written. This appears to be the first record
for Algeria.

1 $ Sidi-bel-Abbes, May 1918 (M. Rotrou).

435. Epipsilia faroulti sp. nov.*

$. Uniform mouse-grey. Hindwings darker, with paler fringe and base.
Forewings with two obsolete black antemedian lines, orbicular with faint and
reniform with very pronounced black ring, 2 postmedian black lines, with row of
black dots between.

Length of fore wing, 18 mm. ; expanse, 42 mm.

1 $ El Mahouna, September 27, 1919 (V. Faroult).

This species is added here as it came to hand after the article had gone
to press.

The total number of species and subspecies of Noctuidae enumerated in this
paper as recorded from Mauretania is 471 and 4 doubtful records.

Mr. Oberthur records 337 and 3 doubtful ones. As, however, Mr. Oberthiir
follows Guenee's classification, he has omitted the Polygoninae and the genera
Sarrothripus, Nycteola, Earias, Hylophila, Rivula, and Parascotia, which are not
Noctuidae according to Guenee. If we deduct from my list the 14 species included
in these genera I have enumerated 457 species and subspecies as opposed to Mr.
Oberthiir's 337— an increase of 120. Of Mr. Oberthur's 337 there are 32 which I
do not possess or else have not received from Mauretania. Of the 471 I enumerate
there are altogether 36 either not in the Tring Museum or else not from Maure-
tania. Of the 441 species represented at Tring from Mauretania, the number
of examples is 30,691.

* All recent authors spell Hiibner's genus Epipsilia " Episilia," but the former spelling is that
of the author.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 117

LIST OF SPECIES IN THE ORDER OF THE CATALOGUE OF
LEPIDOPTERA PHALAENAE IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

NOCTUIDAE.

Agrotinae.

1. Heliothis chanzyi (Oberth.).

2. Rhodocleptria incarnata (Freyer).

3. Chloridea dipsacea (Linn.).

4. Chloridea peltigera (Schiff. & Den.).

5. Chloridea nubigera (Herr.-Sch.).

6. Chloridea obsoleta (Fabr.).

7. Xylina delphinii darollesi (Oberth.).

8. Melicleptria scutosa (Schiff. & Den.).

9. Timora albida Hmpsn.

10. Erithrophaia canroberti Oberth.

11. Cladocerotis optabilis (Boisd.).

12. Euxoa obesa lipara (Ramb.).

13. Euxoa crassa (Hiibn.).
13a. Euxoa lata (Treit.).

14. Euxoa lasserrei (Oberth.).

15. Euxoa messaouda (Oberth.).

16. Euxoa noctambulatrix (Chret.).

17. Euxoa rugifrons (Mab.).

18. Euxoa capsensis (Chret.).

19. Euxoa segetum (Schiff. & Den.).

20. Euxoa vestigialis (Rott.).

21. Euxoa spinijera spinijera (Hiibn.).

22. Euxoa hoggari Rothsch.

23. Euxoa hastifera abdallah (Oberth.).

24. Euxoa mauretanica (B.-H).

25. Euxoa doufanae (Oberth.).

26. Euxoa powelli (Oberth.).

27. Euxoa robiginosa Stdgr.

28. Euxoa obelisca (Schiff. & Den.).

29. Euxoa radius radius (How.).

30. Euxoa radius erythroxylea (Treit.).

31. Euxoa oranaria (B.-H.).

32. Euxoa rotroui Rothsch.

33. Euxoa cos cycladum (Stdgr.).

34. Euxoa constanti (Mill.).

35. Euxoa eos (Oberth.).

36. Euxoa christophi (Stdgr.).

37. Euxoa trux (Hiibn.).

38. Euxoa tritici (Linn.).

l]g NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

39. Euxoa distinguenda (Led.).

40. Euxoa bugeaudi bugeaudi (Oberth.).

41. Euxoa bugeaitdi islyana (Oberth.).

42. Euxoa cursoria (Hufn.).

43. Euxoa celsicola gueddelanea (Oberth.).

44. Euxoa kaaba (Oberth.).

45. Euxoa imperator (B.-H.).

46. Euxoa lucipeta (Schiff. & Den.).

47. Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.).

48. Agrotis orbona (Hufn.).

49. Agrotis comes (Treit.).

50. Agrotis pronuba (Linn.).

51. Agrotis norm Oberth.

52. Agrotis c. nigrum (Linn.).

53. Agrotis flammatra (Schiff. & Den.).

54. Agrotis leucogaster (Frr.).

55. Agrotis picata B.-H.

56. Agrotis nisseni Rothsch.

57. Agrotis xanthographa (Schiff. & Den.).

58. Agrotis auguroides Rothsch.

59. Agrotis praecipuina (Rothsch.).

60. Epipsilia simulatrix (Gey.).

61. Epipsilia faceta (Treit.).

62. Epipsilia straminea (Rothsch.).

63. Epipsilia lycoplwtioides (Rothsch.).
63a. Epipsilia faroulti Rothsch.

64. Lycophotia mansoura (Chret.).

65. Lycophotia agrotina (Rothsch.).

66. Lycophotia kermesina (Mab.).

67. Lycophotia margaritosa (Haw.).

68. Lycophotia photophila (Guen.).

69. Lycophotia ignipeta (Oberth.).

70. Epilecta linogrisea lutosa (Stdgr.).

71. Triphaena janthina algirica Oberth.

72. Triphaena janthina intermedia Rothsch.

73. Triphaena fimbria (Linn.).

Hadeninae.

74. Saragossa seeboldi arabum Oberth.

75. Scotogramma trijolii cinnamomina Rothsch.

76. Scotogramma chimaera Rothsch.

77. Scotogramma sodae rosacea Rothsch.

78. Scotogramma implexa (Hiibn.).

79. Miselia luteago (Schiff. & Den.).

80. Miselia peregrina (Treit.).

81. Miselia oleracea variegata (Aust.).

82. Miselia softa luteocinnamomea Rothsch.
82a. Miselia cappa (Hiibn.).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 119

83. Miselia dysodea faroulti (Rothsch.).

84. Miselia se.re.na (Schiff. & Den.).

85. Miselia grisea (D. Lucas).

86. Miselia bicruris (Hufn.).

87. Miselia antitypina (Rothsch.).

88. Miselia carpophaga (Borkh.)

89. Miselia magnolii (Boisd.).

90. Miselia filigramma (Esp.).

91. Miselia conspersa (Schiff. & Den.).

92. Miselia compta galactina (Turati).

93. Luperina (Pacheira) leucophaea (Schiff. & Den.).

94. Pronotestra silenides (Stdgr.).

94a. Aglossestra mariae-ludovicae (D. Lucas).

95. Epia silenes (Hiibn.).

96. Epia cinochrea (Chret.).

97. Cardepia deserticola Hmpsn.

98. Cardepia irrisor mauretanica Rothsch.

99. Hadula pulverata (B.-H.).

100. Hadula griseola (Rothsch.).

101. Monima stabilis (Schiff. & Den.).

102. Monima critda (Schiff. & Den.).

103. Sideridis lithargyria argyritis Ramb.

104. Sideridis albipuncta (Schiff. & Den.).

105. Sideridis vitellina (Hiibn.).

106. Brithys pancratii (Cyr.).

107. Brithys encausta (Hiibn.).

108. Cirphis loreyi (Dup.).

109. Cirphis I. album (Linn.).
(Cirphis comma (Linn.)).

110. Cirphis riparia (Ramb.).

111. Cirphis algirica (Oberth.).

112. Cirphis sicula (Treit.).

113. Cirphis punctosa (Treit.).

114. Cirphis putrescent (Gey.).

115. Cirphis zeae (Dup.).

116. Cirphis unipuncta (Haw.).

117. Cirphis congrua (Hiibn.).

118. Borolia sesamiodes Hmpsn.

119. Leucania obsoleta (Hiibn.).

120. Leucania languida (Stdgr.).

Cucnlliinae

121. Copicucullia syrtana (Mab.).

122. Copicucullia oberthuri (Culot).

123. Cucullia chamomillae calendulae Treit.

124. Cucullia santolinae Ramb.

125. Cucullia scrophidariphaga Ramb.

120

NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920.

126. Cucullia blattariae (Esp.).

127. Cucullia scrophulariphila Stdgr.

128. Cucullia thapsophaga Treit.

129. Cucullia oberthuri Rothsch.

130. Cucullia verbasci (Linn.).

131. Cucullia beata Rothsch.

132. Cucullia biskrana.

133. Empusada argentina (Fabr.).

134. Lophoterges millieri (Stdgr.).

135. Hypomecia quadrivirgula (Mab.).

136. Copiphana gafsana (Blach.).

137. Cleophana chabordis Oberth.

138. Cleophana boetica diluta Rothsch.

139. Cleophana pectinicornis Stdgr.

140. Cleophana jubata Oberth.

141. Cleophana vaulogeri Stdgr.

142. Cleophana affinis Rothsch.

143. Cleophana fatima B.-H.

144. Cleophana diffluens mauretaniae Rothsch.

145. Cleophana versicolor Stdgr.

146. Cleophana mauretanica Stdgr.

147. Amephana warionis (Oberth.).

148. Amephana aurita (Fabr.).

149. Omphalophana serrata (Treit.).

150. Omphalophana adamantina (Blach.).

151. Omphalophana pauli Stdgr.

152. Omia cyclopea (Gras.).

153. Omia oberthuri Allard.

154. Metopoceras canteneri canteneri (Dup.).

155. Metopoceras canteneri pallidior Rothsch.

156. Metopoceras felicina (Lonz.).

157. Metopoceras khalildja Oberth.

158. Metopoceras otnar (Oberth.).

159. Metopoceras morosa Rothsch.

160. Ammetopa codeti Hmpsn.

161. Brachygalea albolineata (Blach.).

162. Calophasia stigmatica Rothsch.

163. Calophasia kraussi Rebel.

164. Calophasia almoravida Grasl.

165. Calophasia platyptera (Esp.).

166. Leucochlaena oditis (Hiibn.).

167. Leucochlaena scillae (Chret.).

168. Leucochlaena orana (Lucas).

169. Ulochlaena hirta (Hiibn.).

170. Bombycia chretieni (Rothsch.).

171. Bombycia angularis (Chret.).

172. Derthisa trimacula (Schiff. & Den.).

173. Aporophyla chioleuca (Herr.-Sch.).

174. Aporophyla nigra (Haw.).

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVII. 1920. 121

175. Lithophane semibrunnea (Haw.).

176. Graptolitha lapidea ochreomacula Rothsch.

177. Axylia exsoleta (Linn.).

178. Dichonia areola mustapha (Oberth.).

179. Dryobota furva (Esp.).

180. Meganephria oxyacanthae (Linn.).

181. Agriopis aprilina bouveti (D. Lucas).

182. Eumichtis lichenea (Hiibn.).

183. Eumichtis solieri (Boisd.).

184. Eumichtis accipitrina (Esp.).

185. Eumichtis protect (Schifi. & Den.).

186. Eumichtis monochroma (Esp.).

187. Eumichtis roboris cerris (Boisd.).

188. Valeria oleagina (Schiff. & Den.).

189. Antitype rosea Rothsch.

190. Antitype hagar Rothsch.

191. Antitype sahariensis Rothsch.

192. Antitype flavicincta (Schiff. & Den.).

193. Antitype nigrocincta (Treit.).

194. Antitype dubia (Cup.).

195. Antitype discalis Rothsch.

196. Antitype germana Rothsch.

197. Antitype argillaceago deliciosa (Oberth.).

198. Antitype subvenusta Pungl.

199. Rhizotype flammea (Esp.).

200. Rhizotype crassicornis obscura (Oberth.).

201. Bryomima codeti codeti (Oberth.).

202. Bryomima codeti nisseni (Rothsch.).
202a. Dasysternum jaroidti Rothsch.

203. Dasythorax rotroui Rothsch.

204. Conistra vacinii sebdouensis (Aust.).

205. Conistra silene (Schiff. & Den.).

206. Conistra veronicae (Hiibn.).

207. Conistra erythrocephala (Schiff. & Den.).

208. Grammoscelis magnifica (Rothsch.).

209. Omphaloscelis polybela (de Joan.).

210. Omphaloscelis lunosa (Haw.).

211. Amathes ivitzenmanni (Standf.).

212. Amathes ruticilla (Esp.).

213. Amathes lychnidis (Schiff. & Den.).

214. Amathes haematidea (Dup.).

215. Amathes lota (Linn.).

216. Amathes macilenta (Haw.).

217. Amathes helvola (Linn.).

218. Amathes litura (Linn).

219. Amathes lucida (Hufn.).

220. Cymatophora algirica (Culot).

221. Xantholeuca croceago (Schiff. & Den.) (before Conistra).

222. Cosmia austauti (Oberth.).

j 22 Novitates Zoological XXVII. 1920.

Zenobiinae (Acronyctinae).

223. Pyrois effma (Boisd.).

224. Amphipyra pyramided (Linn.).

225. Amphipyra tetra (Fabr.).

226. Amphipyra tragopoginis distincta Rothsch.

227. Anthracia ephialtes (Hiibn.).

228. Mania maura (Linn.).

229. Parastichtis arabs arabs (Oberth.).

230. Parastichtis arabs standjussi (Turati).

231. Parastichtis arabs biskrae (Oberth.).

232. Parastichtis monoglypha (Hufn.).

233. Parastichtis spinosa (Chret.).

234. Trachea secalis (Linn.).

235. Euplexia lucipara leonhardi Rebel.

236. Procus faroulti (Rothsch.).

237. Procus furuncula (Schiff. & Den.).

238. Eremobia alpigena (Boisd.).

239. Sidemia aflouensis Rothsch.

240. Sidemia fulva (Rothsch.).

241. Pseudomecia lithoxylea (B.-H.) (correct place after Stilbina).

242. Margelana irritaria (B.-H.).

243. Centropodia inquinata Mab.

244. Pseudamathes volloni (D. Lucas).

245. Pseudopseustis tellieri (D. Lucas).

246. Pseudohadena chenopodiphaga (Ramb.).

247. Pseudohadena roseonitens (Oberth.).

248. Palluperina powelli (Culot).

249. Palluperina nickerlii graslini.

250. Palluperina dayensis (Oberth.).

251. Palluperina dumerilii (Dup.).

252. Trigonophora meticulosa (Linn.).

253. Eriopus latreillei (Dup.).

254. Eriopus juventina (Cram.).

255. Oedibrya subplumbeola (Culot).

256. Oederemia precisa (VVarr.).

257. Bryophila muralis (Forst.).

258. Bryophila pseudoperla Rothsch.

259. Bryophila aerumna Culot.

260. Bryophila bilineata Rothsch.

261. Bryophila albimaculata albimaculata Rothsch.

262. Bryophila albimaculata grisescens Rothsch.

263. Bryophila algae (Fabr.).

264. Bryophila receptricida pallida B. Baker.

265. Bryophila ravula (Hiibn.).

266. Bryophila maeonis Led.

267. Bryophila divisa oxybiensis Mill.

268. Bryophila simulatricula Guen.

269. Bryophila antias Culot.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 123

270. Bryophila anaemica Hmpsn.

271. Bryophila petraea Guen.

272. Iambiodes incerta Rothsch.

273. Polyphaenis xanthochloris graslini Culot.

274. Thalpophila vitalba (Fit.).

275. Sidemia fissipuncta oberthuri Rothsch. (correct place after 238).

276. Craniophora pontica (Stdgr.).

277. Acronycta tridens (Schiff. & Den.).

278. Acronycta psi (Linn.).

279. Acronycta rumicis pallida Rothsch.

280. Stilbina numida (Oberth..)

281. Prodenia litura (Fabr.).

282. Spodoptera abyssinia Guen.

283. Laphygma exigua (Hubn.).

284. Rabinopteryx subtilis (Mab.).

285. Rabinopteryx nelvai Rothsch.

286. Stilbia anomala calberlae (FaiLL).

287. Stilbia algirica (Culot).

288. Stilbia tnratii (D. Lucas).

289. Athetis atriluna Guen.

290. Athetis ambigua (Schiff. & Den.).

291. Athetis kadenii rufostigmata Rothsch.

292. Athetis flava (Oberth.).

293. Athetis approximans Rothsch.

294. Athetis clavipalpis (Scop.).

295. Athetis jacobsi Rothsch.

296. Athetis germaini (Dup.).

297. Athetis pertinax inumbrata Rothsch.

298. Athetis oberthuri Rothsch.

299. Athetis aspersa (Ramb.).

300. Athetis alsines (Brahm.).

301. Athetis blanda (Schiff. & Den.).

302. Athetis casearia (Stdgr.).

303. Athetis astigmata Rothsch.

304. Athetis hispanica (Mab.).

305. Athetis ingrata (Stdgr.).

306. Athetis flavirena (Guen.).

307. Athetis scotoptera (Piingl.).

308. Athetis euxoides Rothsch.

309. Athetis persimilis Rothsch.

310. Athetis distigma (Chret.).

311. Athetis halimi (Chret.).

312. Hydrilla caliginosa (Hubn.).

313. Proxenus bicolor (Chret.).

314. Hadjina viscosa (Frr.).

315. Catamecia mauretanica Stdgr.

316. Catamecia jordana balestrei (D. Lucas).

317. Nainangana chimaera Rothsch.

318. Hydroecia xanthenes orientalis (Oberth.).

124

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVU. 1920.

319. Enargia ulicis (Stdgr.).

320. Enargia regina (Stdgr.).

321. Enargia algirica (Culot.)

322. Enargia jordani Rothsch.

323. Arenostola deserticola Stdgr.

324. Arenostola mabillei (D. Lucas).

325. Oria fulva africana Oberth.

326. Archanara neurica (Hiibn.).

327. Archanara dissoluta (Hiibn.).

328. Archanara affinis Rothsch.

329. Sesamia vuteria (Stoll.).

330. Sesamia cretica Led.

331. Sesamia striata Stdgr.

332. Sesamia calamistis Hmpsn.

333. Simyra autumna Chret. (correct place after Stilbina).

334. Argyrospila musculosa (Hiibn.).

335. Argyrospila dulcis Oberth.

336. Argyrospila striata Stdgr.

337. Protomeceras mimicaria (Oberth.).

338. Synthymia fixa australis (Oberth.).

339. Azenia sabulosa (Rothsch.).

340. Aegle vespertalis (Hiibn.).

Erastriinae.

341. Catablemma geyri (Rothsch.).

342. Catablemma cremorna Rothsch.

343. Eublemma velox griseomargo (Warr.).

344. Eublemma lacernaria (Hiibn.).

345. Eublemma suava blandula (Ramb.).

346. Eublemma jucunda (Hiibn.).

347. Eublemma syrtensis Hmpsn.

348. Eublemma ostrina (Hiibn.).

349. Eublemma pseudostrina Rothsch.

350. Eublemma grata (Guen.).

351. Eublemma cochylioides (Guen.).

352. Eublemma parva (Hiibn.).

353. Eublemma candidana Fabr.

354. Eublemma scitula (Ramb.).

355. Eublemma permixla (Stdgr.).

356. Eublemma albida (Dup.).

357. Eublemma deserti Rothsch.

358. Eublemma purpurina (Schiff. & Den.).

359. Etiblenuna polygramma (Dup.).

360. Eublemma arida Rothsch.

361. Eublemma subvenata (Stdgr.).

362. Eublemma albidior Rothsch.

363. Eublemma albicans (Guen.).

364. Eublemma virginalis (Oberth.).

Novitates Zooloqicae XXVII. 1920. 126

365. Eublemma emir (C'ulot).

366. Eublemma deserta (Stdgr.).

367. Eublemma ernesti Rothsch.

368. Eublemma albivestalis Hmpsn.

369. Eublemma wollastoni N. C. Rothsch.

370. Eublemma lacteola Rothsch.

371. Eublemma pemivea Rothsch.

372. Eublemma croceus Rothsch.

373. Eublemma conjusa Rothsch.

374. Eublemma nelvai Rothsch.

375. Phyllo-phila numerica disjecta Warr.

376. Eulocastra diaphora (Stdgr.).

377. Nereisana oranaria (Lucas).

378. Crosia liachem Dupont.

379. Erastria trabealis deleta (Stdgr.).

380. Tarache lucida (Hufn.).

381. Tarache biskrensis (Oberth.).

Fhlogophorinae (Euteliinae).

382. Phlogophora adulatrix (Hiibn.).

Odontoninae (Stictopterinae).

383. Nycteola falsalis (Herr.-Sch.).

Sarrothripinae.

384. Sarrothripus revayana (Scop.).

Westermanniinae.

385. Earias insulana (Boisd.).

386. Earias chlorion Ramb.

387. Earias albovenosana Oberth.

388. Earias chlorophyllana Stdgr.

389. Hylophila africana Warr.

390. Xanthodes malvae (Esp.).

Catocalinae.

391. Mormonia dilecta powelli (Oberth.).

392. Mormonia sponsa laeta (Oberth.).

393. Catocala promissa hilaris Oberth.

394. Catocala optata sultana B.-H.

395. Catocala optata intermedia Hmpsn.

396. Catocala puerpera rosea (Aust.).

397. Catocala elocata (Esp.).

398. Catocala oberthuri Aust.

399. Catocala conjuncta vivida Warr.

400. Catocala conversa (Esp.).

126

NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920.

401. Catocala nymphaqoga vallantini Oberth.

402. Ephesia nymphaea (Esp.).

403. Ephesia eutychea (Treit.).

404. Minucia lunaris maura Oberth.

405. Anna tyrhaca (Cram.).

406. Parallelia algira (Linn.).

407. Grammodes stolida (Fabr.).

408. Grammodes boisdeffrei (Oberth.).

409. Grammodes geometrica (Fabr.).

410. Anydrophila sabourodi (D. Lucas).

411. Callistege (Cerocala) algiriae (Oberth.).

412. Callistege (Cerocala) sana (Stdgr.).

413. Leucanitis kabylaria B.-H.

414. Hyperglaucitis benenotata moses Stdgr.

415. Clytie sancta (Stdgr.).

416. Clytie luteonigra Warr.

417. Clytie arenosa Rothsch.

418. Clytie syrdaja Hmpsn.

419. Cortyta acrosticta (Piingl.).

420. Cortyta rosacea (Rebel).

421. Cortyta leucoptera (Hmpsn.).

Phytometrinae.

422. Phytometra ni (Hiibn.).

423. Phytometra daubei (Boisd.).

424. Phytometra chalcytes (Esp.).

425. Phytometra accentifera (Lef.).
(Phytometra festucae (Linn.)).

426. Phytometra gamma (Linn.).
(Phytometra chrysitis (Linn.)).

427. Phytometra orichalcea (Fabr.).

428. Abrostola tripartita (Hiifn.).
(Abrostola triplasia (Linn.)).

Noctuinae.

429. Anumeta atrosignata harterti Rothsch.

430. Anumeta sabulosa Rothsch.

431. Anumeta major Rothsch.

432. Anumeta cestis parvimacula Rothsch.

433. Anumeta hilgerti Rothsch.

434. Anumeta spatzi Rothsch.

435. Anumeta straminea (B.-H.).

436. Drasteria oranensis Rothsch.

437. Syneda caileno caileno (Lef.).

438. Syneda caileno philippina (Aust.).

439. Catephia leucomelas (Linn.).

440. Mageutica alchymista alchymista (Schiff. & Den.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

(Pages 102—104.)
Nos.

1. Catocala nymphagoga vallantini (Oberth.), $ Ain Tellout, 6.7.1917.
2-9 & 11. Catocala nymphagoga vallantini (Oberth.), 6 $$, 2 <j>$ Ain Draham,

July 1911.
12. Catocala nympJiagoga vallantini (Oberth.), 1 $ Sebdou, 17.7.1918.
13-15 & 17-24. Catocala nymphagoga vallantini (Oberth.), series of 6 q£, 5 $$

Ain Draham, July 1911, showing all intergradations from typical C. n.

vallantini to form with central band on hindwing and sharp pattern

on fore wing.
10 & 16. C. nymphagoga vallantini ab. griseola Warr., $ $ Ain Draham, July 1911.

25. C. nymphagoga nymphagoga Esp., <J Lorgono, Sardinia, July 1911.

26. C. nymphagoga nymphagoga Esp., <J Dalmatia.

27-28. C. nymphagoga nympJiagoga Esp., cj? Herculesfiirdo, July 1907.
29. C. n. nymphagoga ab. alternata Warr., $ Guittery, France.
30-39. C. n. vallantini Oberth., 3 £$, 6 §9 Ain Draham, showing variation,
July 1911.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIC.-E. VOL. XXVII. ig20.

Pl. XIV.

E. S. Knight, pinx.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.

Nos.

1. Eublemma permixta ab. mozabitica Rothsch., $ (type) Ghardaia, April

1911 p. 78

2. E. permixta ab. intermedia Rothsch., $ OuedNca, April 1914 - - p. 78

3. E. permixta ab. arenosa Rothsch., $ Oued Nca, April 1912 . p. 78

4. E. permixta ab. nivescens Rothsch., $ Sandana, S. of Ghardaia,

May 1912 - p. 79

5. E. permixta (Stdgr.), $ Ain Sefra, June 1915 . . . p. 78
0. Cleophana aftinis Rothsch., ? Guelt-es-Stel, April 1913 - - p. 68

7-8. Cleophana versicolor Stdgr., <J° Bou Saada, May 1911 . p. 70

9. Cleophana marocana Stdgr., Sebdou, Morocco - - - p. 70

10. Cleophana diffluens diffluens Stdgr., $ Chiclana, for comparison . p. 69

11. Cleophana diffluens mauretaniae Rothsch., Hammam-Meskoutine,

May 1914 p. 69

12. Cleophana diffluens lusitanica Culot, Caldas de Monchique, for

comparison . . . . . . . . . p. 70

13-15. Cleophana fatima B.-H., 1 <J, 2 $$ Gafsa (co-type, Tilghemt April

1912, Ghardaia 1911) p. 68

16. Cleophana boetica diluta Rothsch., <$ Bou Saada, May 1910 . p. 66

17. Cleophana boetica diluta Rothsch., $ Sebdou, May 1918 - p. 66

18. Cleophana boetica boetica Rmbr., J Caldas de Monchique, for com-

parison. . . . . . . . . . p. 66

19. Amephana warionis (Oberth.)X Cleophana boetica diluta Rothsch.,

Guelt-es-Stel, April 1913 p. 66

20. Metopoceras morosa Rothsch., q (tyP e ) Guelt-es-Stel, May 1913 . p. 51

21. Ammetopa codeti Hmpsn., (J Oued Amra, N. of Ideles, May 1914 - p. 50
22-23. Bryomima codeti codeti (Oberth.), 2 JJ Ain Sefra May 1913,

Sebdou May 1918 . p. 50

24-25. Bryomima codeti nisseni (Rothsch.), cj$ Guelt-es-Stel, April

1912, May 1913 - - - - - - • - - - p. 50

26. Calophasia stigmatica Rothsch., <J between Ouargla and El Golea,

March 1912 p. 71

27-28. Leucochlaena orana (Lucas), (J$ Oudjda November 1914,

Perregaux November 1915- - - - - - -p. 23

29. Euxoa noctambulatrix (Chret.), <J Sidi Ferruch, Algeria . p. 23

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIC/E. VOL. XXVII. Ig20.

Pl. XV.

I-

t

\\^

%f#

^ "

**/m

iS

20

23

24

«i

26

Horace Knight^ pinx.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.

Nos
1.

2-3.

Iambiodes iticerta (Rothsch.), 1 $ Oued N9a, April 1914
Metapistis picturata (Rothsch.), $$ Arefidji, March 1912,
N9a, April 1914

Rabinopteryx nelvai Rothsch., $ Batna, 1913 — 1914 . .

Cucullia auceps Stdgr., <J Ganden Aschabad, for comparison
Cucullia oberthuri Rothsch., § El Kantara, May 1911
Cucullia beata Rothsch., $ (type) Sebdou, 1918 -
Athetis euxoides Rothsch., $ Batna .
Athetis persimilis Rothsch., <$ Souk-Ahras, April 1914 -
Antarchaea erubescens (B.-H.), $ Djebel Mekter, May 1913 .
12. Anumeta spatzi Rothsch., ^J Amgid, April 1914 -

Oued

4.
5.
6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
11-

13-14. Anumeta major Rothsch., <J$ Aln Talba May 1914, N. of El
Golea May 1912

15. Anumeta sabulosa Rothsch., (J Amgid, February 1914 -

16. Drasteria oranensis Rothsch., <$ Ain Sefra, May 1913 .

17. Cortyta rosacea (Rebel), <J Oued Dehin, March 1914 -

18. Eublemma arida Rothsch., <J (type) El Golea, May 1912

19. Eublemma crocea Rothsch., $ Ain Tahart, April 1914 -

20. Eublemma pernivea Rothsch., $ Ain Sefra, August 1915
21-22. Eublemma scitula (Ramb.), (J$ Sidi-bel- Abbes, August 1916

23. Catablemma geyri Rothsch., $ Tahihout, April 1914

24. Eublemma nelvai Rothsch., $ (type) Batna, 1913 — 1914

25. Eublemma pseudostrina Rothsch., (J Guelt-es-Stel, August 1913

26. Eublemma deserti (Rothsch.), ^ Ain Taiba, May 1914 -

p. 76

p. 71

p. 64

p. 62

p. 62

p. 62

p. Ill

p. Ill

p. 109

p. 95

p. 95
p. 95
p. 97
p. 93
p. 83
p. 84
p. 84
p. 76
p. 77
p. 112
p. 80
p. 79

NOVITATES ZoOLOGICE. Vol. XXVII. I920.

Pl. XVI.

w^Hgm

v

19

■

20

21

15 v «f

22

- *7I

'l/. />I»I.V

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.

Nos.

1. Antitype hagar Rothsch., <J (type) Bou Saada, April 1911 . p. 53
2 & 3. Cardepia deserticola Hmpsn., <J Bou Saada May 1910, <J Colomb

Bechar April 1912 - - p. 57

4. Cardepia irrisor (Ersch.), $ Uralsk, May 1906, for comparison . p. 57

5. Cardepia irrisor mauretanica Rothsch., <J El Mesrane, June 1913 - p. 58

6. Scotogramma chimaera Rothsch., $ (type) Ain Sefra, March 1915 . p. 57

7. Miselia Sofia luteocinnamomea Rothsch., <J El Kantara, April 1911 p. 110

8. Miselia antitypina (Rothsch.), £ (type) Guelt-es-Stel, April 1913 . p. 48

9. Agrotis praecipuina (Rothsch.), (J Sidi-bel-Abbes, September 1917 - p. 37

10. Epipsilia straminea (Rothsch.), <J (type) Guelt-es-Stel, October

1912 p. 42

11. Euxoa rotroui Rothsch., 1 $ (type) Sidi-bel-Abbes, May 1918- - p. 29

12. 13, 14. Euxoa hoggari Rothsch., 1 <J, 2 $$ Oued Abou, S. Sahara,

January 1914 . . . . . . . . p. 27

15, 16. Euxoa spinifera hodnae (Oberth.), <J$, for comparison - p. 26

17. Agrotis auguroides Rothsch., <J Guelt-es-Stel, April 1912 . p. 36

18. Agrotis nisseni Rothsch., $ Guelt-es-Stel, October 1913 - - p. 36

19. Lycophotia kermesina ab. flavida Culot, <J Guelt-es-Stel, October

1912 p. 16

20,21. Sidemia fulva (Rothsch.), cj? El Mesrane, November 1913 - p. 44

22. Dasysternum faroulti Rothsch., $ (type) El Mesrane, November

1915 p. 45

23. Dasythorax rotroui Rothsch., $ (type) Messer, September 1917 - p. 45

24. Natnaugana chimaera Rothsch., $ (type) Environs Taourirt,

July 1918 p. 45

25. Sidetnia aflouensis Rothsch., (J (type) Aflou, October 1916 - - p. 45

26. Athetis oberthuri Rothsch., ^ (type) S. Oued Mya, April 1912. . p. 18

27. Euargia jordani Rothsch., $ (type) South Ahras, April 1914- - p. 41

28. 29. Epipsilia lycophotioides (Rothsch.), 2 ^ (types of inconspicua

Rothsch. and lycophotioides Rothsch.), Guelt-es-Stel, October 1912 p. 37

NOVITATES ZOOLOUIC/E. VoL. XXVII. I92O.

Pl. XVII.

Horace Knight, pinx.

NOVTTATES ZOOLOQIOAE XXVII. 1920. 127

441. Magevtica alchymista uniformis (B.-H.).

442. Acrobyla panacearum distincta Rothsch.

443. Metapistis picturala (Rothsch.).

444. Lipatephia eremophila (Reb.).

445. Acontia luctuosa (Schiff. & Den.).

446. Pandesma anysa distincta Rothsch.

447. Pandesma anysa sennarensis (Feld. & Rog.).

448. Raphia hybris (Hiibn.).

449. Tathorhynchus exsiccata (Led.).

450. Apopestes spectrum maura Warr.

451. Autophila maura (Stdgr.).

452. Autophila ligaminosa (Evers.).

453. Autophila dilucida libanotica (Stdgr.).

454. Autophila cerealis rosea (Stdgr.).

455. Rivula sericealis distincta Rothsch.

456. Scoliopteryx libatrix (Linn.).

457. Zethes insularis Ramb.

458. Parascotia nisseni Turati.

459. Antarchaea viridaria (Clerck).

460. Antarchaea sanctiflorentis aurantiacus Rothsch.

461. Antarchaea erubescens (B.-H.).

Polypogoniuae (Hypeninaei.

462. Nodaria cornicaiis (Fabr.).

463. Hypena obsitalis (Hiibn.).

464. Pechipago (Zanclognatha auct.) crinalis (Treit. ).

465. Pechipago {Zanclognatha auct.) flavicrinalis Rothsch.

466. Ophiuche lividalis (Hiibn.).

The 4 species without numbers and in brackets are the 4 whose record is
dubious.

128 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

THE BIRDS OF THE COMMANDER ISLANDS.
By Eenst Hartert, Ph.D.

THE Commander or Kommandorski Islands consist of two islands, Bering
Island, the larger, and Copper (Mednij) Island, the smaller of the two. They
are of special interest, as being the easternmost islands of the "Old World" in
the north. It is natural that, considering how closely Tschuktschenland and
Alaska on the one, the Commander and Aleutian Islands on the other hand,
approach each other, a number of birds, even some land-birds, are common
to both easternmost Asia and westernmost America, i.e. Alaska and the islands
in Bering Sea. Nevertheless there is a very marked difference between their
ornis, the bulk being distinctly palaearctic or nearctic.

The literature on the birds of the Commander Islands is not large, but
Stejneger's " Results of Ornithological Explorations in the Commander Islands
and in Kamtschatka " (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 29, 1885), with its valuable
" Conclusions " and excellent plates, together with his Revised Catalogue of the
Birds inhabiting the Commander Islands (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887) are far
better than a host of articles ; they may almost be called classical ornithological
literature, and nearly exhaust the subject. Besides these writings there is the
" Liste des oiseaux du Kamtschatka et des iles Commandores," by Dybowski
and Taczanowski, in the Bull, de la Soc. Zool. de France for 1884, pp. 145-61, a
mere " Liste " with localities.

Then there is a recent article based on Mr. Sokolnikoff's collections made
on the two islands 1907-1909, in Russian (!) in the Annuaire du Mus. Zool. Acad.
Imp. Sciences de St. Petersbourg" xiv. (" 1909"), Memoires, pp. 48-76, entitled
(in translation), " Short Outline of the Avifauna of the Commander Islands."
It adds seven species to Stejneger's list — but Rhodostethia rosea, had already
afterwards been added by the latter.

The most recent article known to me is, however, S. Buturlin's " Les
oiseaux de l'ile Mednij, de la grouppe Comander " (sic!) in Ornithol. et Avi-
culture, Moscow, iv. livr. 2, No. 41, 1913. It contains a list of 59 species,
one of which had not before been recorded from the group, and several
others not from Copper Isle. It appears to be a careful, up-to-date work,
but is written in Russian !

Besides these articles dealing with the birds of Bering and Copper Islands,
they are mentioned in other writings, chiefly in Taczanowski' s great work,
Faune Ornithologique de la Siberie Orientate," and, indeed, already a few by Pallas
( 1 827) ! Pallas's statements were taken from the MS. of Steller, who was wrecked
on Bering Island in 1741. From his notes Pallas described the now extinct
Phalacrocorax perspicillatus. At that time they were abundant, and to a great
extent Steller' s party lived on their flesh ; they were preferred to other Cor-
morants on account of their size, as one was an ample meal for three hungry
sailors. Steller' s men, however, did not exterminate the species, as a hundred
years after, the Governor of Sitka, Kuprianoff, did not find it rare, and collected
the few specimens known in the Museums of Petrograd, Leiden, and London.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 129

As this Cormorant is described as very stupid and was much persecuted, it
is generally supposed that it has been exterminated by men. This may be, but
it is perhaps as likely that it was finally wiped out by an epidemic disease, such
as took place in the winter of 1876 — 1877, when many thousands of Phalacrocorax
pelagicus were destroyed and masses of the dead birds covered the beach all
round the islands. The inhabitants of the islands, however, asserted that it
had last been seen about 1852 or so.

The almost complete collection made by Stejneger (about 2,000 specimens)
is in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, U.S.A.

About the same time as Stejneger the Polish explorer Dybowski made a
collection on the islands, and his skins are in the Warsaw Museum, and the
Governor, N. Grebnitski, collected birds which he sent to Stejneger and other
ornithologists.

Mr. N. Sokolnikoff, having held an official position on the Islands for a
number of years, collected for the Petrograd Museum. His first collection is
the one on which Bianchi based his article in 1909. The second collection, the
one on which the following article is written, consisting of over 860 skins, was
also intended for the Museum at Petrograd, but delivery being impossible, and
the collection slowly deteriorating in the climate and under the conditions it
was kept, Sokolnikoff offered it to the British Museum, who did not accept, and
passed the offer on to Lord Rothschild, who bought the birdskins.

As the above list shows, we have received 152 forms of birds from Mr.
Sokolnikoff.

21 forms known to have occurred we did not receive.

23 were obtained for the first time on the islands.

Stejneger's list (1887) had 143 species and subspecies.

Bianchi's of 1909 contained 153, of which 5 were quite doubtful.

Sokolnikoff's last collections confirmed 2 of Bianchi's doubtful ones and
added 21 others to the list, which thus consists of —

171 forms.

1. Podiceps griseigena holboellii Reinh.

<J ad., Bering Island, 21 .v. 1916.

cJ in winter plumage, Bering Island, 16.xi. 1909.

9 juv. in moult, 4.x. 11 (year ?), 31.x. 1912, 30. ix. 1911, Copper Island.

Stejneger says it " does not appear at the islands except as a straggler."
This is confirmed by the present collection, though the date of 21 .v suggests a
breeding- place not far away.

2. Podiceps auritus (L.).

2 winter birds, evidently in their first year. Rare straggler, according to
Stejneger.

3. Colymbus adamsii Gray.

cJ ad., Bering Island, 11. v. 1912.
^ juv., Copper Island, 11. xi. 1910.

Stejneger calls the White-billed Diver a winter visitor of rather rare
occurrence, and he obtained one and saw another.
9

130 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVTI. 1920.

4. Colymbus stellatus Pontopp.

Fine adult specimens were obtained on Bering and Copper Islands in spring
and summer, and 1 juv. in November on Copper Island. It breeds frequently
on the islands and appears, according to Stejneger, about the first of May.

5. Colymbus arcticus viridigularis (Dwight).

Garia viridigularis Dwight, Avk 1918, p. 198 (N.E. Siberia and western Alaska. Type N.E. Siberia)

S ad., Bering Island, 22. v. 1914.
? juv., Bering Island, 26.x. 1911.
c? ad., Copper Island, 12. vi. 1911.
cJ in winter plumage, Copper Island, 20. xi. 1910.

This species, judging from the dates, might possibly be breeding, but if so
it must be very rare.

(Bianchi enumerates Colymbus immer Brunn as an exceptional visitor.)

6. Una lomvia arra (Pall).

Several adult spring and summer specimens.

An adult winter bird and a number of young ones in various stages. Also
some eggs, but without indication of parents.

Uria lomvia arra breads in great numbers on the islands, but among them
Uria troille calijornica occurs sparingly !

U. 1. arra is very similar to U. I. lomvia, but generally a little larger (not
smaller as stated in the Cat. B. Brit. Mils.), the bill often stronger, thicker, but
shorter, sometimes, however, very long.

(Mr. Sokolnikoff did not send any U. troille calijornica.)

7. Uria columba columba (Pall.).

A number of adult and young from April to October. If the dates are correct
the spring moult is rather irregular, as a female from April 20th is in full black
summer garb, another from the same date has still a good many white feathers
left, while yet another (all females) from May 11th is chiefly white underneath,
though the black feathers are appearing everywhere. The change to the winter
plumage takes place in October.

The wings of the Bering Isle specimens are only 174 to 177 mm., but one
from Copper Island has wings of 1 82 mm.

Abundantly breeding.

(Uria carbo (Pall.) was observed in two pairs by Stejneger.)

8. Brachyrhamphus marmoratus perdix (Pall.).

A single male was obtained on May 11th on Copper Island. Since this
form breeds on Kamtchatka and the Kuril Islands its occurrence on the Com-
mander Islands, though not previously recorded, is not strange.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 131

9. Synthliborhamphus antiquus (Gm.).

A series from both islands, the latest date being September 27th. Breeds
on both islands.

10. Aethia pygmaea (Gm.).
(Simorhynchus pygmaeus auct.)
Both islands, mostly from the autumn and winter months, but one from
May, and a few summer specimens. Breeding on both islands.

11. Aethia cristatella (Pall.).
(Simorhynchus cristatellus auct.)
Though regularly breeding (at least during Stejneger's stay there) on both
islands, Sokolnikofl only sent three adult winter birds and one young shot
October 28th, 1912.

12. Aethia pusilla (Pall.)
(Simorhynchus pusillus auct.)
A number of specimens from Bering Island from the winter months, in the
spring as late as May 10th, 1912. A female was also obtained on Copper Island
on April 17th, 1911. — No proof of the breeding of this Auklet on the Commander
Isles has yet been obtained.

13. Phaleris psittacula (Pall.).

Obtained on both islands in June and July. A young in down on Bering
Island, 20.vii. 1912. The down of the upperside, sides of head, neck, and body
and throat sooty, lighter at base, breast and abdomen greyish white.

(Cerorhinca monocerata was obtained by Grebnitzki, but neither Stejneger
nor Sokolnikoff came across it.)

14. Lunda cirrhata (Pall.).

Several fine adults and young from the autumn months. None in winter
plumage. According to Stejneger " occasionally, after severe gales, a few
specimens are found cast up on the beaches."

15. Fratercula corniculata (Naum.).

Several summer and autumn examples. In a female shot 24.x. 1910 the
basal plates have already fallen off.

16. Sterna paradisaea Briinn.

(Sterna macrura or arctica auct.)

cj? ad., Bering Island, 24. vi. 1915.
$ juv., Bering Island, 24. v. 1914.
Breeds on the islands (Stejneger. p. 85).

The adult S has quite an extended black tip to the upper mandible ! This
is very rare in paradisaea, but it does exist sometimes.

132 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

17. Sterna longipeanis Nordm.

9 ad., Bering Island, 21. v. 1911.

<?<J ad., Bering Island, 9.vi.l912, 29. v. 1914.

Stejneger (p. 85) says that formerly he was wrong in giving it as breeding
on Bering Island. The dates of Sokolnikoff s specimens, however, suggest the
possibility, nay probability, of this species nesting on Bering Island.

The name camtschatica Pall, is doubtful and cannot be accepted for this
species.

18. Sterna aleutica Baird.

(?, Copper Island, 7.ix.l911.

This bird, though known to have occurred on the Siberian coast, and said
to have been found in Japan, is a new record to the Islands.

19. Larus glaucescens Nauru.

A magnificent series collected in the spring and summer months, and an
adult female shot December 26th, 1911.

This species is commonly breeding on both islands, and occurs in small
numbers throughout the year. In the Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1884, p. 147,
Dybowski and Taczanowski mention this Gull as Larus glaucus (cf. Taczanowski,
Faune Orn. Siberie orient, ii. 1019), while their " Larus borealis " was, according
to Taczanowski, t.c. i. p. 1030, " Larus cochin-nans," but I consider all the
eastern Herring-Gulls east of the Taimyr Peninsula to be vegae.

20. Larus argentatus vegae Palmen.

A fine adult $ was shot on Copper Island, 9. vi. 1914, and four young birds
were obtained in May and June of various years, both on Bering and
Copper Islands.

21. Larus hyperboreus Gunn. 1767.
(Larus glaums Briinn. 1764, nee Pontopp. 1763.)

Two adult, male and female, and two juvenile specimens were shot on
Bering Isle in April, and another young in November. The adult male has the
upperside darker, more bluish, the female lighter, almost whitish.

This species had not yet been found on the Commander Islands, but as it
breeds in the high north and migrates down south to Japan, its occurrence there
was to be expected.

22. Larus schistisagus Stejn.

$ad., Bering Island, l.i.1911.

c??ad., Bering Island, 13. iv., 17. iv., 17. iv., 16. v. 1912.
$ ad., Copper Island, 12. vi. 1911.
cj 9 J u v., Bering and Copper Islands, October.

From these dates it appears as if the species might possibly breed on the
islands, though Stejneger said it did not.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVII. 1920. 133

23. Larus canus major Midd.

Lotus canus L. var. major Middendorff, Sibirische Reise, Zool. ii. 2. p. 243, Taf. xxiv. fig. 4 (1853 —
Stanow6y Mountains to Sea of Ochotsk).

3 ad., Copper Island, 26. v. 1912.

$ ad., Copper Island, -l.vi.1911.

c? juv., Copper Island, 23. v. 1911.

4(J? med. aet., Bering and Copper Islands, May and June.

2 juv., Bering and Copper Isles, September 1911.

All these birds belong undoubtedl}- to the large eastern form of the Common
Gull. The May and June dates of perfectly adult birds suggest the possibility
of their breeding on Copper Island, though during Stejneger's visit they seem
not to have done so.

24. Larus canus brachyrhynchus Rich.

Two young birds shot on Bering Island, 25. i. 1911, and Copper Island,
9.ix.l911, are so much smaller than all L. c. major that they must belong to
brachyrhynchus, which might very well occasionally visit the islands from North-
western America. Also Stejneger got one small specimen, which he called canus,
but if brachyrhynchus is separated from canus, these specimens must belong to
the former.

25. Larus ridibundus sibiricus But.

Larus ridibundus sibiricus Buturlin, Mess. Orn. ii. p. 66 (1911 — Kolyma Delta and Ussuri Land.
In Russian !).

3 adult summer birds without dates.

<$ ad., Bering Island, 19. v. 1915.

2 ad., Copper Island, 11. v. 1910.

cJ ad., Bering Island, 12. v. 1912.

<J nearly ad., Bering Island, 5. v. 191G.

$ juv., Bering Island, 9.xi.l912.

2 nearly ad., Bering Island, 19. v. 1916.

These specimens differ from most European birds shot about the same time
of the year by somewhat darker, less coffee-brown heads of the adult ones, longer
bills, and generally longer wings. The bill is 37-40 mm. long (from end of
feathering on culmen), the wing is about 315 to 321 mm., while the bill in European
specimens measures generally 29-36, the wing 302-310, very seldom to 315 and
317 mm. The brown of the head in a specimen from Lombardia, Italy, is just
as dark, and the same may be said of one from Mogador, Marocco, shot in March,
by Riggenbach. The bill of the Lombardian bird is also very long, i.e. 39 mm.

When Buturlin described his sibiricus he mentioned that it had a darker
grey upperside, that the outer web of the fifth primary was always grey, and the
dimensions larger, especially those of the tarsus. The strikingly longer bill is,
however, not mentioned. The back of our Commander Islands birds is not at
all darker, nor is the constantly grey colour of the outer web of the fifth primary
a character, as it is mostly grey — though not rarely partially white — in European
specimens. Japanese skins without date have the elongated bill, but their
wings are rather short.

Lena River specimens have the short bills of European examples and the

134 NO.ITATES ZoOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

wings as a rule no longer than the latter, but their heads are very light, though
summer birds in Europe have them very often equally pale. They would belong
to " Chroicoceplialus ridibundus lavrovi " Zarudny, Mess. Orn. iii. pp. 29, 30 (1912),
from Chirchik, Syr-Darya and Semiretchye, separated because they had lighter
heads, and, if I had a correct translation of the Russian description, are found
among darker- headed specimens. I do not consider this form separable, and
treat " lavrovi " as a synonym of Larus ridibundus ridibundus. The easternmost
form is apparently separable, but its distribution as yet very uncertain.

Stejneger did not meet with this bird on the islands, though he found it
nesting in Kamtchatka. The dates of Sokolnikoff's specimens suggest the
possibility of its breeding nowadays on the islands. Bianchi added ridibundus
to the list of Bering Island birds, as not breeding.

26. Larus gelastes Keys. & Bias.

An adult male, with the greyish black spots of the winter plumage behind
the eyes and ear-coverts, was shot on Copper Island, 7.x. 1912. The inner web
of the first primary has a wide slate-coloured inner margin. This is probably
a remainder of the juvenile plumage, but very unusual.

No Larus gelastes has ever been found so far east ; in fact, I do not know of
a record further east than Issik-Kul and Karachi.

27. Xema sabinii (Sabine).

cJad., Bering Island, 16. v. 1913.

Stejneger did not come across this species, nor was it obtained before by
Sokolnikoff.

28. Rhodostethia rosea (Macg.).

cf ad., Bering Island, S.xii. 1911.

? juv., Bering Island, 13. iii. 1914.

<J juv., Bering Island, 9.xii. 1915.

Stejneger in 1887 had no evidence of the occurrence on the islands, but
in the Auk, 1898, p. 183, he recorded a specimen collected by Grebnitski on
Bering Island, 10. xh. 1895.

29. Rissa tridactyla pollicaris Stejn.

This common breeding bird of the two islands, where opportunity for nesting
exists, was obtained in summer and winter.

In the young of all forms of Rissa the shorter secondaries are nearly quite
white, only with a grey patch towards the base of the outer web, a striking
peculiarity not mentioned in the Cat. B. Brit. Mus.

30. Rissa brevirostris Bruch.

c?$ ad., Bering Island, 7. v. 1912.
$ juv., Copper Island, 24. vi. 1911.
Breeding on both islands.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVI:. 1920. 135

31. Stercorarius pomarinus (Temm.).

$ ad., Bering Island, 3.vi.l912.
$ semi ad., Copper Island, 1 1 . vii. 1913.

Mentioned by Dybowski as occurring on Bering Island, but Stejneger did
not come across it.

32. Stercorarius longicaudus Vieill.

(?$ad., Bering Island, 4.vi.l911, 3.vi.l913.

According to Stejneger, " an occasional, though by no means uncommon "
visitor to the islands during migrations. The occurrence in June suggests the
idea of a breeding-place not far away.

33. Stercorarius parasiticus (L.).

{Stercorarius crepidatus in the Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxv. p. 327, where the
nomenclature is arbitrary.)

4 adults with white underside, 3 with dark, from Bering and Copper Islands
in spring and summer. Stejneger called the light phase comparatively rare.
Also a young bird from Bering Island, 4 . viii . 1911.

34. Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii Cass.

(Fulmarus glacialis glupisha Stejn.)

This bird breeds in large colonies on both islands. Sokolnikoff sent a fine
series. Six belong to the dark form, C to the white one with more or less grey
mantle. One from Bering Island, date unreadable, has whitish grey, very faded
feathers on the back, while fresh feathers of a slaty grey colour come in ; most
feathers of the underside are grey with whitish tips, some fresh ones, however,
are quite grey. Another example, a bird of the year, Copper Island, 1.x. 1912,
is pure white all over.

35. Puffinus tenuirostris tenuirostris (Temm.).
Six specimens from both islands, collected from April to June 18th. There
can, judging by these dates, be hardly any doubt that this Petrel nests on the
islands, and it is a pity that the habits have not been recorded, nor any eggs sent.
Bianchi recorded it as nesting on both islands !

36. Oceanodroma furcata (Gm.).
Specimens from Bering Island in spring and winter, and from Copper Island,
where it breeds, in spring and winter.

37. Oceanodroma leucorrhoa leucorrhoa (Vieill.).
One male, Copper Island, 6. vii. 1911. Stejneger found it breeding at
Tchornij Mys., Copper Island.

{Diomedea albatrus occurs not rarely in the sea surrounding the islands, but
we did not receive specimens.)

(Haematopus ostralegus oscidans Swinh. is an occasional visitor, but we did
not receive specimens.)

136 Novit;<tes Zoologicae XXVII. 1920.

38. Arenaria interpres interpres (L.).

Several adult males from Bering Island, May and June 3rd, and young
in September.

It has not been proved to nest on the islands.

39. Squatarola squatarola hypomelaena (Pall.).

Two juvenile, September and October, Bering Island.

Though there is some overlapping, the larger bill and generally longer wing
of the eastern race cannot be denied, and therefore this subspecies should be
recognized.

40. Charadrius dominicus fulvus Gm.

A large series from both islands in May and autumn, the latest spring date
being May 30th.

41. Charadrius mongolus mongolus Pall.

A fine series of adult birds, both islands, from May and June, a pullus (Copper
Island), July 27th, unfortunately already covered with many feathers.

The black line separating the rufous chest from the white throat is often
entirely absent, or only indicated.

One juv. in first autumn plumage, September.

42. Charadrius alexandrinus alexandrinus L.

?, Bering Island, 21 .xi. 1911.

The occurrence on Bering Island is extraordinary, as the species is not a
northern one, though it extends eastwards to Corea.

43. Gallinago gallinago raddei But.

Scolopax (Gallinago) gallinago raddei Buturlin, Kuliki Rossieskoi Imperic-Premiya-k-Journal, in
Psovaia i Ruzheinaia Okhota, 1912, p. 54 of the separate copy. (Breeding in E. Siberia.
Russian !)

Taczanowski said that the majority but not all Snipes in East Asia differed
by having wider pale stripes and more rusty spotting on the upperside. less spotted
jugulum, and wider sincipital line, also less spotted, more white axillaries and
under wing-coverts. Buturlin named this form as above. Comparing eastern
and European Snipes, it is obvious that no colour differences are of any constancy
or found in the majority of specimens, but entirely individual, except the less
spotted jugulum which is observable in the great majority of eastern Snipes,
while such specimens, with almost uniform, less spotted jugulum are rare in
Europe. Moreover, there is a tendency in eastern birds to have smaller di-
mensions. European Snipes have wings of 129-140, females generally larger,
135-140, males 129-136, exceptionally 127-128 only. Eastern Snipes have
wings of 125-137, usually about 132, quite exceptionally to 140 mm. The wings
of 12 snipes from Bering and Copper Islands measure 126-133, once 136 ; those of
as many from the Tring Reservoirs 132 to 138 mm.

NOVTTATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVII. 1920. 137

It is therefore advisable to tentatively recognize Gallinago gallinago raddei,
though its characters are unstable and its distribution not yet certain.

The Snipe is a common breeding-bird on Bering Island. Sokolnikofi collected
specimens throughout the month of May.

44. Gallinago solitaria Hodgs.

GaUinaijo solitaria Hodgson, Gleanings in Science, iii. p. 238 (1831 — Nepal).

?, Copper Island, 10.x. 1910.

(J, Bering Island, 27.xii.1911.

This species has not previously been recorded from the Commander Islands,
but as it breeds from the Altai and Turkestan to Kamtchatka, its occurrence
is not unexpected, only the December date is extraordinary.

45. Erolia maritima quarta subsp. nov.

5 <J$ ad., May, Bering and Copper Islands.

9 ad., Copper Island, 2.ix. 1911, changing from summer to winter plumage.
9 <J $ in winter plumage from both islands, collected in November, December,
and March.

The Purple Sandpiper of the Commander Islands differs from E. m. couesi
from Alaska and the Aleutian Islands as follows '•

In the winter plumage the foreneck and jugulum are darker slate-colour
and less mixed with white. In the full summer plumage the edges to the feathers
of the upperside are much wider and of a brighter ferruginous, so that the upper-
side looks quite rust-red, with mostly concealed black centres to the feathers.
The wings measure 121-127, in one $ even 130 mm.

Type: <J, Bering Island, 11. v. 1912. N. Sokolnikofi leg.

We know from Stejneger that this species is resident on Bering Island, but
he says that some retire to more hospitable shores during the winter months.

46. Erolia acuminata (Horsf.).

5 autumn birds, September and October, both islands, where they are
autumn migrants.

47. Erolia maculata (Vieill.).

Tringa maculata Vieillot,iVowt>. Diet. d'Hist.Nat. xxxiv. p. 46.5(1819 — West Indian Islands or southern
U.S.).

(Erolia maculata is the correct name for the "Pectoral Sandpiper," often
called " Tringa pectoralis.")

cJ?, Bering Island, 6, 10, 18. ix. 1911.

Though only once recorded from the Commander Islands, byButurlin, 1913,
it is not unexpected that this species passes through on migration. Where these
birds winter is not yet known ; American examples migrate as far south as
Peru, Chile, and Argentina.

138 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

48. Erolia temminckii (Leisl.).

2 2 ad., Bering Island, 26, 29. v. 1912.
Somewhat rare on passage.

49. Erolia subminuta (Midd.).

4 adult specimens, Bering Island, March, May, July ; Copper Island,
25. v. 1912.

According to Stejneger mainly on passage, but a few stay over the summer,
probably breeding.

Bianchi, in fact, gives it as breeding, probably from notes by SokoLnikoff.

50. Erolia ruficollis (Pall.).

3$ ad., Bering Island, 25. v. 1914, 25. v. 1915, 25. vi. 1914.
According to Stejneger only on migration, but the late date in June suggests
the possibility of its nesting.

51. Erolia alpina sakhalina (Vieill.).

<J9ad., Copper Island, 13. v. 1912; Bering Island, 2.vi.l914, 24. vi. 1914,
25. vi. 1914.

According to Stejneger only on passage. The late dates of these birds
suggest the possibility, but do of course not prove their breeding on the islands.

52. Erolia ferruginea (Briinn.).

<J ad., Bering Island, 2.vi.l916.
2 ad., Copper Island, 12.x. 1910.
This species has not yet been recorded from these islands.

(Erolia tenuirostris = crassirostris, mentioned by Bianchi as doubtfully
nesting, was not sent by Sokolnikoff to us.)

53. Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (L.).

Plalalea pygmea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 140 (1758 — " Surinam " ! Errore !).

2 ad., Bering Island, 5.ix.l911.

Not previously recorded from the islands.

("Calidris armaria" now to be called Crocethia alba (Pall.), was met with
by Stejneger — one out of a flock shot.)

54. Limosa lapponica baueri Naum.

17 specimens throughout May and as late as June 2Gth, mostly with cinnamon
underside, but some from the same days still white and barred.

Though, Stejneger says, some individuals stay over summer, they were not
nesting.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 139

55. Limosa limosa melanuroides Gould.

5 (J$ in fine nuptial plumage, obtained May 20th to 26th (mostly 1913),
on Bering Island ; one (not sexed) with very little rufous colour, Copper Island,
7.vi.l911.

According to Stejneger a very rare visitor, as only one specimen was known
to him.

56. Tringa nebularia (Gunn.).

(Totanus nebularius, Glottis nebularius, Totanus glottis auct. antiqu.).
A fine series in breeding plumage from May 7th to the end of the month,
on both islands.

"Common during the spring migration" (Stejneger, p. 132).

(Tringa gutlifer was not obtained. Stejneger mentions one specimen.)

57. Tringa erythropus (Pall.).

3 adults in fine black nuptial plumage from Bering Island, 23. v. 1913,
16. v. 1914, 18. v. 1914.
Rare spring migrant.

58. Tringa incana incana (Gm.).

11 fine adult males and females, Bering Island, 29. v to 12. vi, all in full
nuptial plumage.

Comes to the islands during the latter part of May, and may possibly breed,
Stejneger thinks.

59. Tringa incana brevipes (Vieill.).

cJ9, Bering Island, 25. v. 1914, 2.vi.l913.

9 in worn summer plumage, Bering Island, 24.x. 1911.

7 juv., both islands, 31 . viii to 1.x.

This is obviously the rarer form of incana, and Stejneger had obtained a
single specimen only. Buturlin, however, recorded a male shot in 1912. As
this is the Siberian form, which breeds in Kamtchatka, one would rather ex-
pect it to nest on the islands, than the American T. i. incana — probably neither
of the two does nest, though both pass through on migration.

60. Tringa glareola L.

17 specimens from the latter third of May and June, both islands, but only
a few from Copper Island.

Breeds, according to Stejneger, on Bering Island.
There are no subspecies of T. glareola..

61. Tringa hypoleuca L.

<J9, Bering Island, 22. v. 1912, 30. v. 1914, 29. v. 1913.
Rather rare migrant (Stejneger).
There is no eastern subspecies.

(" Terekia cinerea " recorded from one specimen by Stejneger.)

140 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

62. Philomachus pugnax (L.).

cJad., Bering Island, 18. v. 1911.

Evidently rare. Stejneger had only two specimens.

Ridgway rejects the name Philomachus because the author was anonymous.
This, however, is an arbitrary proceeding. It does not matter who described a
bird, or who created a genus, as long as this was formally done and the names
are acceptable under the Rules of Nomenclature. The names in the " Adum-
bratiuncula " to Vroey's catalogue were also published without an author's
name, and it was only found out incidentally that Pallas was the author. Leach's
name Pavoncella is unacceptable, as Leach's work was not published at the
time. Iredale called my attention to the fact that it was only printed as a list
of labels for the use of the British Museum's officials, that only one or two copies
exist, and that it was never for sale. The publication by the Willughby Society
was a rather unnecessary act, but at that time British ornithologists were more
reckless in the resurrection of forgotten old names than they are nowadays.

63. Numenius cyanopus Vieill.

$ ad., Copper Island, 14. vi. 1911.
A rare visitor.

64. Numenius phaeopus variegatus (Scop.).

8 <J<j> ad., both islands, 25. v to 26. vi. and 3 juv. 31 .viii to S.ix.
Stejneger secured only two specimens on Bering Island.

65. Phalaropus fulicarius (L.).

5 <J$, Bering Island, 25. v to 16.vi.

1 ad. Bering Island, 8 ad. and juv. Copper Island, September.

Stejneger only once observed a flock in autumn, but could not secure
specimens.

The late dates of Sokolnikoff's specimens suggest the possibility of breeding
on the island.

66. Phalaropus lobatus (L.).

4 ^ $ ad., Bering Island, May 26th and June 2nd to 26th. Also 6 September
birds from both islands.

Breeds numerously on Bering Island, teste Stejneger.

67. Megalornis canadensis canadensis (L.).

Ardea canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 234 (1766 — " Habitat in America septentrionali." Ex
Edwards, pi. 133, restricted terra typica therefore : Hudson Bay).

cJ? ad., Bering Island, 18 and 20. v. 1914.

Has occurred several times in Tschuktschen Land and Anadyr, therefore the
occurrence on Bering Island is not very extraordinary. It probably visits the
island from time to time, as a long, long-legged, long-necked grey bird, according
to the natives, is observed occasionally (Stejneger, pp. 147, 135).

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 141

68. Anser fabalis serrirostris Swinh.

Anser segetum var. serrirostris Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1871, p. 417 (China, in winter near
Amoy).

Half a dozen adult males and females from Bering Island, May and June,
also a juvenile male, Bering Island, 9.x. 1911.

All the adult birds show very clearly the large, wide beaks with curved
under mandible of serrirostris, and even in the young one it is clearly indicated.
This again speaks very much for the distinctness of the two eastern forms,
serrirostris and sibiricus of Alpheraky, though their breeding- homes are not
properly known, and both together as well as intermediate specimens occur in
China on migration.

(Bianchi mentions both serrirostris and " mentalis," but the latter name is
a synonym of serrirostris ! )

69. Anser alburons (Scop.).

Two ? juv., Bering Island, 16 and 18. xi. 1911.

These appear to be typical albifrons. The so-called " A. albijrons gambelli "
cannot be upheld in the sense of certain ornithologists. American and East-
Asiatic White-fronted Geese are not as a rule larger or in any way different, but
it is true that extraordinarily large specimens occur in North America, though
their breeding range is unknown. It is therefore still possible that a large race
exists somewhere, but very doubtful. No North-east Asiatic example seen by
me is larger than some European ones. The conclusions of Swarth & Bryant,
Vnivers. California Publ. in Zool. xvii. no. 11, pp. 209-222, that both forms are
found in North America in winter quarters, are correct, but their supposed
differences do not exist. Neither is the number of rectrices constantly different,
nor the general colouration or size ; nor, as far as I can make out, the colour of
the eyelid ! Final judgment about the two forms cannot be passed, unless a
series from the various breeding-places be examined !

70. Anser caerulescens caerulescens (L.).
(Anser hyperboreus hyperboreus.)

A white female with partially brown secondaries and a few brownish feathers
on the mantle, Bering Island, 30. v. 1911.

If, as it seems to be the case, the grey-brown goose with blue-grey upper
wing-coverts and the white ones are one and the same (cf. among others Hesse,
Journ. f. Orn. 1915, pp. 159, 160, and Blaauw's breeding experiments !), the
species must be called caerulescens (Anas caerulescens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x.
1, p. 124, 1758), and not hyperboreus (Pallas, Spicilegia Zool. fasc. vi. p. 25).

71. Branta canadensis hutchinsii (Rich.) (?).

$ ad., Bering Island, 22.vii.1914.

This specimen has 18 rectrices and a wing of a little over 400 mm. (400, but
worn!). American authors describe hutchinsii as having 14 to 16 rectrices,
" occidentalis " with 18 to 20 ; wings of the latter 41 1-458, while that of hutchinsii
appears to vary from 375 to 451 ! It seems to me that hutchinsii and occidentalis ,
are not separable !

142 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

72. Branta canadensis minima Ridgw.

<?? ad., Bering Island, 28. v. 1912.

These two specimens seem to be actual minima ! Rectrices 16 ! Wings
about 380 mm.

73. Branta bernicla nigricans (Lawr.).

$ juv., Bering Island, 9.x. 1910.

Stejneger (pp. 149, 135) also obtained only a single specimen, in November
1882.

74. Anser canagicus (Sewastianoff).

Adult males and females were obtained in October, November, January,
February, and April 14th, young of the year in December, all on Bering Island.

75. Cygnus cygnus (L.).

$% first winter plumage, 1 and 4 October, Bering Island.
Stejneger mentioned the species as observed but not positively identified,
but Bianchi seems to have received it.

(Stejneger obtained a young C . columbianus on Bering Island !)

76. Anas platyrhyncha platyrhyncha L.
(Anas boschas.)

c?e?$$, Bering Island, April and May.

1 (J ad., Copper Island, 28. iv. 1911.

There is quite a series from Bering, but only one male from Copper Island.
This seems to bear out what Stejneger wrote long ago : " Breeding numerously
in Bering Island, comparatively rare on Copper Island."

77. Anas strepera L.

The head of a $ shot on Copper Island on May 13th, 1911 is sent. It is
only a rare straggler, reported by Dybowski, but not observed by Stejneger.

78. Anas acuta acuta L.

May, July, and October, Copper and Bering Islands. Breeds numerously
on Bering, sparingly on Copper Island, teste Stejneger.

79. Anas crecca crecca L.

The teal breeds also on the islands, and was obtained by Sokolnikofi on
both, end of April, May and September.

80. Anas querquedula L.

Stejneger did not come across the Garganey, but Dybowski stated that it
had occurred on Bering Island. Sokolnikofi sent two adult males and a female,
obtained on Bering Island in summer.

N0VITATE3 ZOOLOQICAE XXVII. 1920. 143

81. Anas formosa Georgi.

£ ad., Bering Island, 16. v. 1911, 23. v. 1911.

cJ juv., Bering Island, 6.ix.l911.

? ad., Bering Island, 10. ix. 1911.

tj ad., Copper Island, 9.vi.l911.

Neither Stejneger nor Dybowski seem to have observed this species on the
Commander Islands, but Bianchi recorded it from Copper Island. From the
dates when birds were obtained it seems probable that it now breeds on the
islands, which is not strange, as it nests in Kamtchatka.

82. Anas falcata Georgi.

(Eunetta falcata.)

cJcJad., Bering Island, 17. iv. 1910, 17. v. 1914, 31. v. 1912.
^ ad., Copper Island, 14. v. 1911.

Stejneger says : " Occasionally straggling to Bering Island during the
spring migration."

83. Anas penelope L.

Obtained on both islands in May, on Copper Island as late as May 14th, 1911.
Stejneger says : " Visits the islands during the migration season."

(Anas americana Gm. was picked up dead — one specimen — by Stejneger
on Bering Island.)

84. Spatula clypeata (L.).

10 skins of both sexes, all collected on Bering Island from May 11th to
June 4th, 1915, one female, 11 .x. 1910. The June date suggests the possibility
of its nesting on the islands.

Stejneger calls it a summer visitor to Bering Island, and adds " possibly
breeding." Bianchi gives it as nesting.

85. Nyroca fuligula (L.).

Adult examples from both islands, from Bering Isle as late as 21.v, from
Copper even 5.vi, and one October specimen. The late dates suggest the
probability of breeding. Stejneger considered it rare, but admitted that it
" may breed occasionally."

85. Nyroca mania mariloides (Vig.).

Adult males and females from Bering and Copper Islands, shot in May and
June, one October.

Stejneger found the Scaup commonly breeding on Bering Island. He
considered the specimens to belong to N. marila marila, while he distinguished

N. marila marila : " Palaearctic Region."

N. marila nearctica (Stejn.) : " Nearctic Region."

N. affinis : " Nearctic Region."

N. affinis mariloides : " Pacific coast of Asia, from Japan southward."

144 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

I am sorry to say I cannot follow this arrangement. I find that all specimens
from the Far East — i.e. from Japan and China and from Bering Island — are (with
few exceptions) smaller than European N . m. marila, the wings of 1 6 adult male
examples measure 207-220 mm., in the European form 220-233 mm. Moreover,
in nearly all cases the black barring of the upperside is coarser, thus giving the
latter a darker appearance, which is particularly noticeable on the scapulars.
In many cases, but not always, the head and nape are more purplish, less greenish.
We must therefore, unless we suppress this form altogether, recognize a Far- East
form breeding on Bering Island, and probably in Kamtchatka, wintering in
China and Japan.

The North American form has been suppressed even by the splitting
American ornithologists, but I do not think that this is quite correct. I find that
American males have the back barred as in mariloides, or even darker, the scapu-
lars and wing-coverts very dark. Stejneger said, when describing them as
Nyroca (Aythya) marila nearctica (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, p. 161, 1885),
that " the primaries from the fourth quill were without whitish on the inner
web." I cannot help thinking that he meant to say outer web, as I find no
differences on the inner web, while it is true that in most cases the outer webs
of the inner primaries are dark in American, with a white patch in European,
Scaups.

This, however, is not constant, as specimens without the white area occur
in Europe, others with white — though very rarely — in America. The size of
the American birds is as in N . m. marila, not as in N. m. mariloides. Under the
circumstances, we should, at least provisionally, distinguish between the following
forms :

Nyroca marila marila : Europe, N. Asia, but not known how far east replaced
by mariloides.

Nyroca marila mariloides : Bering Island, and probably Kamtchatka and
elsewhere. In winter China and Japan.

Nyroca marila nearctica : N. America.

Nyroca affinis : N. America.

It is undoubtedly quite wrong to treat N. m. mariloides as a subspecies of
affinis ! N . m. marila, mariloides, and nearctica are, in fact, very closely allied,
while affinis is as a rule quite distinct and inhabits similar areas to that of
nearctica. It must, however, be admitted that some specimens of affinis are not
so typical as most of them.

86. Nyroca ferina ferina (L.).

An adult male, Bering Island, 13. v. 1911.

This species is new to the islands and not known to extend so far eastwards.
Stejneger says : " Very doubtful. Not reported from Kamtchatka."

87. Bucephala clangula (L.).

$ ad. in full nuptial plumage, Copper Island, 30. iv. 1912 (wing, 228).
<J juv. (born in 1910), beginning to moult into adult plumage, Copper Island,
18. v. 1911 (wing, 211).

<J in very similar plumage, Copper Island, 11 .x. 191 1 (wing, 225).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 145

2 $ ad., Bering Island, 6.x. 1911, 16. ii. 1914 (wings, 203, 212).

$ ad., Bering Island, 29. xi. 1911 (wing, 216 mm.).

$ ad., Bering Island, 1 . xii .1911 (wing, 197 mm.).

It seems to me that the females shot on Bering Island, 6.x. 1911, 16. ii. 1914,
and 29. xi. 1911, with wings of 203, 212, and 216 mm., must belong to the some-
what larger B. clangula americana (Bp.), while the other specimens are B. clangula
clangula (L.). From their plumage I do not think that the larger specimens can
be young males. The two subspecies are indistinguishable, except that in a
series the American race runs larger : wings, 228-240 (but seldom so large), while
European birds (adult males in both cases) have wings of 216-227 mm. As many
specimens overlap, single specimens are often indistinguishable.

Stejneger said of " Glaucionetta clangula " that it was " a not very common
winter visitor to the islands," but Sokolnikoff's specimens show that it also occurs
during the spring migration.

88. Bucephala albeola (L.).

cJ juv. (sexed " $," but must be a young male), Bering Island, 19. xi. 1911.

$, Bering Island, 13. i. 1911.

" An accidental visitor during the winter 1882-83 " (Stejneger).

89. Clangula hyemalis (L).

A series of winter birds, Bering Island, November to April, and one young
male, Copper Island, 31.x. 1910.

According to Stejneger one of the commonest ducks on Bering Island, where
it is resident throughout the year and breeds numerously. Yet Sokolnikoff has
not sent any specimens in summer plumage, nor young in down ! The wings of
adult males measure from 224-235 mm., while sometimes eastern specimens are
larger, wing up to 240, but by no means constantly.

90. Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus Brooks.

Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College, lis. p. 393 (1915 —
North Pacific Ocean. Type Kamtchatka).

Fully plumaged adult males, Bering Island, 12.xi. 1910 to end of December ;
two males in eclipse, Copper Island, 15.viii. 1911 ; young male quite like females,
but larger, Copper Island, 9.x. 1910 ; males moulting into first winter garb from
both islands, December and January ; two females, Bering and Copper Islands,
October and December.

Stejneger says it occurs round the islands all the year round, " but apparently
without breeding."

Differs from H. h. histrionicus only in the larger bill. The chestnut-red
stripe on the sides of the crown is not always paler and no character at all to
distinguish the two races.

91. Polysticta stelleri (Pall.).

A number of both sexes throughout the winter. The earliest specimen is
a specimen from Copper Island, September 5th, and there is one from October.
The latest is a female from Bering Island, 9. v. 1913.

10

146 NOV1TATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920.

According to Stejneger, on the shores of the islands in winter in countless
numbers, arriving at the beginning of November and staying until after the
middle of May.

92. Somateria mollissima v-nigrum Gray.

<J $ ad., Copper Island, 15 and 18. vi. 1911.

" Breed in very limited number in a few places on Copper Island, only
occasionally flying over to Bering Island, round the shores of which it may be seen
in winter " (Stejneger).

93. Somateria spectabilis (L.).

$, Bering Island, 4. i. 1912.
Rare winter visitor.

94. Oidemia fusca stejnegeri Ridgw.

2 d'ad., Bering Island, 24. iv. 1913, 3. v. 1912.

3 o 1 juv., moulting into the black plumage, Bering Island, 17 and 12. v. 1912,
and Copper Island, 23. iv. 1911.

6 $, both islands, October, November, and May.
Stejneger says : " Rare in autumn and spring."

96. Oidemia fusca deglandi Bp.

2 adult males, Copper Island, 14. iv. 1911, and Bering Island, 24. v. 1912,
and a female, Bering Island, 10. xi. 1913, are not 0. f. stejnegeri but deglandi.
One of the males has the underside black, but the sides of the body brown in
clear contrast, while the other has the whole underside brown, from the jugulum
backwards. Both have the knob above the nostrils much less high than usual
in stejnegeri and convex, not concave, in front ; neither of them have the black
line in front of the knob, which is obvious in males of stejnegeri. The female has
the frontal feathers continued along the culmen right over the commencement
of the nostrils, a character which I have not seen in a female of stejnegeri, and
which seems to be peculiar to those of deglandi.

Brooks (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. lix. p. 393, 1915) described
Oidemia fusca dixoni from Arctic Alaska, said to have the bill shorter in comparison
to its length and wider, blunter at the tip. I am afraid I cannot appreciate these
supposed differences, which seem to me to be individual, not racial, otherwise
the Commander Islands specimens should more likely belong to the Alaskan
subspecies.

97. Oidemia perspicillata (L.).

<J ad., Bering Island, 3.vi.l912.

cJ juv., Bering Island, 6.xi.l911.

The young male has a triangular patch on the hindneck, formed by white
tips to the feathers.

This species had not been observed on the Commander Islands by Stejneger,
but Bianchi records it from Bering Island ; as, according to Palmen, it nests
in the Tschuktschen Peninsula, the occurrence is not strange.

Noyitates Zoolooioae XXVII. 1920. 147

98. Oidemia nigra americana Swains.

In winter on both islands, adult male as late as 18. iv. 1913, and a young
male, beginning to moult into the black garb, even May 18th, 1912.

99. Mergus merganser merganser L.

cj ad., Bering Island, 1. v. 1913, 13. v. 1911.

cJ ad., apparently already in eclipse, Bering Island, 13. v. 1911.

<J juv., Bering Island, lO.xii. 1910.

$, Bering Island, 2.vi.l912.

One male has a rather distinct black alar bar, but not as wide as in M . m.
americanus. The difference in the feathering on the bill is so very little different
from that of M . m. merganser, that not much value can be attached to that !

100. Mergus serrator L.

Adult males in full winter plumage were shot on both islands from May 15th
to June 5th, a young male on Copper Isle, 10. ix. 1910, a female on 9.x. 1910.
Evidently both M. merganser and serrator breed on Bering Island. Two young
in down were sent, but whether they belong to serrator or merganser is doubtful.

101. Mergus squamatus Gould.

A male was shot at Copper Island, 9 . vi . 1 91 1 .

This is a very interesting specimen, evidently a juvenile male apparently
in partial eclipse plumage, the hind-neck and back being mixed with obviously
fresh ashy grey feathers, while the blackish feathers on these parts are more or
less old — though a few black feathers are also growing ! The upper head and
neck are covered with brown, worn feathers, while deep black-green ones are
putting in an appearance. I thus presume that this bird, though juvenile, and
moulting the brown neck into the black-green of the adult, is assuming a
partial eclipse garb on the back, which had already become black.

Moreover, the locality of this specimen is of the greatest interest. While
hitherto this species was only known from China, where La Touche collected
specimens in winter and Zappey, among others, a series in Sechuan in November
and December, Buturlin recorded an adult male on August 13th on the Lower
Amur, and now Sokolnikofi got it in June on Copper Island ! We must there-
fore suppose that M. squamatus nests in East Siberia and winters in China,
chiefly Sechuan, Fokien (La Touche), and Hunan.

102. Mergus albellus L.

This species does not breed on the islands. An adult male in full plumage,
Bering Island, 7. v. 1911 ; $ ad., Copper Island, 9. v. 1911 ; (J juv., Bering Isle,
3.x. 1911.

103. Phalacrocorax pelagicus pelagicus Pall.

This species, which, notwithstanding the enormous mortality by apparently
an epidemic disease in 1876-77, is very numerous on both islands, was collected
in autumn, winter, May and June

148 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

104. Phalacrocorax urile (Gm.).

Only three juvenile birds were obtained on Bering Island. This species
is much rarer and more difficult to shoot than P. p. pelagicus, according to
Stejneger. The name urile of 1789 is based solely on Pennant's " Red-faced
Cormorant," it must therefore be adopted instead of that of Ph. bicristatus, which
is used in the Cat. B. Brit. Mus.

105. Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pall.

Now extinct. (Cf. Stejneger and Taczanowski.)

Sokolnikoff collected some sterna. Though very much persecuted for
food and said to have been much more stupid than other species, I fancy that
not the persecution by men alone, but an epidemic like the one of 1876-77 (when
perspicillatus is said to have been already extinct !) settled its fate.

106. Lagopus mutus ridgwayi Stejn.

Lagopus ridgwayi Stejneger, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, i. p. 98 (1884 — Bering Island) ; id. Om-
Erpl. Commander Islands and Kamtschatka (Bull. 29, U.S. Nat. Mus.), p. 194.

Lagopus rupestris Gm. subsp. insularis Bogdanow, Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. i. p. 34 (1884 — Bering
Island).

A very fine series in full winter and summer plumage, juv. and pull., mostly
from Bering Island.

This subspecies has the <J in nuptial plumage darker, more rufous, somewhat
of the colour of a Red Grouse, the pullus is brighter, more yellowish. Wings of
adult males 195-201, ? 185-197 mm.

107. Falco rusticolus candicans Gm.

Falco candicans Gmelin, Sysi. Nat. i. 1. p. 275 (1788 — Terra typica substituta, Hartert, Vog. pal.

Fauna, p. 1064 : Greenland !).
Falco rusticolus uralensis Sewertzoff & Menzbier, Menzbier's Orn. Geogr. Europ. Russl. p. 228. pi. iii.

(1882 — Ural Mountains. Russian !).
Hierofalco Grebnitzkii Sewertzoff, Nouv. M6m. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, xv. livr. 3. p. 69. plate (1885 —

Bering Island).

4 white juv., 4 dark young, 1 white ad., 3 dark adults from both islands
(mostly Bering), all shot in the winter months.

These birds are indistinguishable from Greenland specimens. It is true that
5 of these 12 show the 4th primary as long as the 1st, but (though I did not find
this character in 50 Iceland and Greenland ones) it occurs also in Greenland,
from where I have examined two with the 4th primary as long as the 1st ; in
3 Tobolsk ones it is also obvious, in a fourth, however, not at all. I can, therefore,
no longer accept uralensis and grebnitzkii, and consider F. r. candicans to be a
circumpolar form, inhabiting Greenland and the arctic regions of America to
Baffin- Land, northern Siberia to the Commander Islands. It is represented by
two somewhat disputable southern subspecies, F. r. obsoletus in Labrador, and
F. r. islandus in Iceland (cf. Vog. d. pal. Fauna, pp. 1064-1068), and a well
separable one in Scandinavia, the true Falco rusticolus rusticolus, which of
course never occurs in North America, though American ornithologists, not

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVII. 1920. 149

having grasped the fact that these birds in the arctic regions occur in dark and
white varieties, admit it as a " species."

Two of the dark-backed young birds show fresh grey-barred feathers, proving
again that they moult into the dark adult variety only, while white birds remain
white.

Stejneger did not separate the white Bering Island Falcons from candicans,
and distinctly said already that the alleged plastic differences of the so-called
grebnitzkii were of no value whatever. He found a few pairs of the white Falcon
breeding on Bering Island, and he believed that the dark birds were only winter
visitors.

108. Falco peregrinus pealei Ridgw.

cj ad., Bering Island, 29. iv. 1913.

12 (J $ juv., Bering and Copper Islands, September to January.

? juv. of last year (1913), Bering Island, 4. vi. 1914.

<J juv., evidently just flown, Copper Island, 29. vi. 1911.

The old bird, apparently nesting on the island, agrees well with descriptions
and a male from Vulcan Island (cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 1049). The 14 young
birds are remarkably constant, all being very dark on the underside, and the
upperside having no rusty buff edges to the feathers or only very narrow ones,
so that they look quite black from a distance.

Nesting on both islands, breeding on high and inaccessible cliffs, according
to Stejneger (p. 206).

109. Falco peregrinus calidus Lath.

4 cJ$ juv., Bering Island, October 1910 and 1913.

Easily distinguishable from the young of F. p. pealei. The upperside is less
black and has wide pale rust-coloured edges to the feathers ; there is more white
on the sides of the head, and the underside is much more white and buff. The
feathers of the breast and abdomen may be described as buff with a dark brown
shaft-stripe, those of the young of F. p. pealei as black-brown with pale buff
edges, and sometimes similar roundish spots — which are also present on the
browner flanks of F. p. pealei.

110. Falco columbarius insignis (Clark).

[Falco coluinliarius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 90 (1758 — " America ").]

Aesalon regulus insignis Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxii. p. 470 (1907 — Fusan, Corea).

$>, Bering Island, 10. vi. 1915.
Not hitherto recorded.

111. Buteo lagopus pallidus (Menzb.).

4 (J$ ad., Bering Island, 15. v. to 8.vi.

These birds are very typical pallidus. The upperside shows much more
white than European specimens, sharply contrasted with brown, but without
any grey. Also the underside is not cream-colour but white, with the usual
brown markings, as a rule, more restricted. Wings, (J 43-5-44-5, "§" (?)
only 42-5 mm.

150 Novitates Zoolooicae XXYII. 1920.

112. Haliaeetus pelagicus (Pall.).

cJ jun., approaching adult dress, Bering Island, 18.iii.
Only an occasional visitor, according to Stejneger.

(" H. hypoleucus" still mentioned as a species in Bianchi's list, is a variety
of H. albicilla. Neither the latter nor leucocephalos was obtained by Sokolnikofi . )

113. Pandion haliaetus haliaetus (L.).

c? ad., Bering Island, 28.vii.1913.

$ ad., Copper Island, 23. vi. 1913.

These specimens have only an indicated brown breast band, like P. h.
carolinensis, but similar specimens occur in Europe. The short wings (about
460, but worn, and 470 mm.) prove them to belong to the European — Asiatic
form. Stejneger quotes this Osprey as an occasional visitor to Bering Island
only. He obtained specimens on Kamtchatka only.

114. Nyctea nyctea (L.).

cJ ad., Bering Island, 31 . vii . 1914.

Upperside white, with the exception of a few small spots on scapulars and
primaries, and a few bars on the secondaries ; in moult, growing secondaries
with black bar.

$ ad., Bering Island, 6. v. 1912.

Above and below with brown-black bars.

12 cJ$, Bering Island, September 2nd to April 2nd, but mostly December
and January, varying from the darkest form with broad blackish bars to white
with a few scattered spots and bars.

It is a popular idea that these (and other) birds become whiter with age,
but there is apparently no foundation for it.

(No specimen of Asio jlammeus (Pontopp.) (accipitrinus auct.) was sent by
Sokolnikoff, though Stejneger found it resident on both islands.)

115. Aegolius funereus magnus (But.).

[Striz funerea Linn., Syst. Nat. i. 1. p. 93 (1758—" Habitat in Europa").]

Nyctala magna Buturlin, Orn. Monatsber. 1907. p. 80 (" Kamtschatka und das Gebiet von Kolymsk ").

cj ad., Bering Island, 31. i. 1911.

I suppose this must be Ae. f. magnus, of which I saw the type twelve
years ago, but I have no specimens of either magnus or jakutorum, if the latter is
different. The Bering Island specimen has more white on the upperside and is
larger than Ae. f. funereus. Its wings measure 179 to 180 mm.

The species is new to the islands.

116. Cnculus canorus telephonus Heine.

c? ad., Bering Island, 25. vi. 1914. Wing 221.

$ ad., Bering Island, 19. vi. 1915. Wing 204 only.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 151

$ ad., Bering Island, 26. v. 1914. Wing 207 only.

" <5 " (?)» apparently a last year's bird, Bering Island, 11 .vi. 1915.

The females are of the usual grey colour.

117. Cuculus optatus Gould.

cJ ad., Copper Island, 5.vi.l911.

9 ad., Bering Island, 15.vi.1912. Grey variety.

$ ad., Bering Island, September. Red-barred variety.

In C. optatus the latter is very common.

118. Dryobates major kamtschaticus (Dyb.).

(Stejneger rejected the name kamtschaticus because of the former existence
of a " kamtscJtatkensis " ; both names are, however, easily distinguished and
cannot be considered to be synonyms. Stejneger' s " purus" is therefore a
synonym of kamtschaticus. In practice both names are also widely different,
the one being a subspecies of major, the other of minor ! )

cJcJ ad., Bering Island, 17. v. 1913 and 17.x. 1912 ; $ ad., 19.x. 1912.

These are very typical ; wings 134, 140, and 135-5 mm. Two of these are
smaller than those measured when I wrote my account in Vog. pal. Fauna,
p. 907.

D. m. tscherskii (p. 908) is exceedingly close to kamtschaticus, only the
wings are generally (not always) shorter, and the bills less powerful and often
shorter. The lateral tail-feathers of tscherskii have also, as a rule, more black
than in kamtschaticus, but sometimes appear not to be different in this respect.

Woodpeckers are, of course, only occasional visitors on Bering Island, where
there are no forests, so that it cannot be a real Woodpecker home.

119. Alauda arvensis pekinensis Swinh.

Alauda pekinensis Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1863, p. 09 (Peking).
Alauda blakistoni Stejneger 1884, 1892.

c??$, Bering Island, 9. v. 1912, 29. v. 1913.

According to Stejneger, " apparently a regular summer visitor to Bering
Island, where a few pairs probably breed."

120. Anthus gustavi Swinh.

Anthus gustavi Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 90 (Amoy).
Anthus stejnegeri Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 95 (Bering Island).

6 cj$ ad., both islands, all shot in June.

A common breeder on the islands, not arriving before the end of May

(Stejneger).

121. Anthus cervinus (Pall.).

3 <J? ad., Bering Island, 20. v. 1913, 29. v. 1912, 29. v. 1913.
Stejneger did not come across the Red-throated Pipit and knew only of one
occurrence. Anthus anadyrensis Allen 1905 is a synonym of cervinus.

152 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XX VII. IV2U.

122. Anthus spinoletta japonicus Temm. & Schleg.

Anlhus pratensis japonicus Temminck & Schlegel, Siebold's Fauna Japon., Aves, p. 59. pi. 24 (1847 —
Japan).

cj ad., Bering Island, 13. v. 1911.

? ad., Bering Island, 31. v. 191 4.

? ad., Copper Island, 15. v. 1911.

According to Stejneger, not observed on the islands.

123. Anthus (trivialis) macula tus Jerd.
Anthus vwcalatus Jerdon, B. India, iii. p. 873 (1864 — India. Ex Hodgson, nomen nudum !).
cjad., Bering Island, 27. v. 1913.
c? ad., Copper Island, 18. v. 1911.
Also new to the islands.

124. Motacilla flava simillima Hart.

Motacilla flava leucostrialus Stejneger, nee Homeyer !

Motacilla flava simillima Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 289 (1905 — Breeding Kamtchatka. Type
Sulu Islands).

8 £ ad., Bering Island, lo.v to 9.vi.

1 (J ad., Copper Island, 16. v.

This form is of particular interest, because it so closely resembles M. flava
flava of northern Europe, though nearly the whole of Siberia is inhabited by
M. /. thunbergi and the Baikal and Amur districts by M, f. taivana. In fact,
one cannot say that simillima differs constantly in colour at all from flava, though
generally the yellow underside is perhaps paler, and this has to be confirmed
by specimens in fresh plumage. The only other differences are a somewhat
larger bill and foot, especially larger hind-claw. The length of the wing is supposed
to be greater, but the Commander Islands specimens do not bear this out ;
their wings measure from 77-5 (worn, perhaps really 78) to 85-6 (worn, perhaps
really 86) mm. The jugulum is, as a rule, much spotted with dusky, but this
occurs also in other forms, and is, therefore, not much of a distinguishing character.

125. Motacilla cinerea melanope Pall.

[Motacilla cinerea Tunstall, Orn. Brit. p. 2 (1771 — Name for the " Grey Water Wagtail " of the

Zoologia Britannica and the " Hoche-queue ou Bergeronette jaune " of Brisson).]
Motacilla Melanope Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs. iii. p. 696 (1776 — Dauria).

3 <$ ad., Bering Island, 28. v. 1911, 29. v. 1912, 30. v. 1914.

2 ? ad., Copper Island, 6. v. 1911, 4.x. 1910.

" One of the rarer spring migration visitors to Bering Island " (Stejneger),

126. Motacilla alba ocularis Swinh.
5 adults, Bering Island, 9 . v to 1 . vii.
"?" ad., Copper Island, 31. v. 1911.

Probably a more or less regular spring visitor to the islands. Stejneger
obtained a single specimen.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 153

127. Motacilla alba lugens Kittl.

6 adults, Bering Island, 26. iv. to 16 .vi, and two September specimens.
According to Stejneger, a regular spring migration visitor only, which does
not remain to breed.

128. Muscicapa (Siphia) parva albicilla Pall.

cj ad., Copper Island, 7.vi.l911.
$ ad., Bering Island, 5.vi.l914.

The male has more red on the throat than usual, there is even a red patch
on the chest.

129. Muscicapa griseisticta (Swinh.).

Butalis pollens Stejneger (p. 144) is doubtless a synonym. The species is
only a very exceptional visitor to the islands. Stejneger had one single example.

Sokolnikofl sent 1 " <j> " in worn plumage and dirty, obtained on Bering
Island 5.vi.l912.

Parrot described a Muscicapa griseisticta habereri from Iturup, Kurile Islands,
because it had — a single specimen ! — a wing of 90 mm. That is indeed an
exceptional measurement, but our Bering Island bird has a wing of fully 88 !
It is of course possible that a larger form exists, but that could only be proved
by a series from its nesting-place.

(No specimen of Muscicapa sibirica is in the collection of which Stejneger
said it was " exceedingly numerous." Probably that is the case in certain years,
but not always.)

130. Bombycilla garrulus (L.).

c? ad., Bering Island, 16. v. 1911.
$ ad., Copper Island, 21. v. 1911.
A rare visitor. Stejneger mentions only two specimens.

131. Troglodytes troglodytes pallescens (Ridgw.).

cj ad., Bering Island, 5.x. 1911.
1 (J ad., 1 juv., Copper Island, 18.x., 19. viii. 1911.

Resident on both islands, but commoner on Copper Island, according to
Stejneger.

132. Locustella ochotensis (Midd.).

Acrocephalus ochotensis apud Stejneger.

c?$ ad., Copper Island, 12, 14. vi. 1911.
$ ad., Bering Island, 2.vii.l913.
c$ juv., Bering Island, 2.x. 1911.

The young bird has the underside yellowish, and evidently no white tips to
tbe rectrices, though very dirty.

154 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

133. Phylloscopus borealis borealis (Bias.).

2 ad., Bering and Copper Islands, 6.vi.l914, 16.x. 1911.

Visits the islands regularly in spring, and Stejneger thinks it is possible that
some may remain to breed. (The treeless islands seem to me a most unlikely
place for a Phylloscopus to nest.)

134. Turdus fuscatus Pall.

Turdus /meatus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 451 (1827 — Dauria).

9 ad., Bering Island, 20. v. 1911.
cJ ad., Copper Island, 19. v. 1911.

Stejneger quoted the occurrence of a single specimen, under the name of
Turdus eunomus.

135. Turdus obscurus Gm.

J$ ad., Bering Island, 26, 27. v. 1914.

cJ ad., Copper Island, 18. v. 1911.

" Visits Bering Island occasionally during the spring migration " (Stejneger)>

136. Tarsiger cyanurus (Pall.).

6 (J? ad., Bering Island, 28. v to 4.vi.l912, 1914, 1916.

9 ad., Copper Island, 31. v. 1911.

Stejneger obtained a single straggler, 21. v. 1883.

137. Luscinia calliope (Pall.).

5 cJ $, Bering Island. 27 . v. to 1 6 . vi .
3 c?> Copper Island, 3.vi. to 21. vi.

Sokolnikoff evidently found these "occasional visitors" more numerous
than Stejneger, and probably they pass over the islands fairly regularly in spring.

138. Oenanthe oenanthe oenanthe (L.).

Motacilla Oenanthe Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 1S6 (1758— Europa, terra typica : Sweden).

9 juv., Bering Island, 23. ix. 1915.
cJ juv., Copper Island, 2.ix.l912.
Not in Stejneger's and Bianchi's lists. Apparently a rare passage migrant.

139. Riparia riparia ijimae (Lonnb.).

Clivicola riparia ijimae Lonnberg, Journ. Coll. Science Tokyo, xxiii. art. 14. p. 38 ( 1908 — Sachalin) ;
Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 813.

1 ad., sex doubtful, Copper Island, 20. vi. 1911.

Bianchi had it from Bering and Buturlin from Copper Island.

(Hirundo rustica tytleri is an occasional straggler, but was not obtained by
Sokolnikoff.)

Novitates Zoolooioae XXVII. 1920. 166

140. Emberiza aureola Pall.

2 cJ, 1 ?, Bering Island, 2, 4.vi.l914.

Occasional visitor during spring migration, according to Stejneger.

141. Emberiza rustica Pall.

1 cj, 2 ?, Bering Island, 12. v to 27. v.

2 J, 2 9, Copper Island, 16. v to 21 .v.

Occasional visitor during spring migration, according to Stejneger.

(Emberiza variabilis Temm. & Schleg. has occasionally occurred, but we did
not receive specimens.)

142. Calcarius lapponicus coloratus Ridgw.

Calcarius lapponicus coloratus Ridgway, Auk, xv. p. 320 (1898 — Type: Copper Island).

2 r? ad., 2 $ ad., 1 juv. in first plumage, Copper Island, May and June, the
young bird 16. v. 1911.

1 (J ad., 2 $ ad., Copper Island, May and June.

The date of the young bird, just out of nest, is, if correct, very early.
Stejneger did not notice the species earlier than April 21st, and found eggs from
May 23rd to June 11th. The commonest breeding bird on both islands.

C. I. coloratus differs from C . I. lapponicus in being larger, bill larger, wings
longer, 95-5-104-5 mm., and the secondaries and upper wing-coverty of the
males have wider rust-brown edges ; the $ has the neck-band, as a rule, more
marked and less thickly spotted.

143. Plectrophenax nivalis townsendi Ridgw.

Plectrophenax nivalis townsendi Ridgway, Manual N. Amer. B. p. 403 (" Prybilof Islands, Alaska,
and Commander Islands, Kamtschatka." Type : Otter Island in the Pribilof group).

6 <J, 5 $, autumn, winter, May and June, both islands. Wings, <J 115-5 (once),
117-118, 120 (once), $ 112-112-5 mm.

According to Ridgway (B. North and Middle Amer. i. p. 152), a male from
Bering Island measures 120, but according to Stejneger (p. 250), others measured
only 110 and 113, though I doubt this is strictly correct. If adult males with
unworn ivings have wing-measurements of 110 and 113, they are not bigger than
European P. n. nivalis, while 120 is unknown in western specimens. Ridgway
says that birds from "Aleutian Islands, including Commander Islands," Pribilof
and Shumagin Islands have larger dimensions, " with relatively longer bill."
Now this is perfectly true with regard to the Commander Islands birds, which
have larger bills and longer wings ; but the Pribilof and Aleutian examples have
not longer wings, specimens in the British Museum (measured by Thomas Wells)
having wings of (^ ad.) 105, 111, 116 mm.

Possibly the Commander Islands birds will have to be separated again from
the Pribilof and Aleutian ones. Ridgway measures an adult male from Plover
Bay, Siberia, with a wing of 113-3 mm., and says that " the largest specimens
are those from the more western Aleutian Islands, including the Commander
Islands, Kamtchatka ; the smallest are from Unalashka and the Shumagin
Islands, at the opposite end of the chain. These latter are in reality intermediate

156 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVTI. 1920.

between the island form and true P. nivalis, but seem nearer the former and,
therefore, best referred to it."' He then gives " average " measurements, but
unfortunately no individual ones, except where only one is measured. Average
measurements are, in my opinion, misleading unless taken from a large series.

144. Carduelis linaria linaria (L.).

14 r?$, both islands, 1 January, 3 May, 1 June, 1 July 8th, 4 October. 1
November, the rest with doubtful dates, apparently labels interchanged.

There is a good deal of variation in this series, both in the bills and in the
length of wings, but not one of these specimens has a bill as large as the specimen
of holboelli. The wings do not exceed 78. except in one specimen with a very
small bill and a wing of 79, while most of them have wings of 75 to 70, females
less in most cases.

Stejneger did not think that this form was breeding on the islands, as he
did not come across it between the end of May and November. Sokolnikofl,
however, sent 1 June and 1 July bird.

145. Carduelis linaria holboelli (Brehm).

A <$, Bering Island, 18. v. 1914, has a wing of 82-0 mm. and a strikingly
higher and longer bill than all the above linaria, 12-5 mm. long. Stejneger
obtained specimens of this form as late as June 13th, and says that it breeds
on the islands. Sokolnikoff also sent a male, said to have been shot Bering
Island 22. vi. 1912, but its plumage is too fresh for that date, and I consider it
to be an autumn bird. This bird has a bill larger than what I consider typical
linaria, i.e. nearly 12 mm. long, but the wing only 78 mm. Is it a hybrid or
what?

There is still some doubt about " holboelli.'' Is it a subspecies, a species
or individual variety ? It nests together with C. I. linaria in its northern habitats
but — I believe — not in its southern area. Is there any country where it alone
nests ?

(No form of C. hornemannii has been sent by Sokolnikoff, but Stejneger
obtained seven specimens of C. hornem. exilipes in winter, between November
and March.)

146. Montifringilla tephrocohs maxima (Brooks).

Leucosticte griseonucha maxima Brooks, Bull. Mils. Comp. Harvard Coll. lix. p. 405 (1915 — Type :
Copper Island).

18 cj$ ad., from various winter and spring months, both islands ; 1 juv.,
Copper Island, 15. ix. 1911.

Wings, <$ 1 18-123, $ 113-119 mm. The pink spots on the upper tail-coverts
are, as a rule, less bright in the females, otherwise the sexes do not differ in
coloration.

Resident on the islands. Larger than the Unalashka form, M. t. griseonuclta.
Adult specimens from St. Paul, Kodiak, and St. George's Islands in the British
Museum (measured by Thomas Wells) have wings of 109-114, twice 121 mm.,
while Ridgway gives average measurements of 1 12-78-1 17-80 and 119-13-121-92
for the Commander birds.

NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920. 157

147. Fringilla montifringilla L.

5 cj, 2$ ad., Bering and Copper Islands, 1 4. v to 24. v.

<J ad. (wrongly sexed $ !), Bering Island, 8.x. 1913.

Regular visitor, but not nesting, according to Stejneger.

It seems to me impossible to recognize an eastern subspecies (F. m. sub-
cuneolata Kleinschm.). There is the same variation in the outer tail-feathers,
the same extent of white. Sometimes specimens are very dark brown, but others
are not, and also in Europe similarly dark brown individuals occur.

148. Carpodacus erythrinus erythrinus (Pall.).

£ (red), Copper Island, 11 . vi. 1911.

cj (brown), Copper Island, 8.vi.l911 ; Bering Island, 2.vi.l914.

$ ad., Bering Island, 5.vi.l913.

I cannot distinguish these birds from C. e. erythrinus of Russia and the
Baltic Provinces, and East Prussia. I cannot help doubting the difference of
C. e. grebnitskii Stejn., from Kamtchatka, which is said to have a brighter red
male.

The species was unknown to Stejneger and Bianchi as occurring on the
islands, where it is probably only a straggler.

149. Pinicola enucleator kamtschatkensis (Dyb).

Corythus enucleator kamtschatkensis Dybowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii. p. 367 (1883).

A female, unfortunately with left leg and attached label wanting, but probably
from Bering or Copper Island. Differs from females of P. e. enucleator in being
paler throughout, the back without orange-yellow, almost pure grey ; bill thicker.

This species had not been obtained before.

(A Crossbill — " Loxia curvirostra," according to Bianchi — has occurred on
Bering Island, but we did not receive specimens.)

150. Coccothraustes coccothraustes japonicus T. & S.

Coccothraustes vulgaris japonicus Temminok & Schlegel, Siebold's Fauna Japan., Aves, pi. 51 (1850 —
Japan).

S ad., Bering Island, 24. v. 1912.
New to the islands.

151. Pyrrhula pyrrhula kamtschatica Tacz.

Pyrrhula kamtschatica Taczanowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 395 (Kamtchatka).

tj ad., Bering Island, 27. vi. 1914.

$ ad., Copper Island, 1 .vii. 1913.

This rare Kamtchatkan Bullfinch had not previously been obtained on the
islands.

The <J has the upperside of a clearer grey than P. p. pyrrhula, the outer
tail-feather has always a white wedge on the outer web. The female has the
back less brownish and the underside lighter brownish.

158 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

(Parus atricapillus kamtschatkemis is supposed to have been seen by a Cossack
on Bering Island, but has not been obtained. Cf. Stejneger.)

(" Corvus corone levaillanti " is mentioned by Stejneger as a rare straggler.
These birds can, of course, not be levaillanti — a tropical form — but must be
C. c. orientalis, which is found in Kamtchatka.)

152. Corvus corax subsp.

There is a remarkable series of not less than 20 Ravens from both islands,
from January, February, April, June (1 juv.), July, September, October, and
November (11).

At present I am unable to say with absolute certainty to which race these
Ravens belong. Their wings measure 405 ($ ad.) to very nearly 445 mm. Their
wings are thus not longer, on an average even a little shorter, than those of
European C. c. corax, but the feet and tarsi are very much stronger, heavier, and
the bill larger, wider. One specimen from Anadyr appears to be indistinguishable.
Two specimens (said to be males) from Yesso have the bills narrower, not so
powerful, also the feet a little less strong than the males from the Commander
Islands.

In the Vog. d. pal. Fauna, pp. 4, 5 (1903), I kept doubtfully separate C. c.
sibiricus, ussurianus, kamtschaticus, and behringianus, merely stating the differ-
ences as given by Taczanowski and Dybowski.

Buturlin (Mess. Orn. 1915, p. 107, 114, Russian with short English extract)
united kamtschaticus, ussurianus, and sibiricus, and so did Poljakov (t.c. p. 17).
They correctly stated that all Siberian Ravens have the first primary shorter
than the seventh, and it seems that Taczanowski's contradictory statements
were not correct, or based on exceptional varieties.

Buturlin, however, had apparently no Ravens from the Commander Islands,
and Sokolnikoff paid, by special instructions from St. Petersburg, special attention
to Ravens, and brought together the present series, that it should be compared
with Siberian and Kamtchatkan Ravens. Unfortunately, I am not able to do
this, but I have been promised Kamtchatkan Ravens, and when they arrive,
will go into the question again. Either the Bering and Copper Island Ravens
are sibiricus or they form a separate subspecies : behringianus.

Novhates Zooloqicae XXVII. 1920. 159

NOTES ON AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SPHINGIDAE.

By Dr. Karl Jordan.

(With six text- figs.)

1. Polyptychus paupercula senniger subsp. nov. (text-fig. 1).

<J. A P. p. paupercula Holl. ( 1 889), armatura genitali distinguendus : harpa
leviter trilobata.

Hab. Bingerville, Ivory Coast, June, August, and September — October,
1915, 4 <J<J (Gaston Melou), type ; Takwa, Gold Coast, 1 <$ (R. E. James).

There are no differences in colour and pattern between the specimens from
the districts Senegal — Niger and Niger — Congo. All 5 (J<J we have from the
former district, though differing slightly inter se in the shape of the harpe, are
distinguished from the more southern subspecies in the apical margin of the
harpe being bisinuate ; the lower sinus is narrow and fairly deep, while the
upper sinus is shallow (text-fig. 1).

2. Polyptychus molitor R. & J. (1912) (text^figs. 2, 3).

We described this species from some $$ in the collection of the British
Museum obtained by H. A. Foy at Ibi on the River Benue, Nigeria ; cf . Novitates
Zoologicae, xix. p. 132, no. 4 (1912). The Tring Museum has since received
2 ^cj and 1 § from Sedhiou, Senegal, collected by R. Castell, the <J(J being caught
in October 1917 and the $ dated simply 1917.

The (J is smaller than the $ ; the forewing is narrower, its distal margin
more oblique; with the apex more produced. Antenna stouter than in $, seriated
cilia longer, otherwise similar to that of the $. Palpi larger than in the $, joint
closed, third segment small in both sexes (not two-thirds of second as stated in
the original description), second segment a little longer than wide measured to
the base of the third (i.e. exclusive of the apical scaling).

Tenth tergite (text-fig. 2) very hairy, broad, divided by a rounded sinus
into two sharply pointed processes ; tenth sternite represented by a low mem-
branous ridge. Clasper without friction-scales, deeply concave on the inner
side, the ventral margin elevate ; above this ridge, in the cavity, a second ridge,
the two ridges uniting distally and forming a large, pointed, conical process
placed about halfway between dorsal and ventral margins and being almost vertical
upon the plane of the clasper, leaning a little proximad (text-fig. 3). Apical
portion of clasper weakly chitinised, nearly membraneous, clothed with long
scales. Penis-funnel cylindrical, longer than broad ; penis-sheath also cylindrical,
slightly widened at the apex, without armature.

3. Polyptychus orthographus R. & J. (1903).
We have now a specimen of the ?, from Luluaburg, Kassai, Congo. It
agrees in markings with the J, but is much darker both above and beneath.
The distal margin of the forewing is convex, with the apex projecting, the marginal
area being wider than in the <J. The antenna bears prolonged seriated cilia, but
the lateral grooves are indistinct, and the segments have a straight ventral
outline (lateral aspect).

160

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

4. Polyptychus reussi Strand (1911).

Our statement in Novitates Zoologicae, xxiii. p. 260, no. 23 (1916), that
in Strand's description the costal margin of the forewing below is said to be

Flo. \.~Polyptychu/i paupercula eenniger, $ ; harpe.
Flo. 2. — Polyptychus molitor, <$ ; anal tergite.
Fig. 3. — Polyptychus molitor, $ ; clasper.

dark red is erroneous. I misread the description, which agrees with the $ of
P. coryndoni R. & J. (1903). Strand's name, therefore, is a synonym.

5. Temnora nitida spec. nov. (text-figs. 4, 5, 6).

<$. Cervina ; alis anticis fascia olivacea fere recta oblique a costa ad
marginem exteriorem extensa extus luteo marginata ornatis atque lineis trans-

NOVITATES Z00LOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

161

versis e lunulis olivaceis compositis signatis ; posticis aurantiaco-rufis, fascia
marginali brunnescente. Infra rufo-avellina, lineis e lunulis et angulis parvis
compositis olivaceis notata.

Long. al. ant. 26 mm., lat. 11 '5 mm.

Hob. Diego Suarez, N.E. Madagascar, December 1916 (G. Melou) ; 3 $$.
In the bright rufous hindwing this new Temnora resembles T. elegans Roths.
(1894), but the oblique band of the forewing distinguishes nitida at once from
that species.

Body fawn-colour, abdomen more rufescent ; the scales on the thorax above

Fig. 4. — Temnora nitida, $ ; anal segment, lateral view.

Fig. 5. — Temnora nitida, $ ; harpe.

Fig. 6. — Temnora nitida, £ ; penis-sheath.

and beneath and on the upperside of the head pale-tipped ; underside rufescent,
somewhat paler than upper. An ill-defined line above eye, another on second
palpal segment likewise diffuse and inconspicuous, and scales at joint between
first and second palpal segment creamy ; abdomen beneath with two rows of
olive-black dots ; foretibia externally deep fawn-colour.

Wings, above. Forewing fawn-colour, outer margin evenly rounded-convex

in middle, concave anteriorly and posteriorly, not crenulate ; a well-defined
olive band runs from the middle of the costal margin to below middle of outer
margin, about T5 mm. broad anteriorly, widening digitally and here shading off
to anal angle, on the distal side the band bounded by a pale line, which varies

11

162 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

in distinctness ; in basal half two pairs of transverse excurved lines, olivaceous,
somewhat scalloped and more or less interrupted at the veins, the proximal
pair rather indistinct, the second pair about 7'5 mm. from base at costa and
ij mm. at hindmargin ; on disc a third pair, crenulate, extending from costa
beyond band to hindmargin 1 1 mm. from base, excurved anteriorly and somewhat
incurved posteriorly, i.e. slightly S-shaped ; further distally another pair, more
or less indistinct ; the costal portions of the discal lines form a darkish triangular
patch distally to the band, the base of the patch at the costa being about as long
as the distance from the apex of the wing ; below apex a marginal luniform
pale olive spot bounded proximally by purplish fawn scaling ; such scaling,
which is slightly glossy, is found all over the forewing excepting the dark markings

and the subapical, sepia-brown, area. Hindwing orange-rufous ; a darker,

hazel, marginal band about 2"5 mm. wide below apex at its widest point, not
strongly contrasting, bearing small black dashes on the veins, before anal angle
a fawn-coloured diffuse patch.

Underside duller than upper, rufous-hazel, forewing cinnamon-rufous from
base to beyond middle ; outer half of both wings with four transverse lines,
blackish above, dentate or crenulate, varying in distinctness, accentuated on the
veins ; below tip of forewing a blackish marginal cloud ; abdominal area of
hindwing paler than rest of wing.

Genitalia : both the tenth tergite and sternite long and slender (text-fig. 4),
the former with the tip convex and entire ; the sternite more acuminate with the
apex dentate on the upperside. Clasper with five large friction-scales. Harpe
(text-fig. 5) lying flat on the surface of the clasper, tapering, with the apex slightly
turned upwards. Sheath of ejaculatory duct with an elongate patch of teeth
ending apically with a small hook ; a swelling along the side of the patch
continues proximad half around the sheath (text-fig. 6).

6. Some Individual varieties of Xylophanes turbata Edw. (1887).

A series of 1 ^ and 8 $$ of this species from Orange Walk, British Honduras,
caught in May and June 1917, recalls the Eastern Hippotion velox F. (1793) by
the variation in the pattern of the forewing. Two of the $$ are normal, having
a conspicuous double line extending from the apex of the wing to the basal third
of the hindwing, and five thin and inconspicuous lines between the double line
and the outer margin, of which the mostMistal one is barely indicated. In the
(J and one $ of the above series the double line is represented by a single thin
line (corresponding to the outer line of the pair) and the following line is scarcely
traceable. In the remaining 5 $$ the double line has more or less completely
disappeared, excepting a dash at the wing-apex, which the other lines join. The
brown cloud distally to the apex of the cell is distinct in all the specimens.

Novitates Zoolooioae XXVII. 1920. 163

THE STATUS OF PLATYSPHINX BOURKEI TRIMEN (1910).

By De. Karl Jordan.

r T^HE four species of Hawkmoths which we united in the new genus Platysphinx
J- in the Revision of the Sphingidae (1903) are very similar to each other in
colour and pattern. Therefore, when Dr. Trimen sent us a coloured sketch of
a specimen very unlike those four species, we agreed with him that the sketch
represented a new species, which Trimen then described as PI. bourkei, in Ent.
Mo. Mag. (2), xxi. p. 209 (1910) (Zululand).

In 1918 we received an example of this PI. bourkei, together with some
specimens of what appeared to be Platysphinx jriabilis Distant (1897), all bred
by E. E. Piatt at Eshowe, Zululand. Mr. Piatt, in a letter to us, pointed out
that bourkei and piabilis were obtained from apparently identical larvae, and
as, moreover, some of the imagines were somewhat intermediate, he asked us to
investigate the structure of bourkei in order to ascertain whether bourkei was
different from piabilis apart from colour. We compared the specimens early
in 1919, and the result was as expected by Mr. Piatt. PI. bourkei agrees with
piabilis in structure. Considering the great colour-similarity of the other species
and their equally great dissimilarity in structure, that result was rather startling,
and induced us to study all the material of Platysphinx we now have in the
collection.

1. Platysphinx constrigilis.

When writing the Revision we had only a $ from Sierra Leone and a much-
damaged <$ from the " Niger Coast Protectorate." Our series consists now of
19 $<$ and 2 $$. There is a good deal of individual variability in the detail of
the colouring and pattern, but all specimens agree in the hindwing beneath and
the costal area of the forewing above and below being more or less suffused with
white in between the transverse markings, and in the forewing having a strongly
crenate submarginal line on both surfaces.

The tenth tergite of the <J is broad, with the lateral margin uneven, the apex
bent down, narrowed and truncate-emarginate. The tenth sternite is geo-
graphically and individually variable, being long and either spiniform or more or
less club-shaped. The clasper has at the base a long spiniform process projecting
distad. This process, which lies on the ventral side of the ventral margin of
the clasper and well separated from that margin, also varies geographically.
The penis-funnel has a small conical projection on each side (not a ventral process
as stated in the Revision, our figure on plate xxx of that work giving a lateral,
not a ventral, view), and the apex of the large penis-sheath is produced downward
into a pointed process, which is concave on the upperside and resembles the
spout of a jug. This process is much more curved in some specimens than in
others.

In the $ the vaginal aperture is flanked on each side by a pointed process
curved mesad.

We cannot find any reliable distinctions in colour and pattern between the

164 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVII. 1920.

two geographical races into which the species has developed, as evidenced by
the structure of the genitalia.

a. PI. constrigilis vicaria subsp. nov.

Platysphinx constrigilis R. & J., Revis. Sphingidae, p. 224. no. 185. tab. xvii. fig. 3, xxiv. fig. 9,
xxx. fig. 23, xxxiii. fig. 1 (1903) (partim. ; Sierra Leone and Niger Coast Protectorate, nee
Cameroons and Congo).

(J. Tenth abdominal sternite slender, slightly or not at all dilated before
apex ; ventral spiniform process of clasper long, slender, straight or very little
curved inward in ventral aspect.

$. Process at side of vaginal orifice broad at base, almost gradually narrowed
to near apex, here its outer margin rounded, apex pointed and directed mesad,
the tip slightly twisted and therefore appearing, under a low power, rather
shorter than it is in reality.

Hab. Sierra Leone, type, 1 <$ (Bainbridge) and 1 $ (Clements) ; Wassaw
district 45 miles, Akjah-bippo 46 miles, and Prestea 75 miles inland from
Sekondi, Gold Coast, 5 cj^ ; Bibianaha, 70 miles north-west of Dimkwa, 700 ft.,
7. xi. 1910 (Spurrell), 1 ^ ; Obouassi, Gold Coast, September and November
1909, 2 $3 ; Bingerville, Ivory Coast, March and April 1915 (Melou), 2 <$c5 ;
Nigeria and ' L Niger Coast Protectorate," 2 cJcJ.

b. PI. constrigilis constrigilis Walk. (1S69).

Originally described from the Congo.

cJ. Tenth abdominal sternite strongly widened-rounded before apex ;
ventral process of clasper less slender than in the north-western subspecies, curved
inward in a ventral view.

$. Process at side of vaginal aperture slenderer than in the previous case,
more gradually narrowing, the apical half particularly narrower.

Hab. Niger to Congo. In the Tring Museum from : Ilesha, Nigeria

(Humfrey), 1 <J ; Cross R., Nigeria (Martell), 1 (J ; Bopoto, Upper Congo (Kenred
Smith), 3 cJcJ, 1 $ ; Upper Congo, 1 J.

It would be of interest to know whether the two subspecies occur anywhere
near one another in Nigeria.

The remaining specimens of Platysphinx in our collection (and in that of
the British Museum) represent three modifications of one type. The three forms
strictly replace each other geographically according to the specimens inspected
and differ constantly in the structure of the tail-ends only. The form designated
by us in the Revision as PI. ■phyllis is found from the Senegal to the Niger ; the
second, sligmalica Mab. (1878), inhabits the countries from the Niger to the
Congo basin; and the third, piabilis Dist. (1897), is known to us from the countries
further to the south-east : Rhodesia, South Nyasaland, Portuguese East Africa,
and Zululand. The distribution given in the Revision must be corrected
accordingly.

The South-Eastern insect is, in structure, the most strongly modified of
the three. The antenna of the <J are rather longer and stouter, and the distal
margin of the forewing is somewhat less incurved posteriorly than in the West

Novitatks Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 165

African forms. I consider the differences to indicate that piabilis has attained
to that degree of physiological aversion towards the allied forms which we now
consider a true criterion of specific distinctness.

The West African forms are more similar to one another. We have only
one <J among the North- Western specimens, and this c? agrees in structure much
more closely with the Niger-Congo <$<$ than is the case in the ??, while piabilis-g
is very different in the tail-end. For that reason I am inclined to regard the
two West Coast forms as geographical races of one species. But there is just a
possibility that our North- Western <J is not the true c? of phyllis ; I should like
to compare a second (J from the North- Western district before altering the status
of phyllis and stigmatica we have assigned to them in the Eevision.

2. Platysphinx phyllis R. & J. (1903).

There is, apparently, no difference in colour and pattern between this and
the following species. The type-specimen of phyllis is a $ with comparatively
few spots on the hindwing ; the four examples we have received since 1903 do
not share this peculiarity.

<$. The tenth abdominal tergite broader than in the next subspecies, the
apical sinus wider, and the apical process of the clasper much shorter.

$. Vaginal plate posteriorly to orifice on each side with a finger-like curved
process.

Hab. Senegal to Niger. In the Tring Museum from : Sedhiou, Casamance,

(native collector), 1 $ ; Konakry Island, Sierra Leone, 1 ?, type ; Wassaw
district, 45 miles inland from Sekondi, Gold Coast, 1 <? ; Sekondi, Gold Coast
(Hamlyn), 1 $ -; Zunguru, Nigeria, 1 $.

3. Platysphinx stigmatica Mab. (1878).

We have specimens only from the Congo and Angola. The species, how-
ever, occurs doubtless also northward to the Niger. The specimen recorded in
the Revision from Portuguese East Africa belongs to PI. piabilis.

Hab. (Niger to) Northern Angola. In the Tring Museum : Bopoto, Upper

Congo (Kenred Smith ; Oram), 5 <$<$, 1 $ ; south of Congo (Bentley), 1 ? ;
Dondo, Northern Angola (v. Homeyer).

4. Platysphinx piabilis Dist. (1897).

Platysphinx stigmatica R. & J., Revis. Sphing. p. 225. no. 186 (1903) (partim ; Port. E. Afr.).
Platysphinx bourkei Trimen, Ent. Mo. Mag. (2). xxi. p. 209 (1910) (Etshowe, Zululand).

The $<$ from Rhodesia southward agree with the type from the Transvaal
in the distinctive structure of the tail-end, as illustrated in the Revision, pi. xxiv.
fig. 10, xxx. fig. 22, xxxiii. fig. 2. The specimen of bourkei received from Mr.
Piatt shows the same structure. This is convincing evidence that bourkei is a
colour-aberration of piabilis, if we consider the structural differences found in
the other forms of this genus. However, it is a most interesting aberration,
which I am inclined to look upon as the ancestral colour-type of Platysphinx.

The sexual armature of the $ recalls that PI. stigmatica-^. The walls of the
aperture are produced as a cylinder, more or less regular, with a deep sinus on

166 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

the anterior side ; this cylinder is not supported as in stigmatica by a lateral
wing, and the postvaginal plate is much less chitinised and smaller than in that
species.

The specimen labelled Portuguese East Africa and received from Messrs.
Staudinger and Bang-Haas is larger than the others and has a deeper sinus to
the genital cylinder. An East African subspecies ?

Hab. Rhodesia to Zululand. In the Tring Museum from : Solwezi,

Rhodesia (Dollman), 2 ?$ ; Ruo Valley, South Nyasa (Neave), 1 <J, 1 ? ; Portu-
guese East Africa, 1 ? ; Eshowe, Zululand (Piatt), 1 <J, 1 $ and 1 $ ab. bourkei.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 167

SOME NEW AFRICAN SPHINGIDAE.

By Dr. Karl Jordan.

(With two text-figs.)

rpHE specimens described in this paper are all in the collection of A. J. T.
-L Janse, of Pretoria, who kindly sent them to us for study and description.

1. Polyptychus molitor Iautus subsp. nov.

$. Magnus, colore cremoris lutescentis, thorace linea mediana et ala antica
quatuor lineis transversis olivaeeo-fulvis, alis tenuissime ochraceo marginatis,
linea tertia alae anticae lata.

Al. ant. long. 59 mm., lat. 26 mm.

Hab. Barberton, Transvaal (L. de Beer) ; 1 $.

A very large form. Entirely cream-colour slightly washed with buff, much
paler than P. m. molitor, which is more or less pinkish buff. Upperside of
tibiae and tarsi ochraceous, foretibia and first foretarsal segment with a
chocolate stripe on outer side. Middle line of thorax and four lines on fore-
wing olivaceous tawny, the lines placed as in P. m. molitor R. & J. (1912) from
the north-west of tropical Africa, but the inner line of the discal pair much
broader and shading off outwardly ; hindmargin edged with orange- buff except
base ; from apex to vein M 2 a large marginal drab area, half-moon-shaped,
sharply defined at apex of wing, elsewhere diffuse, nearly reaching outer line,

the veins in this patch remaining pale except towards distal margin.

Hindwing rather paler than forewing, especially at base, with vestiges of two
darker lines, of which the inner one touches the cell.

On underside : the ground-colour nearly as above, palest towards base ;
forewing with a slight diffuse yellowish tint around lower cell-angle ; both wings
crossed in outer half by two nearly parallel brown lines, of which the inner one
is slightly the broader and, on the hindwing. is about 1 mm. distant from the
lower cell-angle ; as in P. in. molitor the forewing beneath has no dark marginal
area ; the inner line on both wings costally less curved than in the N.W. African
race.

2. Libyoclanis metria spec. nov. (text-fig. 7).

cJ. L. vicinae affinis ; alis anticis sine linea apicali obliqua, apice non
productis ; posticis rufis margine abdominali pallide luteo ; segmento anali
ventrali bilobato.

Al. ant. long. 36 mm., lat. 12-5 mm.

Hab. Emangeni, Rhodesia, 18. i. 1918 (A. J. T. Janse) ; 1 <J.

The upperside of the head, thorax, and base of abdomen cinnamon with a
tint of isabella colour, rest of abdomen creamy buff, breast pale clay colour.
Upperside of femora and underside of tibiae creamy buff washed with pink ;
tibiae and tarsi olive-gray, the tibiae pinkish towards apex.

Wings, upperside. Forewing pale clay-colour ; apex pointed but not

168

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

produced, the distal margin not incurved below apex, more evenly convex than
in L. vicina R. & J. (1915) ; the basal tuft of hindmargin more or less pink
proximally and cinnamon distally ; between base of wing and vein M s a few
blackish scattered scales which indicate a transverse line proximally to base of
M 2 ; about halfway between cell and distal margin a transverse line faintly
curved in S-shape, commencing at costal margin 9 mm. from apex and crossing
M 2 4 mm. from distal margin, the four posterior internervular sections of the
line more or less luniform ; on the proximal side of this line faint indications of
another line parallel to the former ; a fuscous patch extends from hind angle to
beyond R ! , bounded by the discal line, occupying the whole space between line

and fringe from hind-
margin to M 1 , then nar-
rowing ; 5 mm. from apex
between SC 4 and SC B an
ill-defined fuscous spot
composed of black dis-
persed scales; cilia

ochraceou s-buf f.

Hindwing carmine-pink,
costal margin paler, ex-
treme base and the abdo-
minal edge whitish cream,
abdominal marginal
border cream- buff, widen-
ing considerably at anal
angle, and extending
along distal margin but
soon fading away, distal
margin dusted with black
scales ; wing shaped as
in L. vicina, but distal
margin a little less in-
curved.

Underside of the
colour of the abdo-
men. Forewing with

the cell (except base) and the area behind cell carmine-pink, this colour ex-
tending to hindangle and distally fading away ; the outer discal line anteriorly
quite distinct, posteriorly barely indicated, not reaching hindmargin, proximally
to a faint blackish bar behind point of bifurcation SC' 1 ' 5 ; marginal area
rather worn, without trace of the straight line which in the allied species runs

from the apex obliquely to the disc. Hindwing with a few black scales in

the outer half, these scales more numerous at and near the costal margin,
forming a minute, ill-defined costal spot 5 mm. from apex.

Antenna as in L. vicina, but slightly thicker. Anal tergite also as in that
species, except that the two lobes are slightly shorter. Anal sternite different,
being divided into two rounded lobes (text^fig. 7). Penis-funnel without dorsal
lip, ventral lip carinate below. Above the funnel on each side a rounded lobe
about as large as the lobes of the anal sternite, with scalloped edges, each tooth

3*

' ;■■'.■ •//;
■ ><:

Fig. 7. — Libyoclanis metria, <$ ; anal sternite.

Fig. 8. — Xenosphingia jansei, q ; head from below.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 169

denticulate and bearing a hair on the ventral side ; the corresponding lobes of
L. vicina small, with the teeth vestigial. Harpe as in L. vicina, but slightly
broader at the apex.

Xenosphingia gen. nov.

Generi Ceridia R. & J. (1903) dicto affinis ; antennis fortissime pectinatis,
palporum articulo tertio longissimo tcnui subcylindrico ad latus versus proiecto ;
rostro nullo ; tibiis anticis et mediis spinosis, antica brevi, sine calcareo, postica
duobus calcareis apicalibus armata.

Genotypus : X. jansei spec. nov.

A very strange genus, which shares with Ceridia the long-pectinated antenna,
reduced foretibia, aborted proboscis, etc., but differs remarkably in the absence
of the foretibial spur and in the length of the third segment of the labial palpus.

Antenna (<3) reaching beyond apex of cell of forewing. bipectinate from base
to tip, the branches of the central segments 15 mm. long, all scaled to the apex,
shaft setiform in dorsal aspect, ventrally each segment dilated into a slightly
claviform process which projects downward and is longer than a segment, with
the exception of the processes of the proximal segments, of which the processes
are short.

Palpus : first segment short, rough with long hair-scales ; second long,
flattened laterally, and here as well as at apex smooth-scaled, apex curved side-
ways ; third as long as second, smooth, slender, rod-like, nearly cylindrical,
directed laterad ; joint between first and second open ventrally (text-fig. 8).

Abdomen without spines.

Foretibia about one-third shorter than first tarsal segment, broad, without
epiphysis, spinose on upperside, four apical spines long, the two central ones of
them the longest. Midtibia spinose, a little longer than the first tarsal segment.
Hindtibia without spines, half as long again as the first hindtarsal segment, with
one pair of spurs, longer spur twice as long as the tibia is broad before apex.
All the tibiae and tarsi smooth. Pulvillus and paronychium present, the latter
with one fringed lobe on each side.

Wings entire ; frenulum and retinaculum present. Forewing : SC 2 nearer
to SC 1 than to apex of cell ; stalk of subcostal fork short. Hindwing : SC 2 and
R l together from upper angle of cell, D 1 distinctly curved, not quite twice the
length of D' = D 1 , lower cell-angle about 90°, not produced.

3. Xenosphingia jansei spec. nov. (text-fig. 8).

cJ. Viridis, antennis albis ramis anticis purpureo-squamosis, pedibus ex
parte purpureis, alis anticis margine costali albato, posticis pallidioribus.

Al. ant. long. 18 mm., lat. 9 mm.

Hab. Sawmills, Rhodesia, 2. ii. 1918 (A. J. T. Janse) ; 1 <J.

Upperside of body and forewing a soft chromium-green. Shaft of antenna
and branches of posterior ( = outer) side creamy white, anterior branches purple,
underside of both shaft and branches ochreous. Palpi and forecoxae washed
with purplish tawny ; upperside of forefemur, a lateral stripe on mid- and hind-
tibiae, the whole foretibia and tarsus, and the upperside of the mid- and hindtarsi
purple.

Wings, above. Forewing : costal edge creamy, shaded with fuscous

170 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

in outer third, cilia of hindmargin, a posterior basal tuft, the longer scales of
the fringes and a minute stigma creamy white ; parallel with distal margin and
about 3 mm. distant from it a faint darker green line ; apex acuminate but not
produced, distal margin straight below apex, then convex, hindangle rounded,

projecting neither backward nor outward. Hindwing : paler than forewing,

whitish green, base and hair of abdominal margin almost white ; distal margin
as in forewing even, neither dentate nor undulate, anal angle faintly indicated.
Underside pale green, costal edge of forewing creamy buff ; longest scales
of fringes and the abdominal area of the hindwing whitish.

Novitates Zoologicae XXVII. 1920. 171

THE BIRDS OF BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND THE TRING

RESERVOIRS.

By ERNST HARTERT axd FRANCIS C. R. JOURDAIN.

(Plates XII, XIII.)

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, being a purely inland county, is naturally less rich
in records of migrating species than many others with extensive coast
lines. It is therefore not surprising that comparatively few of the rarer and more
accidental visitors have been recorded, but, on the other hand, it compares favour-
ably with other inland counties. It has the advantage of varied scenery, for, with
the exception of the south-east corner, most of the county north of the Thames
valley is decidedly hilly, especially along the main ridge of the Chiltern Hills,
which, however, lies for the most part within the Oxfordshire boundary, and
attains in places a height of over 800 ft. Both the Chiltern slopes and the Chiltern
Hundreds may be described as more or less dry chalk hills, wooded in places,
chiefly with beech, and bare and open in other parts. Perhaps the two most
interesting ornithological features of this district are the presence of the Cirl-
Bunting, which is not rare near Wendover and Tring, and does not range much
farther north in England, and the Stone-Curlew, which was formerly common,
and still preserves a precarious existence in spite of agricultural operations which
often result in the destruction of its eggs. The north of the county is to a great
extent composed of grass land, with here and there beautifully- wooded parks,
watered by little streams ; while the group of large reservoirs in the Tring district
naturally attracts all the aquatic species in the district, and has a special interest
as being the first definitely known breeding-place of the Black-necked Grebe in
England for over forty years. Though lying chiefly in Hertfordshire, they touch
the border-line of Bucks, while the Halton Reservoir is entirely within our county
boundary. It is therefore impossible to exclude them from a survey of the Birds
of Buckinghamshire.

The Tring Reservoirs are now four in number. Three of these (Marsworth,
Startop's End, and Tringford or Little Tring) form a group with a water-
area of about 87 acres ; while the fourth and largest, Wilstone Reservoir,
formerly divided into three, covers no less than 120 acres. In dry seasons the
water-surface is much diminished, and the great expanse of mud and sand then
exposed proves a great attraction to the Waders. Unfortunately at the beginning
of the present century, when the water-level was low, Mr. Oldham had not begun
to make regular observations in the district, and Hartert's time was too fully
occupied to allow of much field work, while of late years the water has been con-
tinuously high and the number of visiting Waders has been in consequence much
restricted.

We must not omit to mention the presence of the one great river which forms
our southern limit, shut in by high ground on the west, and opening out lower
down more and more widely till the great level from Eton to Staines and West „
Drayton is reached, mucli of which is only 50 or 60 feet above sea-level. This

172 NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVU. 1920.

part of the county has quite a character of its own, and differs widely from the
swelling uplands crowned with woods of the north of the county.

Although, as will be seen from the Bibliography, a good many scattered notes
on Birds have appeared from time to time, only two attempts have been made up
to the present to compile an account of the Birds of the County.

In 1S68, Alexander W. M. Clark Kennedy, then, as he describes himself "an
Eton Boy," published a neat little volume of 232 pages on The Birds of Berkshire
and Buckinghamshire. Considering that the author was only sixteen years of age
at the time, the book is a most praiseworthy effort. After so promising a begin-
ning to an ornithological career, one might well have expected that the author
would achieve great distinction in this branch of science with more matured
experience, yet with the exception of a few letters and short notes published in the
Ibis, Zoologist and Field, this was his first and last work on birds. Retiring from
the army, he led a country life at Knockgray, and died at the early age of forty-
two in 1894.

In 1902 the senior author of this treatise compiled, with the help of the
present Lord (then the Hon. Walter) Rothschild, a list of the Birds of the County,
which appeared in 1905 in the first volume of the Victoria History of the County of
Buckingham. In this work 208 species were enumerated, and the principal sources
of information were Clark Kennedy's book referred to above, notes in an old
manuscript preserved at Dinton Hall, the records relating to the Tring Reservoirs
published in the Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society, informa-
tion kindly supplied by the Rev. H. D. Astley (formerly resident at Chequers
Court), Mr. A. Heneage Cocks, Mr. Alan F. Crossman, Mr. Heatley Noble, Mr.
Charles J. Wilson, and others, as well as personal observations in many parts
of the county.

Many, in fact most, of the records of birds from the Tring Reservoirs men-
tioned in this work are confirmed by the presence of the specimens in question in
the Tring Museum. The present Lord Rothschild has shot over the Reservoirs
for thirty-five years past, and Hartert with him since 1892, while the keeper, James
Street, has a good knowledge of birds and is always on the look-out for rare visi-
tors. Unfortunately the list of Birds occurring at the Tring Reservoirs by the
then Hon. W. Rothschild, published in the Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural
History Society, v. pp. 70-84, was not actually compiled from the specimens in the
Museum, but was written from memory. At that time few of the birds obtained
were labelled with exact localities and dates, and some errors were therefore
unavoidable. Moreover, some specimens were accidentally burnt by the care-
taker prior to 1892, so that in one or two cases the evidence is not conclusive.

For the last twelve years Mr. Charles Oldham has visited the Reservoirs
practically every Sunday, and has placed his valuable observations at our dis-
posal. We must also acknowledge the help received from Mr. Oliver Pike, who
resided for some time near Marsworth Reservoir, and took many excellent photo-
graphs of bird-life there. The old manuscript at Dinton Hall, in which many of
the birds obtained in that neighbourhood are well figured in water-colours and
described, was commenced by Sir John van Hatten in 1772, and the observations
were continued by the Rev. W. Goodall into the beginning of the nineteenth
century. Both Lord Rothschild and Dr. Hartert have examined this interesting
MS. and verified the accuracy of the quotations, which were made by Sir John
van Hatten's great-grandson, the late Colonel Goodall, who died a few years ago.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920. 173

In addition to the Tring Museum, there is also a local collection of birds in the
Bucks County Museum at Aylesbury, which contains some specimens of great
interest. This collection has been visited by Hartert on several occasions, and
the curator, Mr. Edwin Hollis, has also kindly supplied us with valuable details.

There is also a collection of mounted birds in the Museum of Eton College,
bequeathed to the College by the late Dr. Thackeray, Provost of King's College,
Cambridge. According to the Guide to the Museum of Eton College of 1899, p. 1
(appendix), this collection contains mostly specimens from Berks, and Bucks.,
including some hitherto unrecorded ones, and those marked (u) are from Bucks,
only. Unfortunately this is not correct. Mr. W. D. Hill kindly informs us that
the specimens in question have no exact localities and dates, and that nothing is
known about their history. They are, therefore, probably the species mentioned
in Kennedy's book, but not necessarily obtained in Berks, or Bucks. Thus the
Great Black Woodpecker, Scops-Owl, Stilt, Bed-footed Falcon, Gadwall, Night-Heron,
and White Stork mentioned in the Guide cannot be taken as records of occurrences
in Bucks.

In supplying notes from the southern part of the county, and more especially
from the Thames Valle}', we have had the assistance of Mr. E. E. Pettitt, who has
made a special study of the bird-life of the river. Mr. A. Heneage Cocks has also
kindly furnished a series of ornithological extracts from his diaries, and Mr. W. D.
Mackenzie contributes some interesting notes from the Fawley district. The
Bibliography was originally compiled for the Geographical Bibliography of British
Ornithology, by Messrs. W. H. Mullens, H. Kirke Swann, and the Rev. F. C. R.
Jourdain, where it was published in a somewhat condensed form in 1919. It is
mainly the work of the last-named writer, who desires to thank his collaborators
for permission to reproduce this section with fuller references and some addi-
tional matter, including records relating to the Tring Reservoirs. Finally, we
must acknowledge our great indebtedness to Lord Rothschild for much assist-
ance freely rendered, and for the great interest he has taken in the work.

The numbers in brackets are those of the Hand-list of British Birds, 1912.

1 (1). RAVEN. Corvus corax corax L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 39. Vict. Hist of Bucks, vol. i. p. 138.

Now rare straggler, formerly resident.

We have only a few notes on the occurrence of the Raven in Buckinghamshire,
but it was probably a regular breeding species in olden times. In the manuscript
at Dinton Hall are figures and notes of Ravens shot on March 25, 1828, and
December 16, 1829. In 1868 Clark Kennedy wrote (p. 39) that " a few pairs
have bred in Windsor Park from time immemorial," and Windsor Park is close
to the borders of Bucks. Mr. Grossman (in litt.) states that on August 14, 188 7,
he saw one of these birds at Farnham, near Slough, which he distinctly recognized
by its hoarse note.

2 (2). HOODED CROW. Corvus comix cornix L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 112. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, vol. i. p. 138.

Winter visitor.

Generally more or less scarce, but sometimes occurs in fair numbers. (
Although seldom met within the hilly districts, it becomes more common along

174 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

the Thames Valley and on the plains near Cheddington, Mentmore, and Leighton
Buzzard. Locally known as " Royston Crow." A male shot near Aylesbury,
February 25, 1907, is in the County Museum.

3 (3). CARRION-CROW. Corvus corone corone L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 39, Vict. Hist, of Bucks, vol. i. p. 138.

Resident generally.

Although greatly reduced in numbers in those districts where much game
preservation is carried on, this species manages to maintain a precarious existence
almost everywhere. Where game is scarce and the birds are not shot when
nesting, it is not uncommon, and is one of the species which have shown a
perceptible increase since the war.

C. M. Prior (Zool. 1876, p. 5005), writing from Old Wolverton, mentions a
case where after four eggs had been taken from a Crow's nest, a second laying
of four eggs was discovered in the same nest twelve days later. He adds that
three birds were always to be seen in company at the nest.

4 (4). ROOK. Corvus frugilegus frugilegus L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 40. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, vol. i. p. 138.

Very numerous resident.

There is hardly a park in the county without a rookery ; some are even
placed in gardens in the middle of towns and villages.

5 (5). JACKDAW. Coloeus monedula spermologus (Vieill.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 40. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, vol. i. p. 138.

Numerous resident.

In spite of much persecution by keepers, common in many places, especially
where there is much old timber. Nesting in hollow trees, old buildings, chimneys,
and Rooks' nests.

6 (6). MAGPIE. Pica pica pica (L.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 42. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, vol. i. p. 138.

Resident.

Generally distributed, but everywhere more or less scarce, on account of
the strict game- preservation during the past decades. Apparently increased
since 1914.

7 (8). SLENDER-BILLED NUTCRACKER. Nucifraga caryocatactes macrorhynchus

Brehm.

Once recorded,.

A specimen was killed near Whitchurch, October 7, 1911, and is now in the
County Museum at Aylesbury (Edwin Hollis, in litt., also examined by E.
Hartert. The specimen was received in the flesh).

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

175

8 (10). BRITISH JAY. Garrulus glandarius rufitergum Hart.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 42. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, vol. i. p. 138.

Common resident.

More or less common in all wooded districts. This species has increased in
numbers considerably since 1914.

9 (9). CONTINENTAL JAY. Garrulus glandarius glandarius (L.).

Rare winter visitor.

There is no doubt that the Continental Jay visits England in small numbers
in winter, but not many seem to reach the Midland counties. Altogether only
a few cases have been recorded, but this is probably due to the small number
which have been critically examined. Nearly all the Jays killed in winter which
the senior author has examined are typical rufitergum; but at least one, shot by
Lord Rothschild near Tring, on the boundary of Bucks, and Herts., is an equally
typical G. g. glandarius.

10 (13). STARLING. Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 38. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, vol. i. p. 138.

Numerous resident.

Though a great many Starlings remain throughout the winter, their number
diminishes somewhat after October, so it would seem that some move southwards.
The flocks of Continental Starlings which arrive in autumn on the east coast
appear not to reach this county. Starlings are now often a great pest to fruit-
growers. There has undoubtedly been an enormous increase in their numbers
during the last half-century, probably owing in a great measure to the diminution
in the numbers of birds of prey. Mr. A. H. Cocks says that he has visited a covert
in the county, used as a roosting-place by large flocks of these birds, which was
entirely swamped in dung, so that nothing could grow in it.

11 (14). ROSE-COLOURED STARLING. Pastor roseus (L.).

Gould, B. Europe, vol. iii. text to pi. 212. B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 178. Vict. Hist, of Bucks.
vol. i. p. 138.

Rare, straggler.

Only one instance is known to us for Bucks. Gould, I.e., states that a
specimen was shot by John Newman, at Iver Court, near Langley, in Bucks.

12 (15). GOLDEN ORIOLE. Oriolus oriolus oriolus (L).
B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 170. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, vol. i. p. 134.

Rare summer migrant : no fwoof of breeding.

Mr. Charles Wolley, writing to the Field, May 25, 1861, p. 451, under the
initials " C. W.," states that a nest of this species with four eggs was taken near
Stoke, Bucks., "a few days ago," and that the eggs were still in the possession
of Fisher, the naturalist of Eton. Clark Kennedy adds that the eggs were
purchased by Mr. \V0lIe3', and proved to be the rare variety of the Song-Thrush's
egg, with black markings on a white ground. He also adds that a nest is said
to have been found near Burnham, but gives no details. On May 19, 1879 (not

176 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

1897 as stated in the Vict. Hist. Burks), a male was shot at Stoke Mandeville,
and was recorded by H. White in the Field (May 31, 1879, p. 625). Probably
it is to this occurrence that Mr. T. Marshall refers in a note to the Field (May 16,
1891), in which it is stated that this species was recorded from near Aylesbury
in May 1880.

Finally Mr. A. H. Cocks (in lift, to the authors of the Vict. Hist, list) says,
" This bird has been reported to have nested about three miles north from here
in 1901, the nest and eggs having been taken; but I cannot answer for it
personally."

13 (16). HAWFINCH. Coccothraustes coccothraustes coccothraustes (L.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 35. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, vol. i. p. 136.

Resident, fairly common in pkiies, though load.

Apparently the numbers of this bird fluctuate, but this may possibly be due
to persecution by gardeners, etc. Nesting near Windsor was recorded by Yarrell
as far back as 1827 ; and Clark Kennedy mentions it as breeding in Windsor Park
(Berks.), at Latimer near Chesham, near Aylesbury, Langley and Stowe Park.
Mr. Heneage Cocks observed its nesting at and near Great Marlow, and Grossman
at Burnham Beeches. It has also been observed at Chequers Court, Weston
Turville, Halton, Newbury, High Wycombe, Cholesbury, Chesham, Drayton,
and St. Leonards (near Tring). Mr. E. E. Pettitt meets with it occasionally in
winter in the Thames Valley, but has not hitherto found it breeding there, though
it is not uncommon as a breeding species in the Maidenhead district, where Major
F. W. Proctor found several nests.

14 (17). GREENFINCH. Chloris chloris chloris (L.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 34. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 136.

Common resident throughout the year.

Frequents orchards, gardens and hedges, associating in flocks in the winter.

15 (18). BRITISH GOLDFINCH. Carduelis carduelis britannica (Hart).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 36. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 136.

Resident.

The Goldfinch had become scarce, especially in the neighbourhood of Ayles-
bury, Wendover and Tring, about twenty years ago, and the blame for this was
generally put on the bird-catchers, and probably not without reason, as the
Goldfinch is very easily caught in nets and with birdlime. During the last ten
years or so, however, it has increased again in numbers considerably, and may
be frequently seen near the Tring and Halton Reservoirs, near Chesham, Beacons-
field, Cholesbury, Aylesbury, Wendover and Halton, Cheddington and Aston
Abbots.

16 (19). SISKIN. Carduelis spinus (L.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 109. Vict. Hist. «j Burks, p. 136.

Irregular and rare winter visitor ; said to have bred on one occasion. Few
recent records.

Kennedy tells us that in his time many were caught by the professional

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 177

bird-catchers near Eton and Windsor " every season."* He was informed by
Burgess that it occurred near Chesham and Slapton, and by H. H. Crewe that
a bird-catcher at Drayton Beauchamp " not unfrequently captures the Siskin
in his clap-nets during the winter months, in that neighbourhood."

According to Gould (B. of Great Britain, iii. text to pi. 37, 1873), Siskins
were frequently met with by him in large troops in the woods of Taplow and
Cliefden, especially in the neighbourhood of the lower road by the Thames side.
The winters of 1857 and 1866-67 were noted for the occurrence of this species in
great numbers.

J. Steele- Elliott {Vict. Hist, of Bed fords, i. p. 112 note) points out that the
reported nesting of the Siskin " in Bedfordshire " (Zool. 1880, p. 259) is an error,
and should have been recorded as " in Buckinghamshire." The Rev. H. Burney
(loc. cit.) states that two nests of the Siskin were found on his property in May
1879, and several young reared. The note is headed, " Siskin Nesting in Bed-
fordshire," but Mr. Burney wrote from Wavendon Rectory, Woburn, which is
situated in Bucks. In answer to an appeal for further details, Mr. R. H. Mitford
writes (t.c. p. 364) that Mr. Burney saw a Siskin in a cage in a cottage in his parish.
It was stated to be one of five taken from a nest by a boy, who said that he found
two nests with young in June 1879, one in the fork of a maple, and the other
in a hornbeam. One young bird passed into Mr. Burney's possession, and his
description satisfied Mr. Mitford, who was somewhat sceptical on the subject,
that it was a hen Siskin. The nesting-sites, however, would be quite abnormal
for this species, and more like those adopted by the Lesser Redpoll, so that possibly
the two species were confused. Still more recently, Mr. E. E. Pettitt records
the occurrence of this species near Colnbrook, on March 14, 1897.

17 (20). TWITE. Carduelis flavirostris flavirostris (L.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. Ill (under the name of " Mountain Linnet, Linota montium "). Vict.
Hist, of Bucks, p. 137.

R:tre winter visitor.

Kennedy, who describes this species as a winter visitor, but less abundant
than the Lesser Redpoll, gave no dates whatever. We have specimens caught
near Aston Clinton by a bird-catcher, 21 . xi . 1893, 5 . xii . 1893, and 1 1 . xi . 1898.
Mr. Alfred Heneage Cocks wrote in 1902 that three Twites were caught near
Skirmett in a Pheasant-trap in February 1902.

[HOLBOLL'S REDPOLL. Carduelis linaria holboelli (Brehm).

Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 137.

An adult male of this form, with wing 80, tail 62 mm. long, and a very pale
crown, was caught by a bird-catcher near Aston Clinton, December 14, 1895,
and is in the Tring Museum.

It is, however, doubtful if holboelli is a distinct form, as it appears to breed
within the same area as C. I. linaria. (Cf. Pract. Handb. vol. i. p. 60, 1919, also
Nov. Zool. 1920.)]

* It is, however, worth notice that, writing in the Zool. 1867, p. 705, of the occurrence of Siskins
in a bird-fancier's shop at Eton, he states, '"I fancy these birds are not common about here, not
having noticed any before."

12

178 XOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVJI. 1!>20.

18 (22). MEALY REDPOLL. Carduelis linaria linaria (L.).
Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 137.

Must occur as irregular and rare winter visitor.

As the Mealy Redpoll is known to visit the Thames Valley, and one has been
taken near Ivinghoe, in Herts., close to the Bucks, boundary, there is no doubt
that it occasionally visits our county.

19 (23). LESSER REDPOLL. Carduelis linaria cabaret (P. L. S. Mull.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 110. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 137.

Winter visitor, but also breeds locally in small numbers.

Kennedy only records this species as a winter visitor from about the end of
November onwards, and never very common. Hartert on several occasions
has noted small flocks in autumn and winter, and there are several specimens
in the Tring Museum from Aston Clinton, near Tring, caught in October and
November.

Twenty-eight years ago Lord Rothschild observed it several times on the
"flats" near Champneys Park in summer, and Grossman has recorded breeding
on Berkhamsted Common, close to the Bucks, boundary. C. Oldham {in litl.)
states that he has seen a few pairs every summer about the Herts .-Bucks, boundary
near Berkhamsted, and adds that he also saw one at Mentmore on June 15, 1913,
" uttering its trilling song in flight."

The only part of the county where breeding is known with certainty to have
taken place is the Thames Valley between Shiplake and Wraysbury. Many
scattered pairs used to haunt the various " rod beds " by the river, nesting in
most cases on the Berks, side, and sometimes several nests might be found within
quite a small area. The late Major F. W. Proctor found many nests in this
district between 1905 and 1914; not only in willows, but also in thorns, furze
bushes, and small trees at some little distance from the river. Mr. E. E. Pettitt
gives details (in Hit.) of half a dozen Bucks, nests found by him in the same district
between 1909 and 1916, but adds that after the severe winter of 1916-17 none
were met with.

20 (27). LINNET. Carduelis cannabina cannabina (L.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 37. Viet. Hist, of Bucks, p. 137.

Common resident.

Common apparently everywhere. Very fond of nesting in gorse bushes, in
which the nests may sometimes be found close to each other.

21 (30). BRITISH BULLFINCH. Pyrrhula pyrrhula pileata (MacGill).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 37. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 137.

Resident.

The Bullfinch is common, though persecuted by gardeners on account of
the damage caused by it to fruit-buds.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 179

22 (33). COMMON CROSSBILL. Loxia curvirostra curvirostra L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 111. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 137.

Irregular summer and winter visitor, which apparently nests occasionally.

Immigrations take place from time to time, often in great numbers, and birds
may then stop for a year or so and possibly nest. In the old manuscript at
Din ton Hall is an excellent figure of "ye Crossbill or Shellapple" which was
shot there in 1782, with the following notes : " Is an inconstant visitor of this
island and breeds in ye pine-forests of Germany and Switzerland ; it feeds on ye
cones of those trees. It is a fact that it changes ye shades of its colour in different
seasons of ye year from deep red to yellow and ye females which are greenish
alter to different varieties of the same colour. Ten of these birds were shot and
several others seen by ye Rev nd W. Goodall in ye Wilderness of Dinton Hall
August 8 th ' 1791. They had been observed by the servants some weeks, tho'
they mistook them for bull finches. Q >T had they bred there ? As some of ye
males had not then gained their full j^lumage and one of ye females had not as
yet a single yellow feather." It is, of course, well known now that the red
plumage is that of the adult male, though peculiar ideas about the plumages
of Crossbills prevail occasionally even now.

Kennedy records occurrences at Drayton (about 1847), and also at Fulmer,
Risborough, and Burnham Beeches, and mentions a hen bird seen near Eton in
November 1867.

More recently T. Marshall recorded this species in the Wycombe district in
1898 (Field, December 3, 1898, p. 897) ; while in December 1909 a flock of about
thirty was seen at Fawley Court (H. Noble, Brit. Birds (mag.), vol. iii. p. 303).
In March 1910 six were seen at Drayton Beauchamp (C. Oldham, i.e. p. 409),
and several at Langley about the same time (H. Noble). A pair killed at Dinton,
January 15, 1910, is in the County Museum (Edw. Hollis).

The only definite record of breeding is that by Mr. R. Bulstrode (Brit.
Birds (mag.), vol. vi. p. 60), who saw a flock of four or five birds near Gerrards
Cross on March 27, 1910, and was shown a nest on April 1 which then contained
four eggs. The young were still in the nest on April 23.

23 (37). CHAFFINCH. Fringilla coelebs coelebs L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 31. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 136.

Resident, but numbers apparently augmented by immigrants in winter.
Very common in all wooded parts of the county.

Mr. A. Mayall found eight eggs in a nest near Burnham, from which six
young were reared, in May 1919 (Brit. Birds, vol. xiii. p. 80).

24 (38). BRAMBLING. Fringilla montiMngilla L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 106. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 136.

Winter visitor, sometimes in great numbers.

The Brambling appears every winter, and has been observed from October
to April, but generally between November and March. Numbers vary greatly,
sometimes not many are observed, while in other years they are very numerous ;
Hartert does not think that this depends on the severity of the winter — at least
not in this country — but more on the amount of beech mast. From time to time

180 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

enormous flights are observed. An influx of this kind took place in the winter
of 1905-6, when the beech woods of the Chilterns swarmed with these birds,
flocks of several hundreds being repeatedly seen. Considerable numbers were
also present during the mild winter of 1919-20.

25 (40). HOUSE-SPARROW. Passer domesticus domesticus (L.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 33. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 136.

Common resident.

By far the most numerous of all birds in the county. One of the most
obnoxious habits of this species is that of dispossessing the House-Martins of their
homes. Sir. A. H. Cocks adduces some evidence that the Martins occasionally
retaliate by killing the nestling Sparrows, but further evidence on the point is
desirable (cf. Zool. 191G, p. 358).

26 (41). TREE-SPARROW. Passer montanus montanus (L.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 32. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 136.

" A resident species, but noichere numerous and very local."
The above words of Kennedy are still correct and well describe the status
of this bird in Bucks. Kennedy reports a nest near Buckingham in a Sand-
Martin's hole. He also mentions specimens killed near Datchet and Slough.
From autumn to spring, however, Tree-Sparrows are common in the neighbour-
hood of Wendover, Aston Clinton, Ivinghoe, where Oldham regularly observes
them, usually feeding with House-Sparrows and Finches in farm-yards and stack-
yards, and near Cheddington, but they are seldom seen in the summer. Mr.
Oldham observed one near Cheddington May 10, 1908. Hartert has seen it near
Aylesbury and Ovington.

In the Thames Valley there are scattered colonies, which nest in the pollarded
willows by the river-side, especially in the Maidenhead and Bray districts. Mr.
Pettitt mentions a small colony at Horton.

27 (42). CORN-BUNTING. Emberiza calandra calandra L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 29. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 137.

Resident,

Not actually rare in the arable districts, but nowhere numerous, and not
often noticed in winter. Kennedy (I.e.) says " it congregates in large numbers
late in the autumn and is gregarious until the return of the spring." We have
never seen large flocks in Bucks, or Herts.

In the Thames Valley Mr. Pettitt notes it as breeding near Taplow, Slough,
and the reservoirs on the Middlesex border.

F. A. Monckton has recorded a case in which the song was heard in November
near Eton {Field, November 14, 1908, p. 888).

28 (43). YELLOW BUNTING, or YELLOWHAMMER. Emberiza citaneUa

citrinella L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 30. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 18.

Resident.

A common bird, but somewhat diminished in numbers since 1917. Mr. A. H.
Cocks records a nest built in the side of a straw-rick, about 3 ft. 7 in. from the

NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1020. 181

ground at Skirmett (Zool. 1916, p. 352), but this is not a very infrequent
occurrence.

29 (47). CIRL-BUNTING. Emberiza cirlus cirlus L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 176. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 138.

Resident.

The Cirl-Bunting breeds regularly in the Chiltern Hills district and neigh-
bourhood. In winter it strays about, but apparently not usually very far from
its breeding-grounds. The following are the localities from which we have
evidence : Terriers End, near Tring (Chas. Oldham, evidently nesting) ; neigh-
bourhood of Wendover (Hubert D. Astley, Oldham, Witherby, Hartert, nesting) ;
Ashley Green, south of Berkhamsted, Coombe Hill, Chequers Court (Hubert I>.
Astley, nesting) ; Drayton Beauchamp (4 . vi . 1864, nest found by H. H. Crewe,
Field, 3 . xii. 1864, p. 384) ; Halton (skins of winter birds, eggs seen) ; Pitstone
(caught in winter, H. H. Crewe) ; Ivinghoe (seen in winter, Hartert) ; downs
between Princes Risborough and Wendover common, five males singing between
Kimble and Wendover 4.vii.l910 (Chas. Oldham). In the Thames Valley it
is of infrequent occurrence, but has been met with occasionally near Great
Marlow. Mr. A. H. Cocks records one from Harleyford on January 26, 1884
(in lift.). The winter of 1917 has greatly diminished the number of Cirl-Buntings ;
near Tring we have not heard or seen them since.

30 (53). REED-BUNTING. Emberiza schoeniclus schoeniclus L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 29. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 138.

Resident, but breeding birds wander about in autumn.

Not rare in suitable places on rivers and reservoirs. Breeds on the Tring
and Halton Reservoirs, on the banks of the Thames, Colne, Chess, and Ouse,
and in Stowe Park. In winter in small flocks, which haunt stack-yards and high-
roads.

Mr. E. E. Pettitt found a nest of this species in June 1905 at Wraysbury,
which was placed in the crown of a pollarded willow ! He has also on two
occasions met with Cuckoos' eggs in Reed-Buntings' nests in the county, both
in 1908, in the Colne Valley.

A very remarkable clutch of four eggs, pale blue without any markings,
was taken by James Street at Mars worth Reservoir on May 9, 1910, and is now
in the Tring Museum.

31 (56). SNOW-BUNTING. Plectrophenax nivalis (L.).

Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 138.

Winter visitor.

Of somewhat rare and irregular occurrence in winter. The MS. in Dinton
Hall mentions its occurrence there on January 8, 1776. Flocks have repeatedly
been seen near Aston Clinton, and in 1895 near the Tring Reservoirs. On
November 4, 1901, a male was shot at Drayton Lodge, Bucks., between Aston
Clinton and Tring, by Mr. Henry Jenney. (February 22, 1894, another male
was caught near Tring, between Tring and Aston Clinton, just in Herts.)

Mr. C. H. Enison met with two on Ivinghoe Beacon on November 7, 1903
(Field, November 14, 1903, p. 844).

182 NOTITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920.

32 (61). WOODLARK. Lullula arborea arborea (L.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 29. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 139.

Probably resident.

Local and scarce. Observed in spring and summer near Fulmer, Beacons-
field, Princes Risborough, Halton, and Chequers Court.

33 (62). SKYLARK. Alauda arvensis arvensis L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 27. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 139.

Resident.

Common on fields and meadows, from autumn to spring in flocks, which are
probably partly composed of continental visitors. Breeds freely both in corn and
grass land. An entirely buff- yellow variety was shot in December 1863 at
Weston Turville (R. Tyrer, Zool. 1864, p. 8957). Such varieties are not rare
and have been observed in many other places in England and elsewhere.

34 (67). TREE PIPIT. Anthus trivialis trivialis (L.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 8G. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 134.

Summer resident.

Not rare in wooded districts from April to September, but far from numerous
in the Thames Valley, where, however, a few pairs may be found breeding in the
Burnham and Taplow districts.

35 (68). MEADOW PIPIT. Anthus pratensis (L.)

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 27. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 134.

Resident and winter visitor.

Nests in lowland pastures : on the canal banks near the Tring Reservoirs,
Halton, Aylesbury, Buckingham, Castlethorpe, Farnham Common, Burnham
Beeches, and, according to Kennedy, near Eton. In winter and during migration
periods in small flocks near the Reservoirs. In the Thames Valley it is best
known as a winter visitor, only a few pairs remaining to breed.

36 (74). BLUE-HEADED WAGTAIL. Motacilla flava flava L.

Once observed.

" In a pasture bordering one of the reservoirs near Tring, on April 29, 1917,
my sister-in-law detected a Wagtail differing in colour from the Ray's Wagtails
with which it was consorting. As we looked down from the top of the reservoir
embankment on the birds running to and fro in the short grass, it was an easy
matter to distinguish the stranger by its blue-grey crown and nape, the con-
spicuous whitish-buff superciliary stripe, the less distinct streak of the same
colour through the ear-coverts, and the buff wing-bars. The upper parts and
ear-coverts were greyish-brown, the breast and belly pale yellowish-buff passing
into bright sulphur- yellow on the under tail-coverts. I cannot say positively to
which subspecies of Motacilla flava the bird (a hen) belonged, but the blue- grey
crown and the pale ear-coverts point to M. f. flava, the subspecies, apart from

Novitates Zooloqicae XXVII. 1920. 183

M. j. rayi, most likely to occur" (Chas. Oldham, Brit. B. vol. xi. p. 20, 1917).
There is also a female in the County Museum, found dying near Aylesbury,
June 2, 1911 (Edwin Hollis, in litt.).

37 (79). YELLOW or RAY'S WAGTAIL. Motacilia flava rayi(Bp.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 85 (not 58). Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 134.

Summer resident.

Not a common bird, but more frequent in low-lying meadow land and
in the neighbourhood of rivers, such as the Thames and Ouse.

38 (80). GREY WAGTAIL. Motacilia cinerea cinerea Tunst,

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 26. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 134.

A breeding species in very small numbers in the Chess Valley, otherwise winter
visitor, not common.

The first mention of the breeding of this species in Bucks by John Gould
occurs in Jardine's Contr. to Ornith. 1849, p. 137, and is repeated in his Birds of
Great Britain, vol. iii. p. 49 (1873), where he states that for many years he has
been aware of the breeding of the Grey Wagtail in the Chess Valley, and that
when the Duke of Bedford " favoured him with a day's fishing," he found the
nest on a wall of Mrs. Dodd's beautiful garden, where it always nested. Another
pair also bred at Latimer, but in this case he did not find the nest.

R. B. Sharpe, in his articles on the " Birds of Cookham," (Quart. Mag.
High Wycombe Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. ii. p. 49, 1869), alludes to Gould's discovery
of this nest in- a rose bush against the wall, and the fact of the male bird being
found on the four eggs. He also says that another pair bred at Elliot's Mill,
two and a half miles up stream. Clark Kennedy (I.e.) was apparently unaware
of Gould's observations, but says that a few have been procured on the Thames
in summer, though it is better known there as a frequent winter visitor. Bryant
Burgess, however, informed him that it bred annually on the banks of the Chess.
Hartert did not meet with it at Latimer in 1902, but more recent observations
by the Duchess of Bedford and Mr. W. Bickerton show that it still frequents
its old haunts at Chenies. near Sarrat Mill, some distance below Latimer, where,
however, it was not found in 1918, while no observation took place in 1919.*

To other parts of the county it is only known as a winter visitor. Mr. C.
Oldham states that it frequents the reservoirs, canals, and water-cress beds of
North Bucks in small numbers regularly from early September to mid-March.
The Rev. H. D. Astley has recorded it from Chequers Court, and it is met with
every winter in the Thames Valley.

39 (81). PIED WAGTAIL. Motacilia alba lugubris Temm.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 26. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 134.

Resident, but a good many move southwards in the autumn and return in early
spring.

A common bird, and widely distributed.

* The breeding-place near Sarrat Mill, close to Chenies, is just a stone's throw or so outside
Bucks., in Herts., while Latimer and Chenies are well within the Bucks, boundary.

184 N0Y1TATES ZOOLOGICAL XXVII. 1920.

40 (82). WHITE WAGTAIL. Motacilla alba alba L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 134.

Rare on passage ; has apparently once bred.

On June 17, 1902, Hartert and Arthur Goodson went along the River Chess,
near Latimer, in search of the Grey Wagtail. They failed to find the latter,
but saw a pair of Wagtails feeding young which seemed to have quite grey backs,
and which they took to be M. alba alba. A few hundred yards away they observed
M. alba Ittgubris. On subsequent visits later in the year and in 1903 and l!iii4
Hartert failed to see any grey-backed birds. Recently Mr. Chas. Oldham has
observed the White Wagtail in spring, though not nesting. On May 5, 1912,
he saw one on Wilstone Reservoir ; on May 4, 1913, one with a party of the Yellow
(Ray's) Wagtails at Startops End Reservoir ; and on May 3 and 10, 1914, a single
one on Wilstone Reservoir.

41 (83). BRITISH TREE CREEPER. Certhia familiaris brittanica Ridgw.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 49. Viet. Hist, of Bucks, p. 133.

Resident.

Used not to be rare, but has greatly diminished in number since the severe
winter of 1917.

42 (86). BRITISH NUTHATCH. Sitta europaea britannica Hart.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 50. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 133.

Resident.

Not uncommon in well-timbered parts of the comity, particularly in Burnharn
Beeches and Ashridge Park, but somewhat local and not very numerous any-
where.

43 (88). BRITISH GREAT TIT. Parus major newtoni Prazak.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 23. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 133.

Resident.

Generally the commonest of our Titmice. Though greatly reduced in 1917,
increasing again rapidly in numbers.

44 (90). BRITISH BLUE TIT. Parus caeruleus obscurus Prazak.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 24. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 133.

Resident.

Common, and apparently in many places scarcely less numerous than the
' Great Tit.

45 (92). BRITISH COAL-TIT. Parus ater britannicus Sharpe & Dress.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 24. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 133.

Resident.

Fairly common in woods, parks, orchards, and gardens, especially where
conifers are grown. Though the species suffered greatly during the severe cold
of 1917, it is already increasing remarkably.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 185

46 (97). BRITISH MARSH-TIT. Parus palustris dresseri Stejn.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 25. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 133.

Resident.

Used to be fairly common, but has become much rarer since the severe frost
of 1917. It is, however, increasing again in numbers.

47 (98). BRITISH WILLOW-TIT. Parus atricapillus kleinschmidti Hellm.

The only record for Bucks of which we are aware is a male, formerly in the
collection of H. H. Slater (now in the Tring Museum), shot by him at " Chersley,
Bucks, 9.xi.l882.'' It was, of course, labelled by the collector as "Parus
palustris," as at that time it was not yet distinguished, but is undoubtedly the
present form.

48 (101). BRITISH LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE. Aegithalos caudatus roseus (Blyth).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 25. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 133.

Resident.

Used to be found in practically all suitable localities, but suffered greatly
during the severe frost of 1917. Near the Tring Reservoirs it bred year after
year, but has been exterminated in that neighbourhood and not yet seen again.

Prior to 1917 it used also to nest fairly commonly at Burnham Beeches,
Ditton Park, etc., but has disappeared almost entirely from that district (E. E.
Pettitt). As it is beginning to recover its former status in Berks., it will probably
reappear in these localities before long.

49 (103). BRITISH GOLDCREST. Regulus regulus anglorum Hart.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 23. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 132.

Resident.

Used to be fairly common in suitable localities, but has suffered greatly by
the severe frost of 1917, and is now a rare bird. On July 28, 1918, Chas. Oldham
heard one singing in the shrubbery at Aston Clinton Park, and another in the
park at Ashridge on January 18, 1919 — the only two he has come across since
the winter of 1916-17. Hartert has only seen a few near Tring, but not yet in
Bucks., since 1917. In the south of the county it was formerly not uncommon,
breeding in the Thames Valley at many points, but is only just beginning to
reappear in small numbers.

50 (104). FIRECREST. Regulus ignicapillus ignicapillus (Temm.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 173. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 132.

Exceptional winter visitor.

Mr. Alfred Heneage Cocks informed us in 1902 of a specimen killed by his
gardener, in his and his brother's presence, at Great Marlow in the sixties, about
1863. It was mounted and is in Mr. Cocks's possession, but it was only identified
as a Fireerest some years after.

According to Kennedy (I.e.), two Firecrests were procured near Eton about
1 865. This record is rather vague, and as soon after it is stated that a nest with

1S6 N0V1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

young, and the two parents, were brought to a Mr. Hasell in 1863, from Windsor
Park, and the latter statement cannot be credited, the Eton record can hardly
be accepted without caution. In Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. v. p. 82, it is
stated that one was shot in January 1887, presumably at the Reservoirs. This
statement, said to have been made on the authority of the then Hon. Walter
Rothschild, is evidently erroneous, as all the supposed author remembers is a
verbal statement made to him by the late Rev. H. H. Crewe that it had occurred
in Ashridge Park.

51 (105). BEARDED TITMOUSE. Panurus biarmicus biarmicus (L.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 174.

Exceptional vagrant — one old record.

On December 21, 1848, a pair, male and female, were shot on Wilstone
Reservoir by the Rev. James Williams, of Tring Park. Only these two specimens
were observed, and there is no other record of the occurrence of this species
{Zoologist, 1849, p. 2418.) (About twenty years ago some specimens imported
from Holland were released on Wilstone Reservoirs, but they disappeared.)

52 (107). GREAT GREY SHRDSE. Lanius excubitor excubitor L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 168. Vict. Hist, of Backs, p. 134.

Irregular and rare winter visitor.

On January 8, 177S, one was shot near Dinton Hall. A female was shot
near Wendover about the middle of November 1854, and a male on November 4
of the same year near Weston Turville (H. H. Crewe, Zoologist, 1865, p. 9416).
In the winter of 1859-60 a specimen was shot on the banks of the Thames near
Clewer, Berks. According to Kennedy (I.e.), a male was shot in 1862 near the
Almshouses at Stoke, another in the winter 1865-66 on the banks of the Thames
near Windsor, a third at Hampden (no date) which was in Bryant Burgess's
collection. Mr. A. H. Cocks also reports one shot close to Great Marlow, either
in the eighties or early in the nineties. Hartert saw one in October 1895 near
Halton. A female was shot by the present Lord Rothschild on the " Flats "
close to the Bucks, boundary near Cholesbury, 17.x. 1895; a male by a keeper
near Long Marston, also close to the boundary, 1 8 . xi . 1 896 ; another female caught
in a Sparrow-trap at Wilstone Reservoir, 2 . ii. 1 916.

53 (112). RED-BACKED SHRIKE. Lanius collurio collurio L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 72. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 134.

Summer resident.

Rather local and less common during the last twelve years or more than it
used to be. In Kennedy's time it was common near Eton. Hubert D. Astley
found it not rare near Chequers Court ; and Hartert has observed it there and near
Wendover, Aston Clinton, Aylesbury, Buckingham, Dinton, Newport Pagnell,
Castlethorpe, Wingrave, and Aston Abbots, but has not seen it recently near
Wendover and Aston Clinton in places where it always used to be in evidence.
Near the Reservoirs only about one pair has nested recentty. In the Thames
Valley it is rather local, but Mr. Pettitt reports a few pairs breeding near Colne-
brook, Horton, and Little Marlow.

NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVII. 1920. 187

54 (113). WAXWING. Bombycilla garralus (L.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 174. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 135.

Irregular and rare winter visitor.

Kennedy (I.e.) writes : " An immense flock appeared along the eastern shores
of our island in the winter of 1849-50, which was very severe, and several speci-
mens were at that time procured in different parishes of Buckinghamshire. I am
indebted to the Rev. Bryant Burgess for the notice of a Bohemian Waxwing
which was killed at Ivinghoe Aston in January 1850, and which is now in his
collection. An immense number of Bohemian Waxwings were shot in the neigh-
bourhood of Buckingham during the spring of 1867, as Mr. J. W. Thorpe told me."

[In Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. v. p. 82, in a list of birds supposed to
have occurred on the Reservoirs, it is stated that a Waxwing was " obtained in
March 1883." Unfortunately this statement, made on the authority of the
Hon. Walter Rothschild, cannot now be verified, as we cannot trace the specimen.
In the Vict. Hist, of Herts, p. 201, it is said that " the first Hertfordshire specimen
of the Waxwing was shot about a mile from Tring on the Aylesbury road, about
1851." As the Bucks boundary is very little more than a mile from Tring, this
may almost be regarded as a Bucks record.]

55 (114). SPOTTED FLYCATCHER. Muscicapa striate striate (Pall.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 74. Vicl. Hist, of Bucks, p. 135.

Summer resident.

Common everywhere in parks, large old gardens, and certain woods.

The blue unspotted type of egg has been found near Slough (H. H. Vyse,
Zool. 1890, p. 352, and Field, August 16, 1890, p. 250).

56 (116). PIED FLYCATCHER. Muscicapa hypoleuca hypoleuca (Pall.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 169. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 135.

Probably occasional summer resident.

The records for Bucks, are very few. According to Morris one was killed
" many years ago " in the county, in the south-east, not far from Uxbridge.
H. J. Elwes informed Kennedy of a well-authenticated nest taken near Eton in
the summer of 1860. Mr. Heatley Noble, in litt. : "A nest with six eggs was
taken on my late father's property, Berry Hill, Taplow, in June, 187- (the exact
year cannot be given). The female was unfortunately killed on the nest." Mr.
H. Heneage Cocks, in litt., says : " On May 12, 1883, our gardener at Great
Marlow saw in our orchard a bird with white on the wings, which, from its move-
ments and other habits, must have been a Flycatcher. He said it looked some-
what like a female Chaffinch, but the beak was different. Sir J. A. Godley,
K.C.B., reported several years before having seen one specimen there. Two days
afterwards the gardener saw evidently the pair, but though I watched for them
repeatedly I did not see them, nor were they ever seen again." On May 10,
1901, Hartert heard the song and observed a male in the park of Mentmore.
In June of the same year he found no trace of these birds, nor ever afterwards.

Mr. Edwin Hollis, while fishing at Hartwell, August 22, 1919, saw a male
Pied Flycatcher. It was quite clearly recognized, as it sat within 8 or 10 feet
of the observer for several minutes.

188 NOVITATES ZOOLOGKAE XXVII. 1020.

57 (119). CHIPFCHAFF. Phylloscopus collybita collybita (Vieill.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 85. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 132.

Summer resident and autumn migrant.

Common in all suitable localities. From February 10 to 18 a Chiffchaff
frequented some willows on Wilstone Reservoir. (See Brit. B. vol. vi. p. 313.)

In the Thames Valley it is generally distributed, and Mr. Pettitt notes it
as especially numerous in Ditton Park.

58 (122). WILLOW- WARBLER. Phylloscopus trochilus trocbilus (L.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 84. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 132.

Summer resident ami passage migrant.

Generally distributed and hardly absent from any suitable localities.

59 (125). WOOD- WREN or WOOD- WARBLER. Phylloscopus sibilate sibilatrix

(Bechst.).
B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 84. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 132.

Summer resident.

The Wood-Wren occurs from April to September in beech and oak woods,
in the Chilterns and near Brickhill. In the Thames Valley it is decidedly scarce
and entirely absent from the greater part of the district. Mr. Grossman, however,
states that it was formerly fairly plentiful in Burnham Beeches and in the woods
between that place and Ashley Green ; but Mr. Pettitt has failed to meet with it
breeding. A few pairs, however, haunt the woods near the western boundary
where the county is more hilly.

[SAVI'S WARBLER. Locustella luscinioides luscinioides (Savi).

B. of Berks, and Bucks p. 172.

In the Zoologist, 1867, p. 704, Lord Clifton published a note saying that he
believed that he had observed a Savi's Warbler in a low hedge near Eton, but his
description of the bird he saw is by no means convincing ; in fact the statement
cannot be accepted. As is well known, the species was formerly a summer resident
in Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Huntingdon, but, except for a single bird obtained
on Fair Isle (!) in 1908, has not been proved to occur since 1856.

Another rather vague record appeared in Saunders' Manual Brit. B. ed. ii.
p. 92 (1899), as follows : " There is some evidence that this species was noticed
in May 1897, in the Humber district, as well as near Olney, Bucks. ' : The latter
statement refers to an observation by Mr. C. J. Wilson, M.B.O.U., who kindly
wrote to Hartert that he is fully convinced that the " Savi's Warbler is a just
record," because he was close to the bird for some minutes, and the locality, the
appearance, and the note of the bird were all in favour of its being L. luscinioides.]

60 (133). GRASSHOPPER- WARBLER. Locustella naevia naevia (Bodd.).

B. of Berks and Bucks p. 78. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 132.

Summer resident.

Rather rare. The only certain localities we know of are : on the foot of
the hills east of Halton (heard and seen by Arthur Goodson and Ernst Hartert),

NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920. 189

Aylesbury (eggs seen by Hartert), Mentmore (heard by Hartert), Castlethorpe
(observed by the late Lionel Wiglesworth), Farnham Common (observed by Alan
Crossman), Chesham and High Wycombe (teste Kennedy), Drayton Beauchamp
(Kennedy, probably from information of Harpur Crewe). In the Thames Valley
it is a rare visitor, but Mr. E. E. Pettitt discovered a nest with five eggs at Hythe
End in May 1894. Breeding also took place there in 1904, as well as at Wrays-
bury in 1919. Mr. Pettitt notes the arrival of this species in the county on April
22, 1895, April 19, 1900, April 21, 1905, and April 30, 1910. In 1919 a pair nested
close to Marsworth Reservoir, and the nest was found by Mrs. Oliver Pike, and
some beautiful photographs taken by her busband. Mr. Pike is convinced that
there were two pairs, but only one nest was found. The Grasshopper- Warbler
had not occurred in this place during the last twenty-five years or more.

61 (136). REED-WARBLER. Acrocephalus scirpaceus scirpaceus (Herm.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 80. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 132.

Summer- resident.

Very common on the Marsworth, Wilstone, and Halton (Weston Turville)
Reservoirs, and also on the Rivers Thames, Colne, Chess, and Ouse, wherever reeds
abound. On the Tring Reservoir the Reed- Warbler is the usual and apparently
only foster-parent of the Cuckoo, and all Cuckoo's eggs found there for the last
twenty-five years are of much the same type, of course with some variations.

Along the Thames and Colne Valleys it breeds commonly, as well as on the
pond at Burnham Beeches. Mr. Pettitt has on two occasions found two Cuckoo's
eggs in a Reed- War bier's nest in Bucks.

For a note on unusually early nesting of this species at the Tring Reservoirs,
see Brit. Birds (mag.), vol. ix. p. 48.

62 (137). MARSH- WARBLER. Acrocephalus palustris (Bechst.).

Bred in 1909.

(In Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. v. p. 76, it was stated, on the authority
of the Hon. Walter Rothschild, that a Marsh-Warbler was shot near the Mars-
worth Reservoir in August 1883, and was in the Tring Park collection. This
statement seems to be due to an error in identification of a young Reed- Warbler.)

At the time of the publication of the Vict. Hist, of Bucks, this species had not
been ascertained to breed in the county. In 19C9 Mr. G. W. Kerr, who had
previously discovered the Marsh- Warbler breeding in Surrey, was fortunate in
discovering a nest with two eggs of this species, and also one of the Cuckoo in
a dense nettle- bed not far from Magna Charta Island on June 1 4. The nest was
about 12 yards from the river on firm ground, woven round two nettle stems,
and about 18 in. from the ground in the parish of Wraysbury. (The locality in
Surrey where the nest was foimd in 1907 is only a few miles south of the county
boundary, and about five miles distant from where the birds were found breeding
in 1909.) Subsequently Mr. E. E. Pettitt found a second nest at Wraysbury in
the same nettle- bed, containing four Marsh- Warbler's eggs and one of the Cuckoo,
on June 30, 1909, but the Cuckoo's egg was of a different type to that found on
June 14 (Zool. 1909, p. 397).

190 NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVII. 1920.

63 (139). SEDGE-WARBLER. Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (L.).

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 78. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 132.

Summer resident.

The Sedge-Warbler is generally distributed in the valleys, in the neighbour-
hood of rivers, ditches, reservoirs and ponds, sometimes in thickly over-grown
hedgerows quite a distance from water. Yarrell states that a single specimen was
observed near High W^conibe in winter, without giving full date. Such a state-
ment is hardly acceptable without proof, but curiously enough there are other
statements of the occurrence of Sedge- Warblers in winter.

64 (145). GARDEN- WARBLER. Sylvia borin (Bodd.).
B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 82. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 131.

Summer resident.

In similar places to the Blackcap, but far less common. Grossman and
Hartert have observed it near Chesham, Beaconsfield, Burnham Beeches, Halton,
Aylesbury, Buckingham, Mentmore, Ashridge Park, Castlethorpe, and Newport
Pagnell ; but it occurs doubtless in many other places. In the Thames Valley
it breeds in suitable spots, but in far smaller numbers than the Blackcap. Mr.
E. E. Pettitt found a nest in Ditton Park which contained a young Cuckoo about
four days old on June 5, 1906.

65 (146). BLACKCAP. Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla (L.).

B. of Berks and Bucks, p. 82. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 131.

Summer resident.

Common in parks, woods with undergrowth, gardens and spinneys. Gener-
ally arrives end or middle of April, but Hartert. has heard it in full song on April
10, near Wilstone Reservoir.

66 (147). WHITETHROAT. Sylvia communis communis Lath.
B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 83. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 131.

Summer resident.

Common in suitable localities, such as hedgerows, commons, edges of woods,
and some gardens.

67 (148). LESSER WHITETHROAT. Sylvia curruca curruca (L.).

B. of Berks and Bucks, p. 83. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 131.

Summer resident.

The Lesser Whitethroat is generally less numerous than the Whitethroat,
but not a rare bird. It is curious that it should be so much more plentiful in
Middlesex than in the adjoining parts of Bucks.

68 (155). FIELDFARE. Turdus pilaris L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 105. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 130.

Winter visitor.

Arrives usually in October or even November, but there are records by Lord
Rothschild and others for September ; getting scarcer from end of March, and

Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920. 191

usually leaving before the end of April, but Crossman mentions ( Vict. Hist. Herts.
p. 196) some seen at Great Gaddesden, on the boundary of Herts, and Bucks., on

May 8, 1887.

69 (156). MISTLE-THRUSH. Turdus viscivorus viscivorus L.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 12. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 129.

Resident.

Common in woods and parks over the greater part of the county, but not in
any great numbers in the Thames Valley.

70 (157). BRITISH SONG-THRUSH. Turdus philomelos clarkei Hart.

B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 13. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 129.

Common resident.

The British Song-Thrush is even more numerous than the Blackbird, and
stays in Bucks, throughout the year, but a fair number pass through in the autumn,
and some in the spring, evidently from higher ground in the north of England and
Scotland. We have not been able to detect a specimen of the Continental Song-
Thrush among them. The number of Song-Thrushes diminished very greatly
in the severe winter of 1917, and though they have increased again considerably
in numbers, they are still far behind their strength of before 1917.

In the Newton collection at Cambridge is a clutch of four eggs of this species,
taken near Stoke in May 1861, in which the ground-colour is perfectly white,
with the usual markings. They were at first recorded as eggs of the Golden
Oriole. See Ootheca Wolleyana, vol. ii. p. 288, and Field, May 25, 1861, p. 451.

71 (159). REDWING. Turdus musicus L. 1758.
[Turdus iliacus L. 1766, of most authors.]
B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 106. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, vol. i. p. 130.

Common winter visitor.

Generally arriving about the middle of October and leaving towards end of
March. Mr. Heneage Cocks formerly reported a specimen shot at Harleyford on
July 28, 1871, and Mr. E. Burton Durham records one picked up in September
1913 at Chesham Bois (Field, September 27, 1913).

On March 11, 1906, Mr. A. H. Cocks met with an enormous flock of this
species resting in some meadows near Skirmett. The birds were thickly distri-
buted over eight acres of grass land, so that allowing for one bird to each square
yard, there must have been over 38,000 birds present !

In the cold winter of 1917 all or nearly all Redwings which were in the county
at that time perished ; but in the following winter, though scarcer than usual,
more Redwings were seen than Fieldfares. The cold winter of 1854, according to
the Field, also destroyed Redwings and Fieldfares " by tens of thousands." In
1918 Redwings were generally very scarce. Hartert saw none until March,
when he came to a place — a shrubbery of evergreens — where hundreds were
roosting. In 1919 they were probably about as common as before the severe
frost, and hundreds came to roost in the same place as the winter before, at least
from January to March.

192 Novitates Zoolooicae XXVII. 1920.

72 (162). RING-OUZEL. Turdus torquatus torquatus L.
B. of Berks, and Bucks, p. 136. Vict. Hist, of Bucks, p. 130.

Passage migrant.

Kennedy (I.e.) mentions a specimen shot at Risborough " in the spring " of
1840, and another observed by Burgess in his garden at Latimer, September 9,
1862. when specimens were also seen near Dundridge and Wendover. In Trans.
Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. v. p. 82, specimens supposed to have been killed in July
1886, and in October of the same year, are mentioned. The former statement is
probably incorrect, being from hearsay or recollection. In 1865 a male was killed
near Burnham, and the Rev. H. H. Crewe observed specimens near Drayton
Beauchamp, both in spring and autumn. Mr. A. H. Cocks informed Hartert,
in lift., that one was shot near Chequers Court about 1878, and another at Stoke
Mandeville " at least as long ago as 18S7." The Rev. Hubert Astley has several
times observed Ring-Ouzels amongst the juniper bushes near Wendover and
Chequers Court. In the Tring Museum is a (J shot at Wingrave 4 . xi . 1896,
while others have been observed in autumn, and two shot near Tring, September
14, 1893. Mr. E. E. Pettitt saw one on the Middlesex border, near Stanwell
Moor, on April 1, 1907 (in Hit.).

73 (164). BLA